Simple Shaft-pulley Model

A Project Requirement

Presented to
Engineering Science Department
College of Engineering
Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology

In Partial Fulfillment for the Course

ES 64- Mechanics of Deformable Bodies

Apple Mae T. Barredo

Yanno-Ray M. Cahiles
Keirth L. Kilat

May 2016
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1

Background of the Study

The Engineers choose the best and appropriate materials and design for buildings and

machines by calculating how much, and what kind of stresses each material is able to
withstand without failure. With this, engineers take into consideration of the forces acting
when designing structures. One of stresses with primary concern is torsion.
In the field of solid mechanics, torsion is the twisting of an object due to an applied
torque. Torque is a moment that tends to twist a member about its longitudinal axis. Its effect
is of primary concern in the design of axles or drive shafts used in vehicles and machinery.

A shaft is a rotating machine element, usually circular in cross section, which is used
to transmit power from one part to another, or from a machine which produces power to a
machine which absorbs power. On the other hand, a pulley is a wheel on an axle or shaft that
is designed to support movement and change of direction of a cable or belt along its
circumference.
1.2

Objectives
This project aims to create a miniature shaft-pulley model to possibly demonstrate

torsion by observing a definite angle of twist. Moreover, it fully aims to:

a. Study the torsion in the shaft-pulley model;
b. Determine the relationship of the forces and angle of twist caused by the load;
c. Produce a significant study and model as a future reference for related purposes.

1.3

Scope and Limitations

The study covers related topics and researches concerning torsion, analysis of

available test data, experimental study of the shaft-pulley system, and analysis of
experimental results. This project is only limited to demonstrate torsion by observing a
definite angle of twist of the model, and the findings of this experiment will serve as a
significant endeavor for related terms. It shall also serve as a future reference on torsion for
students of the same efforts to maximize their efficiency and minimize errors. Any effect of
torsion on shaft-pulley (such as slip, buckling and friction between members) is beyond the
researchers aptitude.
Design of the project includes functionality of the shaft-pulley members (i.e.
connections) and analysis of load application. The project is therefore aimed to produce a
prototype that shows a definite angle of twist to demonstrate torsion.

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1

History
The discovery of the fifth force which was the torsion was done in the late 1800s by

Russian professor N.P. Myshkin. Einsteins colleague Dr. Eli Cartan first termed this force
torsion in 1913 in reference to its twisting movement through the fabric of space-time. In
the 1950s pioneering Russian scientist Dr. N.A. Kozyrev (19081983) conclusively proved
the existence of this energy, demonstrating that, like time, it flows in a sacred geometric
spiral, as I detail in The Grand Illusion (TGI). Russian scientists are reported to have written
around 10,000 papers on the subject in the 1990s alone. (Murphy 2012)
There are many applications of torsion this includes Torsion loaded shaft which is
among the most commonly used structures in engineering. A torsion spring is a spring that
works by torsion or twisting; that is, a flexible elastic object that stores mechanical energy
when it is twisted.
2.2

Shaft
Torsion loaded shafts are among the most commonly used structures in engineering.

For instance, the drive shaft of a standard rear-wheel drive automobile, serves primarily to
transmit torsion. These shafts are almost always hollow and circular in cross section,
transmitting power from the transmission to the differential joint at which the rotation is

diverted to the drive wheels. As in the case of pressure vessels, it is important to be aware of
design methods for such structures purely for their inherent usefulness.
A shaft is an element used to transmit power and torque, and it can support reverse
bending (fatigue). Most shafts have circular cross sections, either solid or tubular. The
difference between a shaft and an axle is the shaft rotates to transmit power, and that is
subjected to fatigue. An exile is just like a round cantilever beam, so it is not subjected to
fatigue.
Shafts have different means to transmit power and torque. For example, it can use
gears, sprockets, pulleys, etc., and also have some grooves to keep these elements rigid and
avoid there vibration, such as key seats, retaining ring grooves. Also, to be able to avoid
vibration of the elements, and assure an efficient transmission of power and torque, some
changes in the cross-section of the shaft can be made.
Definition of shaft/ Provide figures
2.3 Derivation of the Torsion Formula

Reference:

Figure 1. Deformation of shaft due to torque

The diagram shows a shaft fixed at one end and twisted at the other and due to the
action of a torque. The radius of the shaft is R and the length is L.
Imagine a horizontal radial line drawn on the end face. When, the end is twisted, the
line rotates through an angle . The length of the arc produced is R() .

Consider a line drawn along the length of the shaft. When twisted, the line moves
through an angle . The length of the arc produced is

L() .

Now, assume that the two arcs are the same therefore,

R ( )=L( ) , hence by

equating this we get,

=

R
. (Eq.2 .1)
L
Since

is the shear strain on the outer surface of the shaft. The relationship

between shear strain and shear stress is.

G= .(Eq .2.2)

Equating Eq. 1 and Eq. 2 we get,

G
= .. (Eq .2.3)
L R

Figure 2. Cross section of a circular

bar.
Consider an elementary ring of
material with a shear stress

acting on

at radius r.
The area of the ring is given by:

Figure 3.

Figure 2. Cross sectional shear stress

distribution
it

dA=2 rdr ( Eq .2.4 )

The shear force acting on it tangential is given by:
dF=dA ( Eq .2.5)

This force acts at the radius r so the torque produced is

dT =dFr . .. (Eq . 2.6)
The torque can be expressed in terms of

and r by equating (Eq.1), (Eq.2), and

(Eq.3)
dT = 2 r 2 dr . . .. (Eq .2.7)

Gr
Since = L
from Eq. 3 then..

dT =

G
2 r 3 dr
L

The torque on the whole cross section resulting from the shear stress is
R

G
T=
2 r 3 dr
L
0
R
3
The expression 2 r dr
0

is called the polar second moment of area and denoted

G
as J. The torque equation reduces to T = L J
Therefore,
T G
=
( Eq . 4)
J L
Combining Eq. 3 and Eq. 4 to get the torsion equation
T G
= =
J L R

Polar Moment of Inertia J

Figure 4. Solid Shaft of radius R, diameter D

J = 2 rdr=
0

R4 D 4
=
2
32

Figure 5. Hollow Shaft with Inner Radius Ri and Outer radius Ro

Ro
Do
( 4Di4 )

32
4

4R
(
i )

=
2
R2

J = 2 rdr=
R1

2.4

Power Produced by Rotating the Shaft

Mechanical Generation of Power is basically how we first got electricity. It's a fairly

common application, and there are over a billion of them running around outside.
Automobiles have been using rotating shafts to power themselves since the very start.
2.5

Mechanical Power Transmission by a Shaft

Mechanical power is defined as work done per second. Work done is defined as force

times distance moved. Since distance moved or time taken is velocity of the force we may
write.
P=Fv (Eq .5)

When a force rotates at radius R it travels one circumference in the time of one
revolution. Hence the distance moved in one revolution is x=2 R .
If the speed N rev/second then the time of one revolution is 1/N seconds. The
mechanical power is hence.
P=

2 FR
=2 NFR
1
N

Since FR is the torque produced by the force this reduces to

P=2 NT (Eq .7)
Since 2N is the angular velocity radians/sec it further reduces to
P=T ( Eq . 8)

Whatss lacking:
*shear modulus
definition/derivation
*Polar moment of inertia
Definition/derivation
*angle of twist
2.6 Shear Modulus of Various Materials:
Define
Importance
Properties

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY