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JD1-A
This
can
be
interpreted, for example, in terms of the various different classes determined
by the class of all Swedes (S), the class of all peasants (P), and the class of
all musicians (M). SPM is the product of these three classes, which is the
class of all Swedish peasant musicians. SPM is the product of the first two
and the complement of the third, which is the class of all Swedish peasants
who are not musicians. SPM is the product of the first and third and the
complement of the second: the class of all Swedish musicians who are not
peasants. SPM is the product of the first and the complements of the others:
the class of all Swedes who are neither peasants nor musicians. Next, SPM is
the product of the second and third classes with the complements of the
first: the class of all peasant musicians who are not Swedes. SPM is the
Categorical Syllogisms
Safangan, Glaiza F.
JD1-A
product of the second class with the complements of the other two: the class
of all peasants who are neither Swedes nor musicians. SPM is the product of
the third class and the complements of the first two: the class of all
musicians who are neither Swedes nor peasants. Finally, SPM is the product
of the complements of the three original classes: the class of all things that
are neither Swedes nor peasants nor musicians. However to better
understand the first diagram, we substitute SPM, SPM, SPM, SPM and so on to
1, 2,3
If we focus our attention on just the two circles labeled P and M, it is
clear that by shading out, or by inserting an x, we can diagram any standardform categorical proposition whose two terms are P and M, regardless of
which is the subject
term and which is the
predicate. Thus, to
diagram the proposition
All M is P, we
shade out all of M that is
not contained in (or
overlapped by) P which
includes both
portions labeled 4 and
7.
The advantage of
circles is that it
propositions
condition, of
different terms
diagramming
S is M:
Categorical Syllogisms
Safangan, Glaiza F.
JD1-A
SYLLOGISM:
AAA-2:
All dogs are
All cats are
Therefore all cats
mammals.
mammals.
are dogs
Diagramming both
premises:
Categorical Syllogisms
Safangan, Glaiza F.
JD1-A
In this diagram, where the class of all cats corresponds to S, the class of all
dogs corresponds to P, and the class of all mammals corresponds to M, the
portions corresponding to 1, 2 and 3, have been shaded out. But the
conclusion
has not been
diagrammed
because 4 has
been left
unshaded and
to diagram
the conclusion
both 1 and 4
must be shaded.
This proves
that he
conclusion
says something
more than
what is said by
the
premises.
VENN
TEST A
WITH ONE
PREMISE
PARTICULAR PREMISE:
DIAGRAM TO
SYLLOGISM
UNIVERSAL
AND ONE
AII-3:
All artists are egotists.
Some artists are paupers.
Therefore some paupers are egotists.
It is important to diagram the universal premise first, All artists are
egotists, before inserting an x to diagram the particular premise, Some
artists are paupers.
Had we tried to diagram the particular premise first, before the region 4 was
shaded out along with 7in diagramming the universal premise, we would not
have known whether to insert an x in 5 or in 4 or in both. Had we put it in 4
or on the line separating it from 5, the subsequent shading of 4 would have
Categorical Syllogisms
Safangan, Glaiza F.
JD1-A
Categorical Syllogisms
Safangan, Glaiza F.
JD1-A
indicates that there is something that belongs in one of them, but does not
indicate which one.
AEE-4
All successful people are people who are keenly interested in their work.
No people who are keenly interested in their work are people whose
attention is easily distracted when they are working.
Therefore no people whose attention is easily distracted when they are
working are successful people.
Categorical Syllogisms
Safangan, Glaiza F.
JD1-A
From the diagram, it can be seen that the conclusion has already been
diagrammed thus making the syllogism valid.
Categorical Syllogisms