PROJECT REPORT ON

ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF COAL STORAGE USING

STAAD.PRO V8i
Submitted To The Department Of CIVIL ENGG In
Partial Fulfilment Of The Requirement For The
Degree Of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted By
MOHD. ARSHAD
ADEEL KHAN
SHAHVAJ KHAN
PRIYANKA SINGH

L.M. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &

MANAGEMENT
Affiliated To

DR. APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY,

LUCKNOW
(2016)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

LUCKNOW MODEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &

LUCKNOW (INDIA)

MANAGEMENT

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project entitled ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF

COAL STORAGE USING STAAD.PRO V8i which is being submitted
by

MOHD.ARSHAD,

ADEEL

KHAN,

SHAHVAJ

KHAN

&

PRIYANKA SINGH in partial fulfilment of the award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in CIVIL ENGINEERING of the
LMITM, LUCKNOW, is a record of his own work carried out by him
under my supervision and guidance. The matter embodied in the Project has
not been submitted for the award of any other Degree or Diploma.

(MR.
SANDEEP VERMA)
Associate Professor & Head Of Department

Department Of Civil Engineering

LMITM
Lucknow

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

For Almighty God, the Omniscient and Omnipotent, is all praise. He is the
Creator, Cherisher and Sustainers of the World; and His ever watchful grace
flows to all his creatures, protecting them, preserving them, guiding them,
and leading them to clear light and higher life.
It is our duty to express our sincere and grateful thanks to our supervisor,
Associate Professor & HOD (Department Of Civil Engineering) Mr.
SANDEEP VERMA, who spared us a good deal of his extremely precious
time giving us helpful guidance throughout the course of this work. His
intellectual, moral and spiritual character has been a great source of
inspiration for us. Without his sage advice and constructive criticisms, this
work could not have taken shape.
We are also grateful to all our teachers for their kind encouragement during
our work.
We must not omit this opportunity to show our deepest indebtedness to our
friends without whose support we would have been nothing. By no means
can we pay them back the favours they have done to us.

(MOHD.ARSHAD)
(ADEEL KHAN)

(SHAHVAJ KHAN)
( PRIYANKA SINGH)
B.TECH-CIVIL
4TH YEAR

PREFACE

The work refers the Project of Final Year Bachelor Of Technology

in Civil Engineering. The title of this project is ANALYSIS &
DESIGN OF COAL STORAGE USING STAAD.PRO V8i
This project employs a complete and thorough knowledge of
analysis. It requires the good knowledge of recent theory to help in
making the project more economical.
Our satisfaction becomes more that we have completed in time. We
tried our best with the project detailing in the best possible way
with the help of our little knowledge. We have expressed all our
ideas about our project which we have gained from our respected
teachers. This project is concerned with analysis and design.
We wish sincere thanks to our respected Head Of DepartmentER.SANDEEP VERMA who helped us in accomplishing this
project.

Table Of Contents
PAGE NO.

Chapter 1 :: INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8

General
Tower Silo
Concrete Stave Silo
Low oxygen Tower Silos
Bunker Silos
Bag Silos
Bins
Sand & Salt Silos

Chapter 2 :: GENERAL WORKING & DESCRIPTION OF COAL

HANDLING PLANT
2.1
2.2

Mode Of Coal Transportation

Equipments Used in Coal Handling Plant

Chapter 3 :: GUIDELINES FOR COAL HANDLING UNITS

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6

Location Criteria
Storage & Handling Criteria
Transport Criteria
Pollution Prevention Criteria
Safety Requirement
Legal Criteria

Chapter 4 :: NUMERICAL STUDY OF WIND FLOW OVER A COAL

STORAGE SHELTER
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5

Abstract
Introduction
Flow model
Turbulence Model
Computational Setup

Chapter 5 :: INDIAN STANDARD DESIGN CODES USED

5.1
5.2

IS 800: 1984 (General Construction in Steel)

IS 875(Part 3 : 1987) [wind loads]

Chapter 6 :: INDIAN STANDARD STEEL SECTIONS

(AS PER IS 808:1989)
Chapter 7 :: TRUSS MEMBERS
7.1

Types of Bracings
7.1.1
Plan Bracings
7.1.2
Torsional Bracings
7.1.3
U frame Bracings

Chapter 8 :: INTRODUCTION TO THE STAAD.PRO V8i SOFTWARE

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7

General
Abstract
Staad.Pro review
Getting started with Staad.Pro
Starting the program
Grid
GUI of Staad
8.7.1
Structure wizard
8.7.2
3-D rendering

8.8 Assignment Methods

8.9 Result
8.10 Staad Editor

Chapter 9 :: USING THE STAAD .PRO V8i INTERFACE

Chapter 10 :: GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS
* STAAD RESULTS
* BEAM END FORCE SUMMARY
* LOADS SUMMARY
*STRUCTURAL DETAILING
*REFERENCES
*APPENDIX

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
A silo (from the Greek siros, "pit for holding grain") is a structure for storing bulk
materials. Silos are used inagriculture to store grain (see grain elevators) or fermented
feed known as silage. Silos are more commonly used for bulk storage of
grain, coal, cement, carbon black, woodchips, food products and sawdust. Three types of
silos are in widespread use today: tower silos, bunker silos, and bag silos.
With increasing storage, runoff and blending requirements being imposed, making sure a
power plant has the best storage option to meet the sometimes complex needs is becoming
more critical.

A COAL STORAGE SILO

There are different types of cement silos such as the low-level mobile silo and the static
upright cement silo, which are used to hold and discharge cement and other powder

materials such as PFA (Pulverised Fuel Ash). The low-level silos are fully mobile with
capacities from 10 to 75 tons. They are simple to transport and are easy to set up on site.
These mobile silos generally come equipped with an electronic weighing system with
digital display and printer. This allows any quantity of cement or powder discharged from
the silo to be controlled and also provides an accurate indication of what remains inside
the silo. The static upright silos have capacities from 20 to 80 tons. These are considered a
low-maintenance option for the storage of cement or other powders. Cement silos can be
used in conjunction with bin-fed batching plants.

1.2 TOWER SILO

Storage silos are cylindrical structures, typically 10 to 90 ft (4 to 30 m) in diameter and 30
to 275 ft (10 to 84 m) in height with the slipform and Jumpform concrete silos being the
larger diameter and taller silos. They can be made of many materials. Wood staves,
concrete staves, cast concrete, and steel panels have all been used, and have varying cost,
durability, and airtightness trade offs. Silos storing grain, cement and woodchips are
typically unloaded with air slides or augers. Silos can be unloaded into rail cars, trucks or
conveyors.
Tower silos containing silage are usually unloaded from the top of the pile, originally by
hand using a silage fork, which has many more tines than the common pitchfork, 12 vs 4,
in modern times using mechanical unloaders. Bottom silo unloaders are utilized at times
but have problems with difficulty of repair.
An advantage of tower silos is that the silage tends to pack well due to its own weight,
except in the top few feet. However, this may be a disadvantage for items like chopped
wood. The tower silo was invented by Franklin Hiram King.
In Canada, Australia and the United States, many country towns or the larger farmers in
grain-growing areas have groups of wooden or concrete tower silos, known as grain
elevators, to collect grain from the surrounding towns and store and protect the grain for
transport by train, truck or barge to a processor or to an export port. In bumper crop times,
the excess grain is stored in piles without silos or bins, causing considerable losses.

1.3 CONCRETE STAVE SILOS

Concrete stave silos are constructed from small precast concrete blocks with ridged
grooves along each edge that lock them together into a high strength shell. Much of
concrete's strength comes from its high incompressibility, so the silo is held together by
steel hoops encircling the tower and compressing the staves into a tight ring. The vertical

stacks are held together by intermeshing of the ends of the staves by a short distance
around the perimeter of each layer, and hoops which are tightened directly across the
stave edges.
The static pressure of the material inside the silo pressing outward on the staves increases
towards the bottom of the silo, so the hoops can be spaced wide apart near the top but
become progressively more closely spaced towards the bottom to prevent seams from
opening and the contents leaking out.
Concrete stave silos are built from common components designed with high strength and
long life. They have the flexibility to have their height increased according to the needs of
the farm and purchasing power of the farmer, or to be completely disassembled and
reinstalled somewhere else if no longer needed.

1.4 LOW-OXYGEN TOWER SILOS

Low-oxygen Harvestore tower silos

Low-oxygen silos are designed to keep the contents in a low-oxygen atmosphere at all
times, to keep the fermented contents in a high quality state, and to prevent mold and
decay, as may occur in the top layers of a stave silo or bunker. Low-oxygen silos are only
opened directly to the atmosphere during the initial forage loading, and even the unloader
chute is sealed against air infiltration.
It would be expensive to design a such a large structure that is immune to atmospheric
pressure changes over time. Instead, the silo structure is open to the atmosphere but
outside air is separated from internal air by large impermeable bags sealed to the silo

breather openings. In the warmth of the day when the silo is heated by the sun, the gas
trapped inside the silo expands and the bags "breathe out" and collapse. At night the silo
cools, the air inside contracts and the bags "breathe in" and expand again.
While the iconic blue Harvestore low-oxygen silos were once very common, the speed of
its unloader mechanism was not able to match the output rates of modern bunker silos,
and this type of silo went into decline. Unloader repair expenses also severely hurt the
Harvestore reputation, because the unloader feed mechanism is located in the bottom of
the silo under tons of silage. In the event of cutter chain breakage, it can cost up to
US$10,000 to perform repairs. The silo may need to be partially or completely emptied by
alternate means, to unbury the broken unloader retrieve broken components lost in the
silage at the bottom of the structure.
In 2005 the Harvestore company recognized these issues and worked to develop new
unloaders with double the flow rate of previous models to stay competitive with bunkers,
and with far greater unloader chain strength. They are now also using load sensing softstart variable frequency drive motor controllers to reduce the likelihood of mechanism
breakage, and to control the feeder sweep arm movement.

This bunker silo contains sugar.Chillan, Chile

While the sight of multiple tall silos may look impressive, many have been abandoned for
silage use, or converted to hold grain. Ground-level bunker silos carry none of the hazards
outlined above, and need only a standard tractor/loader to feed out with, and no
specialized machinery.

1.5 BUNKER SILOS

Bunker silos are trenches, usually with concrete walls, that are filled and packed with
tractors and loaders. The filled trench is covered with a plastic tarp to make it airtight.
These silos are usually unloaded with a tractor and loader. They are inexpensive and
especially well suited to very large operations.

1.6 BAG SILOS

8' diameter by 150 foot silo bag shown just after filling and sealing.
Bag silos are heavy plastic tubes, usually around 8 to 12 ft in diameter, and of variable
length as required for the amount of material to be stored. They are packed using a
machine made for the purpose, and sealed on both ends. They are unloaded using a tractor
and loader or skid-steer loader. The bag is discarded in sections as it is torn off. Bag silos
require little capital investment. They can be used as a temporary measure when growth
or harvest conditions require more space, though some farms use them every year.

1.7 BINS

This silo bin contains 27 variations of stone, sand and

gravel,Copenhagen, Denmark
A bin is typically much shorter than a silo, and is typically used for holding dry matter
such as concrete or grain. Bins may be round or square, but round bins tend to empty
more easily due to a lack of corners for the stored material to become wedged and
encrusted.
The stored material may be powdered, as seed kernels, or as cob corn. Due to the dry
nature of the stored material, it tends to be lighter than silage and can be more easily
handled by under-floor grain unloaders. To facilitate drying after harvesting, some grain
bins contain a hollow perforated or screened central shaft to permit easier air infiltration
into the stored grain.

1.8 SAND AND SALT SILOS

Sand and salt for winter road maintenance are stored in conical dome-shaped silos. These
are more common in North America, namely in Canada and the United States.
Whether a smaller diameter silo, a larger diameter tank or an obstruction free dome is
needed for totally enclosed storage or a free spanning vault is needed for open storage.

Chapter 2
GENERAL WORKING AND DESCRIPTION OF
COAL HANDLING PLANT
2.1 MODE OF COAL TRANSPORTATION :
Coal is brought to the power station by three modes of transportation :
1. Roadways : Coal is carried in trucks and a truck can carry about 8-10 tons of coal. But
due to low capacity, low unloading rate and time consuming, this mode is not in much use
for large thermal power stations.
2. Railways : coal is brought by railway wagons. One rack consists of 58 wagons. Each
wagon contains 58 MT of coal. Locos bring the wagons from the marshalling yard and
place them on wagon tippler. These wagons are then unloaded with the help of wagon
tippler. If these wagons are not unloaded in stipulated time period (generally 7 hrs.),
demurrage charges are lavied by railway department.
There are two types of wagon tipplers.
a) Side Wagon Tippler : Wagon is unloaded into a hopper which at the side of the
railway track. The max. angle of tilt is generally set between 140 to 150. The rate of
unloading is 13 wagons per hour. The time required for one cycle of operation of this
wagon tippler is as below.

1. Weighing Wagon + coal before tippling 15 sec.

2. Tippling of Wagon to hopper 90 sec.
3. Pause 5 sec.
4. Tippling of Wagon back to home position 90 see.
5. Weighing Wagon after tippling 15 sec.
The weighing machines are integral with tippler mechanism and are fitted with a ticket
printing recorder and totaliser.
b) Ring type (Rotary) Wagon Tippler : In rotary tipplers the wagon is fixed between the
two large rings which are fastened to form a cage like structure. The cage is rotated and
discharged coal falls into the hopper right below the rail track. Angle of tippling is 140
160. The rate of unloading is 25 wagons per hour. The time required for one cycle of
operation of this wagon tippler is 60 sec. only before and after wagon tippler i.e. inhaul
and outhaul bettle chargers.
These wagon tipplers are provided with photocell protection to avoid the entry of other
wagons when tippling cycle is in progress.
Track hopper system : This system is provided at Chandrapur thermal power station.
BOBR (bottom opening wagons) wagons are unloaded in track hoppers. The holding
capacity of track hoppers is 4500 MT.
MGR Railway system : This system is provided where coal mines are located near the
power station. Railway wagons are used to transport the coal from coal mines to power
station and unloaded wagons are returned to coal mines for refeeding. So this forms a ring
type system. Wagons alongwith railway tracks being the MSEB property, this becomes
the most economical way of coal transportation having a very low maintenance time and
cost as compared to the
ropeway system.
4.

Ropeways : This mode of coal transportation is used where coal mines are
located near the power stations. Coal is brought by hanging buckets/trolleys
travelling on track ropes, which are pulled by a haulage rope with a driving
mechanism. The payload of each bucket varies from 1 to 3 tons. Automatic
loading and unloading mechanisms are provided at loading and unloading
stations. Rate of unloading varies from 75 to 275 MT/Hr depending on the type
of ropeways used. This type of coal transportation is very economical compared to road or
rail transportation and gives assured supply of coal, being the MSEB property. The only
disadvantage of this system is long time for maintenance works.

2.2 EQUIPMENTS USED IN COAL HANDLING PLANT :

CONVEYOR BELT :

These are made up of cotton or synthetic fibers and rubber piles placed in alternate
positions normally vary from 4 to 6 ply. These are generally 900 to 1600 mm in width. In
selecting a belt, following factors are considered:
1. Durability 2. Strength 3. Toughness 4. Elasticity 5. Lightness 6. Pliability
BELT TENSIONING :
1.Screw type : The horizontal and small conv. Belts are fitted with a screw operated
gear to adjust the belt tension and take up the slack belt. This gear is of robust
construction and designed to protect from dust. It is fixed at an accessible place for
adjustment and cleaning.
2.Idlers :
Conveyor belt is rotating on head and tail pulleys placed at very large distance apart.Belt
can sag between these two pulleys because of its weight. In order to avoid this
sagging,idlers are fixed at certain distance between these pulleys. Idlers consist of three
rollers attached to the brackets at an angle of 20-350 so that conv. Belt can take shape like
a arc of a circle, thus preventing objectionable sharp bends to the belt and carries
maximum coal load without
any spillage. It is shown in the figure as below.

In power station, following types of idlers are generally used.

3.Carrying Troughing Idlers :
These idlers are provided for carrying and transporting the required coal load from point
of feeding to the unloading point. It consists of 3 rollers, which are fitted with bearings/
Life sealed bearings. Profile makes an arc of a circle to avoid sharp bends to increase belt
life.(As shown in above figure)

4. Return Idlers :
These are provided to give support to the belt from return side. As empty belt run over
these idlers, it consist of one plain roller for smaller belt width (upto 1400 mm Vpprox..)
and for higher belt width, it may consists of 2 rollers.

5. Carrying Self-Aligning Idlers :

These idlers are provided on carrying side of the conv. System. It consists of 3 roller
system mounted on a fulcrum which is free to oscillate in a pivot on a fixed frame.
Whenever belt goes out of run, these idlers oscillate on either side, bringing the belt in
center of axis of the conv. System. This avoids damaging of the belt.

6. Return Self Aligning Idlers : These idlers also bring the return side belt to its
center position if goes out of run.
7. Impact Idlers : These are provided at feeding points to increase the life of the belt
and reduce spillage due to sagging below the side scals. The rollers of these idlers
are fitted with rubber liners as shown in the following figure

Chapter 3
GUIDE LINES FOR COAL HANDLING UNITS:3.1 LOCATION CRITERIA
1. Coal handling unit/Agency shall not use any agriculture land and shall
be located at a minimum distance of 250 meters away from the surrounding agriculture
land.
2. Government waste land not suitable for any agriculture purpose
meeting with the requisite siting / distance criteria shall be preferred for establishing coal
handling units.
3. Coal handling unit/Agency shall be minimum 500 meters away from
the residential area, school/colleges, Historical Monuments, Religious
Places, Ecological sensitive area as well as forests area.

4. Coal handling unit/Agency shall be located at a minimum 500 meters

away from the Railway line, Express ways, National Highways, State ways and District
Roads and from water bodies like River, Nala, Canal, Pond etc.
5. In case of coal handling activities at the ports and jetties or extension thereof, the
distance and land use criteria may be relaxed and compensated by advanced/sophisticated
pollution control measures and mechanization & thick plantation, however all such ports
and jetties, where coal handling is carried out, shall provide closed conveyor belt and
mechanization for handling of coal.

3.2 STORAGE AND HANDLING CRITERIA

6. Coal handling unit/Agency shall store coal in such a way that coal heap should not be
higher than 5 meter and clear distance between two adjoining heaps at G.L. should be 5
meters, so that in case of fire, approach is available.
7. There should be mechanized loading/ unloading system from the loading /unloading
area to the stacking yards and in to the vehicles.
8. Coal handling unit/Agency shall take all corrective steps to resolve the
issue of air pollution at permitted coal storage/handling area where coal is being stored.

3.3 TRANSPORT CRITERIA

9. Coal handling unit/Agency shall ensure that all trucks before leaving the storage yard
shall be showered with water with adequate system, Shall be covered with tarpaulin or
any other effective measure/device completely and also that trucks are not over loaded as
well as there is no spillage during transportation.
10. The vehicle carrying the coal should not be overloaded by raising the height of
carriage. Weigh scale shall be provided within the loading area only and port / coal park
authority shall ensure that no overloading is done.
11. The top of the vehicle should be covered with fixed cover instead of tarpaulin cover to
avoid spillage or dusting of coal.
12. Coal handling unit/Agency shall obtain transport permission from the local
Administration under the relevant rules.

3.4 POLLUTION PREVENTION CRITERIA

13. Coal handling unit/Agency shall provide paved approach with adequate traffic
carrying capacity
14. Coal handling unit/Agency shall construct compound wall all along periphery of the
premises with minimum 9 meters height
15. Continuous water sprinkling shall be carried out on the top of the heap at regular
intervals to prevent dusting, fire & smoke. To prevent fugitive emission during
loading/unloading, fixed pipe network with sufficient water storage and pump shall be

installed. Water sprinkling shall be carried out at each and every stage of handling to
avoid generation of coal dust or other dust within premises
16. Coal handling unit/Agency shall ensure regular sweeping of coal dust from internal
and main road and also ensure that there is adequate space for free movement of vehicles.
17. The following adequate Air Pollution Control Measures shall be installed and to be
operated efficiently.
(a) Dust containment cum suppression system for the coal stack, loading and unloading.
(b) Construction of effective wind breaking wall suitable to local condition to prevent the
suspension of particles from the heaps.
I Construction of metal road & RCC Pucca flooring in the plot area/ godown etc.
(d) System for regular cleaning and wetting of the floor area within the premises.
I Entire coal storage area/ godown should be covered with permanent weather shed
roofing and side walls i.e., in closed shed, in case of crushing/sieving/grading activity is
carried out (i.e. G. I. Sheet) along with adequate additional APCM should be installed.
18. Coal handling unit/Agency shall carryout three rows plantation with tall growing tress
all along the periphery of the coal handling premises, inside & outside of the premises
along with road.
19. Proper drainage system shall be provided in all coal storage area so that water drained
from sprinkling & runoff is collected at a common tank and can be reused after screening
through the coal slit or any other effective treatment system.
20. All the engineering control measures and state of art technology including covered
conveyer belts, mechanized loading and unloading, provision of silo etc. shall be provided
in addition to the measures recommended in the environmental guidelines for curbing the
pollution.

3.5 SAFETY REQUIREMENT

21. Coal handling unit/Agency shall provide adequate fire fighting measure to avoid any
fire or related hazards including adequate water storage facility, and the premises shall be
exclusively used for storage of the coal.
22. An onsite emergency plan shall be prepared and implemented by coal handling unit.

3.6 LEGAL CRITERIA

23. Necessary permission from all the applicable regulatory authorities and adequate steps
under the provisions of applicable environmental acts/ rules shall be taken.
24. Coal handling unit/Agency shall prepare EMP (Environment Management Plan) and
implement the same in true spirit and thus maintain overall environment of that area.
25. Coal handling unit/Agency shall not carry out the operation of loading/unloading of
coal/coal dust at any place, till adequate air pollution control equipment for dust
control/suppression are installed and efficiently operated and the consent under the

provisions of Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 is obtained by the coal
yard owners/ Coal handling unit/Agency / coal importers.
26. Coal handling unit/Agency shall operate continuous Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
Stations as per CPCB guideline. The results of parameters like SPM, RSPM, and SO2 and
Nox shall be submitted to the SPCB every month. 27. In case of port which provides the
facility to individual developers an agreement /MoU shall be made between port authority
and developer for curtailment of pollution. Port authority shall be responsible for
supervising and controlling the pollution control related activities and implementation of
the environmental guidelines.
28. The concentration of the following parameters in the ambient air within the premises
and a distance of 10 meters from the source (other than the stack/vent) shall not exceed
the following levels.

Initial outlook of a coal storage section designed using SAP 2000

software

final outlook of a coal storage section designed using SAP 2000 software

A SECTION OF A COAL FIRED STEAM PLANT USING COAL STORAGE

Chapter 4
NUMERICAL STUDY OF WIND FLOW OVER A
COAL STORAGE SHELTER

4.1 ABSTRACT:
This presents some of the main numerical results obtained while simulating the wind flow
over a shelter covering a coal storage. The aim of this numerical study is to evaluate the
change in flow patterns caused by adding an impermeable wall to the originally open
shelter. The numerical simulations of selected two-dimensional cases were performed
using an open-source CFD code. The flow model is based on Reynolds-Averaged NavierStokes Equations solved using a finite-volume method on a structured grid. The
turbulence is parametrized using the standard k model. Two shelter wall configuration
variants are evaluated, and are compared with the original open shelter setup.

4.2 INTRODUCTION
This study is motivated by the needs of industrial coal processing. Coal often has to be
transported,handled and stored in close proximity to inhabited areas. The coal dust
produced during these processes is a major pollutant that has a serious negative impact on
human health. Air-drifted coal dust is also a major hazard due to its explosivity at high
concentrations. Coal is often handled in the open air, covered only by simple open
shelters, consisting of just a roof without any walls. This protects the coal and the
processing technology from major weather factors, such as rain, snow and direct sunshine.
It also maintains low dust concentrations inside these shelters, which greatly reduces the
risk of an explosion. This open configuration has many advantages, including structural
simplicity and therefore low cost. In order to reduce pollution (by dust or noise) in
surrounding areas, it was decided to build a wall that will at least partially enclose the
building and prevent the escape
of pollution. The aim of this study is to provide some information about how the newlybuilt wall will affect the flow, and about its possible impact on pollution dispersion.

4.3 FLOW MODEL

The model chosen for the study presented here is based on Reynolds-Averaged NavierStokes equations supplemented by the standard k turbulence closure. The governing
system consists of the conservation of mass and linear momentum written for ReynoldsAveraged mean quantities, i.e. velocity v = col(u, v,w) and pressure p. Density _ is
considered constant in this case. Volume forces (gravity, Coriolis, etc.) are neglected. The
resulting system can be written in conservative form as:

4.4 TURBULENCE MODEL

4.5 COMPUTATIONAL SETUP

The computational setup is based on a 2D rectangular domain. The lower boundary is

formed by an impermeable, no-slip wall. The wind flow enters the domain from the left
side, parallel to the wall. Three different shelter wall variants are tested:
V1 The wall is placed on the downwind side of the shelter. It has small gap in the
upper part close to the roof.
V2 Similar to variant V1, but the gap in the upper part is closed. The shelter is fully
closed on the downwind side.
V3 Similar to variant V2, but the wall has a small opening close to the ground.

Sketch of geometry

Streamlines-variant V1

Streamlines-variant V2

Streamlines-variant V3

Streamlines detail Variants V1V3

Horizontal velocity contours Variant V1

Horizontal velocity contours Variant V2

Horizontal velocity contours Variant V3

Pressure contours Variant V1

Pressure contours Variant V2

Pressure contours Variant V3

Turbulent kinetic energy contours Variant V1

Turbulent kinetic energy contours Variant V2

Turbulent kinetic energy contours Variant V3

Chapter 5
INDIAN STANDARD DESIGN CODES USED
5.1 IS 800 : 1984 (GENERAL CONSTRUCTION IN STEEL)

5.2 IS 875(PART 3:1987) [WIND LOADS]

#For reference, see APPENDIX

Chapter 6
INDIAN STANDARD STEEL SECTIONS
( AS PER IS 808:1989)
Beams
a) Indian Standard junior beams (ISJB)
b) Indian Standard light weight beams (ISLB)
c) Indian Standard medium weight beams (ISMB)
d) Indian Standard wide flange beams (ISWB)

Columns/Heavy Weight Beams

a) Indian Standard column sections (ISSC)
b) Indian Standard heavy weight beam (ISHB)

Channels
a) Indian Standard junior channels (ISJC)
b) Indian Standard light weight channels (ISLC)
c) Indian Standard medium weight channels (ISMC)
d) Indian Standard medium weight parallel flange channels (ISMCP)

Angles
a) Indian Standard equal leg angles (ISA)
b) Indian Standard unequal leg angles (ISA)

DESIGNATION
Beam, columns and channel sections shall be designated by the respective abbreviated
reference symbols followed by the depth of the section, for example:
a) MB 200 for a medium weight beam of depth 200 mm,
b) SC 200 for a column section of depth 200 mm,
c) MC 200 for medium weight channel of depth 200 mm, and
d) MCP 200 for a medium weight parallel flange channel of depth 200 mm.
Equal and unequal leg angles shall be designated by the abbreviated reference
symbols () followed by the dimensions A, B and t. For example, 200 100 10
represents
unequal leg angle of dimensions 200 mm, 100 mm and thickness 10 mm.

Chapter 7
TRUSS MEMBERS
The members of trusses are made of either rolled steel sections or built up sections
depending upon the span length, intensity of loading, etc. Rolled steel angles, Tee
sections, hollow circular and rectangular structural tubes are used. In long span trusses
and short span bridges heavier rolled steel sections, such as channels, I sections are used.

In highly corrosive environments fully closed welded box sections , and circular hollow
sections are used to reduce the maintenance cost and improve the durability of the
structure

7.1 TYPES OF BRACINGS

Bracing can be classified into three types:

Plan bracing

Torsional bracing

U-frame bracing

7.1.1 PLAN BRACING

Plan bracing systems

Plan bracing is perhaps the most obvious way to prevent lateral buckling of a compression
flange. This is because plan bracing provides lateral restraint, i.e. it stops the compression
flanges of beams from moving sideways.
Plan bracing takes the form of diagonal members, usually angle sections, connecting the
compression flanges of the main beams, to form a truss when viewed in plan. This makes
a structure that is very stiff in response to lateral movement. With lateral movement of the
compression flanges thus resisted, the half wave length for buckling is reduced to the
length between bracings.
Most plan bracing will be at top flange level. For steel composite bridges, this allows plan
bracing to be cast within the deck slab, so it does not need to be painted and the underside

of the bridge will have a clean, bracing-free appearance. However, where there are
hogging moments in the main girders, there may need to be bracing on the bottom flange.
Plan bracing is not common in modern steel composite bridges. The main reason it is not
used is because the plan bracing above the top flange conflicts with deck permanent
formwork. It is, however, possible to position the plan bracing below the deck slab.
If plan bracing is not cast within the deck and is going to remain in the structure on
completion, the performance of the bracing in service needs to be verified. Because the
bracing is spanning partly in the longitudinal direction, longitudinal stresses will be
induced in the bracing. Stresses can be determined by calculating the global
displacements of the structure and imposing them on the bracing, or by adding the bracing
to a comprehensive 3D structural model. No checks are needed for bracing within the
deck slab, because the extra stiffness of the steel will be insignificant and concrete
restrains the bracing against buckling.
Plan bracing can be used to form a "virtual box" girder. This is an alternative to the box
girder which avoids the health and safety risks associated with the confined space
interiors of box girders . The virtual box uses the deck slab or deck plate and plan bracing
between the bottom flanges of two adjacent I girders to form a shape with torsional
stiffness which can be used instead of a box girder.
7.1.2 TORSIONAL BRACING
Torsional bracing takes the form of a plane of bracing between a pair of beams. The
principal advantage of this type of bracing is that a pair of beams is a stable unit. Beams
can be braced in pairs in the fabrication shop prior to transportation to site, which means
that pairs can be craned into place very quickly with the minimum of site connections.
The bracing can take the form of a truss spanning laterally between the top and bottom
flanges of the beams or can be a channel or I girder connecting the webs. In the case
of ladder deckbridges, the bracing is provided by the transverse beams.

The bracing does not provide any lateral restraint to the compression flange, as one beam
will simply use the bracing to push the other beam sideways. However the stiffness of the
bracing will mean that both beams have to twist as a single unit, meaning that one beam is
pushed up and one beam is pushed down, and their resistance to being pushed up and
down is what provides resistance to buckling. For long transverse beams there is the
possibility that the beams can twist in opposite directions, in which case the buckling
mode is the same as that for U-frame action.

The effect of torsional bracing is to increase the elastic critical moment for each beam,
although it will not increase it to the value for buckling over a half wave length equal to
the spacing of the bracing. It is not fully effective in the way that plan bracing is.
Torsional bracing is usually left in place permanently even if it is only needed for the
temporary condition. If beams are only braced in pairs, the bracing does not have much
effect on global load distribution, although checks need to be made that it is not
overloaded by traffic loads. This can be by done by determining the global displacements
of the structure and imposing them on the bracing, or by adding the bracing to a
comprehensive 3D structural model.
Other advantages of this type of bracing over plan bracing are that it is located below the
deck slab and therefore does not interfere with the construction of the concrete deck, and
it can serve to distribute collision and wind loads more effectively.

7.1.3 U FRAME BRACING

Structural action of U frame bracing

Where compression flanges are remote from a direct lateral restraint, such as a deck, and
are restrained laterally by flexible frames comprising a transverse beam in a deck
and stiffened webs of the main beam, this is said to be a U frame, and the restraint is
given by U frame action. The stiffness of the frame is what provides resistance
to buckling.
U frame action is generally used to resist buckling in half-through girders, as is often the
case in railway bridges. (Half-through girders are not often used for highway bridges
because of the risk of collapse due to traffic collision with the main girders.)
In hogging zones of composite slab-on-beam bridges, U frame action may be used to
restrain beams in the completed condition. This is particularly the case with ladder decks.

U frame action can only occur if there is a deck at or near tension flange level. The deck
plate or slab will be very stiff in plan and will effectively prevent any lateral movement of
the tension flanges. If this deck is not present, the frame will be a torsional restraint.
Guidance on determining the buckling resistance of a U frame bridge is given in a
separate article on Design for half-through construction

Chapter 8
INTRODUCTION TO THE STAAD.PRO V8i SOFTWARE
8.0 GENERAL
STAAD or (STAAD.Pro) is a structural analysis and design computer program originally
developed by Research Engineers International in Yorba Linda, CA. In late 2005,
Research Engineer International was bought by Bentley Systems.

Staad.Pro logo

An older version called Staad-III for windows is used by Iowa State University for
educational purposes for civil and structural engineers.
The commercial version STAAD.Pro is one of the most widely used structural analysis
and design software. It supports several steel, concrete and timber design codes.
It can make use of various forms of analysis from the traditional 1st order static analysis,
2nd order p-delta analysis, geometric non linear analysis or a buckling analysis. It can
also make use of various forms of dynamic analysis from modal extraction to time history
and response spectrum analysis.
In recent years it has become part of integrated structural analysis and design solutions
mainly using an exposed API called OpenSTAAD to access and drive the program using
an VB macro system included in the application or other by including OpenSTAAD
functionality in applications that themselves include suitable programmable macro
systems.
Additionally STAAD.Pro has added direct links to applications such as RAM Connection
and STAAD.Foundation to provide engineers working with those applications which
handle design post processing not handled by STAAD.Pro itself. Another form of
integration supported by STAAD.Pro is the analysis schema of the CIMsteel Integration
Standard, version 2 commonly known as CIS/2 and used by a number modelling and
analysis applications.

8.1ABSTRACT
STAAD Pro is a comprehensive structural engineering software that addresses all aspects
of structural engineering including model devolopment, verification, analyis, design and
review of results. It includes advanced dynamic analysis and push over analysis for wind
load and earthquake load.

8.2 STAAD PRO REVIEW

STAAD Pro is a comprehensive structural engineering software that addresses all

aspects of structural engineering including model devolopment, verification, analyis,
design and review of results. It includes advanced dynamic analysis and push over
analysis for wind load and earthquake load.

8.3 GETTING STARTED WITH STAAD PRO.

In STAAD Pro we can analyze the structures in 2D and 3D, for the conveinience of
modelling and defining the structure for analysis, STAAD uses different templates for 2D
and 3D structures. In STAAD we use the following types of structures.

Space structures

Plane structures

Floor structures

Truss structures

All the structures are shown in the above figure. Space structures consists of 3 dimensions
and structure will have 6 degrees of freedom(6 D.O.F). i.e. 3 rotational and 3
translational.
The plane sturctures can be considered for any one plane. Forces are considered
parallel to the surface of plane or in the surface of the plane.
Eg: In XY plane, Fx, Fy & Mz
For the design of horizontal members like slabs, floors etc. the floor structure is used.
It is a 2-D or 3-D structure in which horizontal movement cannot be considered.
For the structures only the axial force are considered and there is no bending.

8.4 STARTING THE PROGRAM

STAAD Pro can be started from the programs menu in windows or from the desktop
Icon (If available). Every time you start the programme a new dialogue box will pop up.
The box consists of types of structure of space, plane, floor and truss. Select the
appropriate structure to be worked out, file name and location to be saved. The length and
force units should be specified to be used in the drawing. After this step the STAAD Pro
interface appears.
In the central area there is a white space with some grids, this is the drawing area
showing the whole structure. We can model our structure and assign the load in this
interface. In the left part there are so many tab which is called page control. Different
processes of STAAD Pro like modeling, analysis, post analysis, design can be accessed
within these tab. To the right there are different window available. Options for different
tabs in page control are accessed in this area. By default usually snap and grid settings is
shown
in
the
window.

8.5 GRID

Perpendicular construction lines which can be used as an aid to modeling the structure
is called GRID or grid lines. Grid lines are usually set to a default value by the program
when it starts, but of course we can change the density of grid lines in the snap/grid
settings window.
It is recommended to draw only the required grid lines to draw our structure to accurately
model the structure without any confusion. We can change the no: of grid lines in X, Y &
Z directions and spacing in each axes. We can have multiple grid systems in different
names also.

8.6 GUI of STAAD

STAAD Pro has got a versatile Graphical User Interface (GUI) integrated into the
program for the easy modeling, post analysis and print options. The interface is fully
developed and well documented; various editing commands are available within this GUI.
Some of the features and commonly used editing commands are discussed.
INSERT NODE: You can add nodes to the structure using this method.
ADD BEAM: Add beam method is used to draw beam in structure. Beam refers not only
beams, but all the linear structures (beams, columns, and truss members).
ADD SOLID: Used to draw solids in structure
ADD PLATES, SURFACES: Add laminar surfaces to the model.
TRANSLATIONAL REPEAT: Create an array in the specified axis at desired spacing
CIRCULAR REPEAT: Create a polar array around an axis at desired spacing.
MOVE: Move an entity from one place to other
ROTATE: Rotate an entity around an axis
MIRROR: Make a mirrored copy of a single or group objects.
SPLIT BEAM: This method can be used to split a beam into number of beams, three
options are there
1.

Add new point at a given distance or to divide the beam at a given

proportion
2.
Add a midpoint to the beam
3.
Add a number of points
8.6.1 STRUCTURE WIZARD
Templates of some structures are come packed with STAAD Pro. and we can use
these templates by using structure wizard. We can select a template and give the necessary
details to model the structure easily. If unequal beams are to be drawn, select the pick icon
() on the side and give required data values. Transfer model icon will transfer the model
to the STAAD interface. You have to specify the coordinates which the structure is to be
placed then.
8.6.2 3-D RENDERING
You can view a 3-D rendering of the structure for a better visualization of what you
modeled. Loading arrangements can be also seen and better understand to pull out errors
if any. 3-D rendering can be view by selecting view3-D Rendering

8.7 ASSIGNMENT METHODS

Every attributes we define in STAAD should be assigned to the corresponding
members or nodes or plates for the analysis and design. For example supports created
must be assigned to nodes where supports are needed, loads defined must be assigned as
member load or nodal load wherever applicable, the post analysis results we needed must
be assigned for each members and so that only results of that members are displayed in
STAAD Output.
There are 4 different assign methods commonly used in STAAD they are:
1.
Assign to selected
2.
Assign to view
3.
Use cursor to assign
4.
Assign to edit list
Assign to selected: Some of the beams or nodes are selected initially and the property is
assigned to that selected members
Assign to view: property is assigned to all the relevant members in the view.
Use the cursor to assign: we can select our members by clicking on the members
Assign to edit list: node numbers or beam numbers are entered in the text box separated
with space in which properties are assigned to the members in the list only.

8.8 RESULT
After analysis STAAD gives 3 options for the user. User can
1.
2.
3.

Stay in modeling mode user can continue the modeling of structure.

Go to post processing mode View the analysis results in graphical format
View output file View the results of analysis in written format

Post processing mode: This mode helps the user to visualize the shear force, bending
moment and other stress resultant developed at the members, i.e. we can see the SFD,
BMD, Elastic curve etc of the whole structure or of individual members.
Output file: Each analysis carried out in STAAD will produce a text document
containing all the inputs, outputs and other information that user selected when modeling
the structure. This is stored in a file named filename.anl
Design
Design in STAAD supports more than 10 codes. INDIAN standard codes(Concrete
and steel) are also supported, Limit state method is used for the design.
Design of concrete sections
After the analysis the design can be done simply by just giving the design commands.
Although you have to set the parameters for design in the design tab. CODE CHECK is
the most usually used parameter used as we are giving the section sizes.
Default steel strength is Fe415 and concrete grade is M30. For altering the parameters

Click design tab, click define parameters FC change the value

Define parameters FE change value
Design of steel sections
Design of steel sections can be more economically done by adding new commands to
the design. Select optimum command for design can be effectively used to design
economical sections. The above command will select an optimum size for all members
using a procedure consisting of multiple cycles of analysis as well as iteration on section
sizes until an overall structure least weight is obtained.
Take off command will calculate the whole weight of the structure and amount of
material needed.
If only CHECK CODE command is activated the results of design will give an indication
and a suggestion of alternate section to replace the to be failed section.

8.9 STAAD EDITOR

We can model, define attributes and assign it to the model using STAAD GUI but
there is a built in command line interface to these things. It is known as STAAD
EDITOR. STAAD Editor is a command line interface for developing models and all
other STAAD input by typing some commands collectively called STAAD language. The
STAAD Editor will produce a *.std file which is recognized by the STAAD engine and it
will create the model from that file.
Although the STAAD input can be created through the Modeling mode, it is important
to understand the command language. With the knowledge of this language, it is easy to
understand the problem and add or comment data as necessary. The general sequence in
which the commands should appear in an input file should ideally follow the same
sequence in which they are presented in this section. The commands are executed in the
sequence entered.
STAAD commands have a particular syntax in which the STAAD engine can
understand and failing to follow will give syntax error. Some common syntax for the basic
operations are described.
A sample STAAD editor commands to create and analyze a simple overhanging beam
is shown below.
STAAD PLANE
START JOB INFORMATION
ENGINEER DATE 07-Nov-10
END JOB INFORMATION
INPUT WIDTH 79
UNIT METER KN
JOINT COORDINATES
1 0 0 0; 3 6 0 0; 4 9 0 0; 5 3 0 0;
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 1 5; 3 3 4; 4 5 3;

DEFINE MATERIAL START

ISOTROPIC CONCRETE
E 2.17185e+007
POISSON 0.17
DENSITY 23.5616
ALPHA 1e-005
DAMP 0.05
END DEFINE MATERIAL
CONSTANTS
MATERIAL CONCRETE ALL
MEMBER PROPERTY AMERICAN
1 3 4 PRIS YD 0.6 ZD 0.3
SUPPORTS
1 PINNED
3 FIXED BUT FX FZ MX MY MZ
LOAD 1
JOINT LOAD
4 FY -12
PERFORM ANALYSIS PRINT ALL
FINISH
STAAD and FINISH STAAD refers to the starting of STAAD input, FINISH refers
to the end of STAAD input. STAAD engine executes only the commands between these
two commands.
STAAD PLANE All STAAD commands are started with the type of the structure.
In this it is a PLANE structure.
START JOB INFORMATION, END JOB INFORMATION Between these it is job
information constitutes the detail of model like date, engineer, and other particulars.
INPUT WIDTH These commands may be used to specify the width(s) of the lines
of output file(s). This is a customization facility that may be used to improve the
presentation quality of the run documents.
UNIT METER KN Specifies the unit as meter and KN.
JOINT CORDINATES Below which it is Joint numbers and coordinates. Syntax is
as follows.

MEMBER INCIDENCES Below which it is member definitions. Syntax is as

follows.

DEFINE MATERIAL START Definition of material begins here. Many physical

attributes of ISOTROPIC CONCRETE are defined between START and FINISH.
CONSTANTS Assigning of materials and sections starts here. CONCRETE is
assigned to all members, member numbers (1 3 4) followed by the type of sections (PRIS)
and its size is given (YD .6 ZD .3).
SUPPORTS Node number (3) followed by type of support (FIXED BUT) and fixity
if any (FX FZ MX MY MZ).
LOAD Follows the name of load case. Load type and its value
2 UNI GY -4 0 3
In above command 2 is the member number to which load is to be given, UNI denotes
UNIFORM LOAD, GY denotes load is in the GLOBAL Y direction, -4 is the value of
UDL, 0 3 is the length through which load is assigned.
PERFORM ANALYSIS Analysis is carried out
PRINT ALL All analysis results for all members all printed on to output file.

Chapter 9

USING THE STAAD.PRO V8i INTERFACE

CREATION OF COAL STORAGE MODEL

COMPLETION OF THE MODELLING

3D-RENDERING VIEW

LOAD CASES

LOAD CASES

STAAD ANALYSIS ENGINE

POST-PROCESSING MODE

Chapter 10

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS