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SLOPE FAILURE
• In addition,
another type
of ground
failure:
subsidence,
is important
to human
existence.
SLOPES
• Material is constantly moving downslope in response to
gravity. Movement can be very slow, barely perceptible
over many years.
SLOPE PROFILE
• Some slopes are gently rounded, while others are
extremely steep. Profiles of naturally-eroded slopes are
primarily dependent on climate and rock type.
1
Common Slope Elements
Figure from Keller (2000)
Common type of
landslide consisting
of an upper slump
motion and a lower
flow.
Upper slump
Lower flow
Figure from Keller (2000)
2
Read Table 6.1 in Keller (2000)
Type of Movement Material Involved
ROCK SOIL
Falls rockfall soilfall
Slides
Rotational rock slump block slump block
Translational rock slide debris slide
SLOPE STABILITY
• When is a slope not stable?
• Slope stability is based on the interplay between two
types of forces:
driving forces and resisting forces.
• Driving forces promote downslope movement of
material.
• Resisting forces deter movement.
• When driving forces overcome resisting forces, the slope
is unstable and results in mass wasting.
• The main driving force in most land movements is
gravity.
• The main resisting force is the material's shear strength.
DRIVING FORCES
Gravity: Does gravity act alone? NO!! Slope angle,
climate, slope material, and water contribute to the effect of
gravity. Mass movement occurs much more frequently on
steep slopes than on shallow slopes.
Water plays a key role in producing slope failure. In the
form of rivers and wave action, water erodes the base of
slopes, removing support, which increases driving forces.
Water can also increase the driving force by loading, i.e.,
adding to the total mass that is subjected to the force of
gravity. The weight (load) on the slope increases when
water fills previously empty pore spaces and fractures.
An increase in water contributes to driving forces that
result in slope failure.
GEOL g406 Environmental Geology S. Hughes, 2003
3
RESISTING FORCES
Resisting forces act oppositely of driving forces.
The resistance to downslope movement is dependent on
the shear strength of the slope material. And shear
strength is a function of cohesion (ability of particles to
attract and hold each other together) and internal friction
(friction between grains within a material).
Chemical Weathering (interaction of water with surface
rock and soil) slowly weakens slope material (primarily
rock), reducing its shear strength, therefore reducing
resisting forces.
IMPORTANT: The shear strength of the slope material is
decreased by increasing the pore water pressure
(pressure that develops in pore spaces due to the
increased amount of water).
GEOL g406 Environmental Geology S. Hughes, 2003
SLOPE STABILITY
Safety Factor (SF) = The ratio of resisting forces
to driving forces:
Resisting Forces
SF =
Driving Forces
If SF > 1 then SAFE
If SF < 1 then UNSAFE
SLOPE STABILITY
4
SLOPE STABILITY
SLOPE STABILITY
Calculate the safety factor
Potential slip plane
(clay). using D to obtain driving force
C and N to obtain resisting force.
D This is a simplified example, so
A the clay layer is assumed to
N
W have constant internal friction,
ROCK i.e., the shear strength is the
same everywhere, when wet.
SLOPE STABILITY
The safety factor involving a clay layer may be calculated
by the unit thickness method using the following
equation:
SF = SLT/W sin A
EXAMPLE
S = shear strength of the clay layer 9x104 N/m3
L = length of the slip plane 50 m
T = unit thickness (assume 1) 1m
W = area (500 m2) x thickness (1 m) x
unit weight (1.6x104 N/m3) 8x106 N
A = 30º, sin A = 0.5 0.5
SF = 1.125 (conditionally stable)
Can you think of examples where this can be applied?
GEOL g406 Environmental Geology S. Hughes, 2003
5
Ground material affects the pattern of
slope failure:
Type # 1 Æ Homogeneous material leads to
rotational failure.
Ground material
affects the
pattern of slope
failure:
Type # 3 Æ Rock
and colluvium slope
leads to soil slip
failure.
6
FLOWS
Flows are the downslope movement of unconsolidated
material in which the material behaves like a viscous fluid.
Flows can be very slow or can be exceedingly fast.
EFFECT OF WATER
Perched water table decreases slope stability by causing
temporary increase in pore water pressure which reduces
shear strength in the earth material.
Figure from Keller (2000)
Colluvial soil;
relatively
permeable.
Bedrock;
low permeability.
Culvert
2 Wetting events
Soil
1
1
2
3 Rock
4
Time FAILURE
FAILURE
3 3
Safety Factor
Safety Factor
FAILURE
2 2
1 1
Wetting events
Time 1 2 3 4
Time
GEOL g406 Environmental Geology S. Hughes, 2003
7
SUBSIDENCE
Depression Æ the result of subsidence. By definition,
subsidence is the very slow to rapid sinking or settling of
the land surface.
Subsidence can be the result of natural causes.
Some type of carbonate rock underlies topography
containing numerous natural depressions, known as
sinkholes. The topography is known as karst topography.
Limestone and dolomite, both carbonate rocks, are soluble
and susceptible to chemical weathering. Chemical
weathering produces void spaces (very very small to
cavernously large). Sinkholes result when enough
"support" has been removed from the carbonate layer. The
surface then collapses into the void space, producing a
sinkhole.
GEOL g406 Environmental Geology S. Hughes, 2003
Retaining Wall
Used to help stabilize a roadcut
Figure from Keller (2000)
8
Landslide on Road
9
Sinkhole in Karst Topography
10