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Topic contents :
1. Introduction
2. Limits and their classification
KEY WORDS :
LIMIT
Permissible size
FIT
Allowance
CLEARANCE
Interference
Transition
Tolerance
Introduction:
No feature of a component can be perfect (i.e., no
surface flat, no hole round etc), because of the
manufacturing process.
It is principally impossible to produce machine parts with
absolute dimensional accuracy.
It is quite sufficient that the actual dimension of the part
is found between two limit dimensions and a permissible
deviation is kept with production to ensure correct
functioning of engineering products.
Introduction:
It is necessary that the dimensions, shape and mutual
position of surfaces of individual parts of mechanical
engineering products are kept within a certain accuracy
to achieve their correct and reliable functioning.
Basic size
Maximum limit
Basic size
Minimum limit
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Clearance
In a fit, this is the difference between the sizes of the hole
and the shaft, before assembly, when this difference is
positive.
The clearance may be maximum clearance and minimum
clearance.
Minimum clearance in the fit is the difference between the
maximum size of the shaft and the minimum size of the
hole.
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Transition
It is between clearance and interference, where the
tolerance zones of the holes and shaft overlap.
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B
A
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-0.080, -0.180 for the shaft, find the upper limits and lower
limits and the minimum clearance.
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application H 7 fit for hole and a P 6 fit for the shaft are
chosen. The tolerance quoted are +0.025, 0 for the hole and
+0.042, +0.026 for the shaft. Find the upper and lower limits
of the hole and also dowel pin, and the maximum
interference between dowel pin and the hole. The basic size
of the fit is 50.00mm
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50.025mm.
The lower limit for the hole will be : 50.000 + 0 = 50.000
mm
The upper limit for dowel pin will be : 50.000 + 0.042 =
50.042 mm.
The lower limit for dowel pin will be : 50.000 + 0.026 =
50.026mm.
The maximum interference between dowel pin and the
hole is : 50.042 50.000 = 0.042 mm.
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LOOSE FIT
TRANSITION
TIGHTEST FIT
CLEARANCE FIT
TRANSITION FIT
INTEFERENCE FIT
Max allowance
= max hole min shaft = +ve
Max allowance
= max hole min shaft = +ve
Max allowance
= max hole min shaft = -ve
Min allowance
= min hole max shaft = +ve
Min allowance
= min hole max shaft = -ve
Min allowance
= min hole max shaft = -ve
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Systems of Fit:
A fit system is the systems of standard allowance to
suit specific range of basic size. If these standard
allowances are selected properly and assigned in
mating parts ensures specific classes of fit.
There are two systems of fit for obtaining clearance,
interference or transition fit. These are :
(i) Hole basis system
(ii) Shaft basis system
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Systems of Fit:
(i) Hole basis system
In the hole basis system, the size of the hole is kept
constant and shaft sizes are varied to obtain
various types of fits.
In this system, lower deviation of hole is zero, i.e.
the low limit of hole is same as basic size. The high
limit of the hole and the two limits of size for the shaft
are then varied to give desired type of fit.
The hole basis system is commonly used because it is
more convenient to make correct holes of fixed sizes,
since the standard drills, taps, reamers and branches
etc. are available for producing holes and their sizes
are not adjustable. On the other hand, size of the shaft
produced by turning, grinding, etc. can be very easily
varied.
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Systems of Fit:
(i) Hole basis system
Clearance Fit
B
Interference Fit
C
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Systems of Fit:
(i) Hole basis system
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Systems of Fit:
(i) Hole basis system
Grades of Holes
H5
H6
H7
H8
H9
H10
H11
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Systems of Fit:
Combination of
Hole and Shaft
H6 j5 fine
H7 j6 normal
Quality of Fit
Clearance
transition
True
transition
H8 j7 coarse
H6 k5 fine
H7 k6 normal
H8 k7 coarse
H6 m5 fine
H7 m6 normal
Typical uses
Interference
transition
H8 m7 coarse
H6 p5 fine
Press fit
H7 p6 normal
H6 r5 fine
Drive fit
H7 r6 normal
H6 s5 fine
Drive fit
H7 s6 normal
H6 u5 fine
H7 u6 normal
Force or
shrink fit
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Systems of Fit:
(ii)
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Systems of Fit:
(ii)
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Systems of Fit:
To summarize:
Hole basis
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Systems of Fit:
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Tolerance
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Unilateral tolerance
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Other limits
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Bilateral tolerance
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EXERCISE (1) :
A 50 mm diameter of shaft is made to rotate in the bush. The
tolerances for both shaft and bush are 0.050mm.
Determine the dimension of the shaft and bush to give
maximum clearance of 0.075mm within the hole basis
system.
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ANSWER:
In hole basis system,
Lower deviation of hole is zero,
Therefore low limit of hole = 50.00 mm
High limit of hole = low limit + tolerance
= 50.00 +0.050 = 50.050mm
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EXERCISE (2) :
In a hole and shaft assembly of 30mm nominal size, the
tolerance for hole and shaft are as below ;
Hole : 30 (+0.02, -0.00)mm
Shaft : 30 (-0.040, -0.070)mm
Determine :
1) Max and Min clearance obtained
2) Hole and shaft tolerance
3) The type if FIT.
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Answer (2) :
1) Max and Min clearance obtained
Maximum clearance = Max hole Min shaft
= 30.02-29.93 = 0.09mm
Minimum clearance = Min hole Max shaft
= 30.00- 29.96 = 0.04 mm
2) Hole and Shaft tolerance
High limit hole = 30.02
Low limit hole = 30.00
Hole tolerance = 30.02-30.00 = 0.02 mm
High limit of shaft = 30-0.04 = 29.96 mm
low limit of shaft = 30-0.07 = 29.93 mm
shaft tolerance = 29.96- 29.93 = 0.03 mm
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Answer (2) :
3) If we consider high limits of hole with high limit of shaft,
then allowance = 30.02 29.96 = 0.06 mm