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MISD:LESSON15.CHAKLAYOUTANDALIGNMENTOFFIELDCHANNELS

MinorIrrigation&CommandAreaDevelopment3(2+1)

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LESSON15.CHAKLAYOUTANDALIGNMENTOFFIELDCHANNELS

Introduction
The chak or outlet command is a basic unit for irrigation management in the
command of Minor, distributory or any other parent channel. Therefore,
establishinglayoutsofthechaksinthecommandofagivenchannelisthefirst
stepoftheplanningprocess.Forthispurpose,thecontourmapofthecommand
ofminorordistributorytothescaleof1:2000(1:4000ifcommandisverybig)
withcontourintervalof0.2or0.3mshouldbeavailable.

15.1LayoutofChaks:
Following factors are considered for finalizing chak boundaries and total layout of
chaks.
i)Topography(Ridges,vallies,localdepressions,highpatches,etc.)
ii)Maximumpermissibleareawhichcanbeirrigatedinpeakrotationbyaprescribed
dischargeinagivenflowperiod
iii)Maximumlengthoffieldchannel
iv)Thenumberoffarmerstobeserved
v)Otherfactorslikevillageboundary,road/railwaylines,etc.
15.2Topography:
Markvallies,localdepressions,gullies,naturaldrains,highpatches,ponds,gaothans,
roads,railwaylines,villageboundariesetc.indifferentcoloursonthecontourplanso
astolimittheboundaryoftheChaktonaturaldrain/villageboundary/road/railway
lines.
15.3MaximumPermissibleChakSize:
Thechaksizeplaysanimportantroleintheefficientschedulingofirrigation.Itisthe
area served by an outlet. It depends mainly on discharge of the outlet, flow period,
croppatternandpeakirrigationwaterrequirements.Forexample,theGovernmentof
Maharashtrahasstandardizedthecapacityofthefieldchannelsat30l/s.Previously,
theflowperiodinmostoftheprojectsusedtobe12daysinarotationperiodof14
days.Nowtheflowperiodof6daysinarotationperiodof14daysisadoptedforchak
design.With the discharge of 30 l/s and the flow period of 6 days in a rotation, the
onlyvariablefactorindeterminingthechaksizeisthepeaknetirrigationrequirement.
Netirrigationrequirement(NIR)basedonmodifiedPenmanMethodisworkedoutfor
cropsaspertheapprovedprojectcroppingpattern.ThisisgenerallytheNIRatroot
zone(expressedinmm)consideringeffectiverainfallandthespecialneedsofdifferent
crops.Sincethewaterisreleasedatoutlethead,thenetirrigationrequirementatoutlet
headhastobedetermined.Thiscanbecomputedbyapplyingefficiencyfactors,from
fieldtoturnoutandfromturnouttooutlet.Thefieldapplicationefficiency(rootzone
totheturnout)dependsonpreparationofland,irrigationmethodsandtheflowrate.It
normally varies from 70% to 80%. With the developed lands and good irrigation
method, 75% application efficiency can be achieved and may be adopted. The
conveyance losses in field channel depend on length of field channel, soil strata,
channelcondition,typeoflining,distributionoffieldsalongthelengthofthechannel
which determine running time of each unit lengths of field channel, etc. However,

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MISD:LESSON15.CHAKLAYOUTANDALIGNMENTOFFIELDCHANNELS
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averageconveyanceefficiencyoffieldchannelfromtheturnouttotheoutletmaybe
taken as 85%. The efficiency from root zone to outlet is therefore 75% x 85% =
63.75%.The efficiency figures can be modified if specific data is available.The net
irrigation requirement for every fortnight of year is calculated for the project crop
pattern.Basedonthis,themasterstatementofcropwaterrequirementisprepared.The
maximum value of the irrigation water requirement is then adopted for the
determinationofchaksize.
OnesuchsamplecalculationispresentedinTable15.1.givenintheendofthislecture.
AsperTable15.1,FortnightlyPeakNetIrrigationRequirementforthegiven
crop pattern is in the 26th fortnight (17/12 to 31/12) and is 46610 m per 100 ha of
I.C.A.
NIR=46610mfor100haofICA
i.e.466.10m/haofICA
Assuming field application efficiency of 75% and average conveyance efficiency of
fieldchannelas85%,theoverallefficiencybetweenoutletandrootzoneworksoutas
75%x85%=63.75%i.e.0.6375.
NIRatoutlethead=(466.10/0.6375)=731m
Waterdeliveredatoutlet
Attherateof30lps(108m/hr)=108mx6days(flowperiod)x24hrs
=15552m
ChakSize(haofI.C.A.)=(15552/731)=21.27ha
Ifintensityofirrigation(ICA/CCA)forprojectunderconsiderationisSay80%then
ChakSize(haofC.C.A.)=(21.27/0.8)=26.58ha.
Maximumchaksizefortheprojectissay25ha.
15.4LengthofFieldChannel:
Excessivelengthoffieldchannelresultsintomoreconveyancelossesandcomplaints
from tail Enders about nonreceipt of desired discharge. Therefore, the maximum
length of field channel in one stretch from outlet generally should not be more than
1000m(1Km).
15.5NumberofFarmers:
Incanalirrigation,thewaterthatissuppliedattheGovernmentoutletistobeshared
equitablybyallthebeneficiaryfarmers.Thisinvolvesunderstandingandcooperation
andthereforethenumberofbeneficiarieshastobereasonablysmall.Generally10to
15 beneficiaries can be organized properly for water sharing. The number of
beneficiariesinachakwilldependuponthesizesoftheholdings.Wheretheaverage
size of holding is smaller, the chak size may be adjusted such that the maximum
numberofbeneficiariesshouldnotexceed30.
15.6OtherConsiderations:
Asfaraspossiblethechakshouldlieinonevillageonly.Similarlyroads,railwaylines
shouldbeconsideredwhilefixingchakboundaries.Asfaraspossiblechakboundaries
may be restricted upto road/railway line in order to avoid crossings. Considering
abovementionedfactorstheboundariesofthechaksbefixedandlayoutofchaksin
thewholecommandofagivencanalbefinalized.ThecosteconomicsofOFDworks
shouldalsohavebearingwhilefinalizingthechakareaandlayout.
15.7AlignmentofWaterCoursesandFieldChannels:
Afterthelayoutofthechaksisprepared,thelocationsoftheoutlets,jointlydecidedby

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MISD:LESSON15.CHAKLAYOUTANDALIGNMENTOFFIELDCHANNELS

theconcernedOrganizationsaremarkedonthecontourplan.Followingaspectsmay
beconsideredwhilefinalizingthelocationoftheoutlet.
i)Theoutlettobelocatedupstreamofdrop/fallonparentchannel
ii)TheFCshouldcommandtheareawithinshortdistance(Saywithin15m)
iii)Asfaraspossibleitshouldnotcrossborrowpit
iv)ToavoidtheroadcrossingonF.C.,ifpossible,thelocationoftheoutletshouldbe
takend/softheroad.
Iftheselocationsarenotsuitableforthelayoutobtainedearlier,changesaremadeby
relocatingtheoutletsandincreasingthenumberwherenecessary.
The sill level (of the outlet) should be taken at or near the bed of the minor or
distributory,sothattheoutletcandrawitsfulldischargeof30l/sevenwhentheminor
isflowinghalffull.Fromthesilllevel,thebedlevelofthefieldchannelneartheoutlet
isobtained.
The alignment of the field channel is then marked along high ground so that it can
commandmaximumarea.Asfaraspossible,itshouldbetakenalongtheboundaryof
aholdingsothatthefieldisnotartificiallydividedbythechannel.Thefieldchannels
will be aligned either along the ridge so that irrigation can be done on both sides or
along the contour with irrigation only on one side, depending upon topography.The
fieldchannelshouldbemarkeddowntoeachindividualholding.Itshouldbeensured
that the turnout can be placed in the holding it serves and near the boundary.While
marking the alignment of the field channel, it should be seen that the channel can
commandthefieldsincludedinthedesign.Forthispurposepreferablythewaterlevel
inthefieldchannelbekeptas15cmhigherthantheground,itisdesignedtoserve.
A field channel must necessarily tail into a drain (natural or otherwise). In any case
F.C.shouldnotbeusedasatailofminorordistributory.
Incase,thefieldchannelisbeingalignedonaslopinggroundleavingsomeareaabove
thefieldchannelasuncommanded,thenitisobligatorytoprovideacatchwaterdrain
alongsidethefieldchannelontheupstreamside.Itshouldterminateinanaturalgully.
ThemarkingofthealignmentshouldbedonebytheSDO.Thelocationsoftheoutlets
andthealignmentsofthefieldchannelsshouldthenbemarkedonsiteandverifiedby
theAgricultural Supervisor/Junior Engineer and also by the SDO (and so certified)
beforetheplansaresubmittedbySDOtoDOforapproval.Thebeneficiariesshould
alsobeconsultedandtheirsuggestions,iffoundsuitable,maybeincorporated.After
these are approved, the location of the outlets can be finally informed to the
Construction Organization so that the construction can proceed. If required, a joint
inspectionshouldbecarriedoutbyExecutiveEngineerofConstructionOrganization
and the Divisional Officer of a Land Development Division. The approval of the
Divisional Officer will be accorded on the plan (tracing on cloth/paper), on which
locationsofoutletsandthealignmentsoffieldchannelsareshown,inink.
Table15.1FORTNIGHTLY(14days)NETIRRIGATIONREQUIREMENTBY
MODIFIEDPENMANMETHOD
(For100haofI.C.A.)ofKukadiirrigationproject
NetirrigationRequirementinmm/m3
S.
No

Area
in
ha.

Wheat
1

(1/1128/2)

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

10/9
23/9

24/9
7/10

8/10
21/10

22/10
4/11

5/11
18/11

19/11
2/12

3/12
16/12

17/12
31/12

1/1
14/1

15/1
28/1

29/1
11/2

80

19

34

59

74

68

75

74

12800

3040

5440

9440

11100

10880

12000

11840

16

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4/19/2016

MISD:LESSON15.CHAKLAYOUTANDALIGNMENTOFFIELDCHANNELS

Local
Jawar(R)

20

48

67

67

63

66

62

48

24

(1/10
28/1)

1050

3000

7200

10050

10050

9450

9900

9300

7200

3600

Hy.Jawar
(R)

28

50

61

63

66

69

65

45

(1/10
28/1)

1080

3360

6000

7320

7560

7920

8280

7800

5400

Jawar
(Rattoon)

12

33

54

66

70

52

27

(16/10
23/1)

1800

4950

8100

9900

10500

7800

4050

Peas/Gram

22

33

54

68

76

65

44

450

1100

1650

2700

3400

3800

3250

2200

83

21

28

44

60

69

61

65

69

1600

420

560

880

1200

1380

1220

1300

1380

82

19

24

40

60

75

65

70

2460

570

720

1200

1800

2250

1950

2100

120

1050

4080

15070

32740

28290

35330

43560

46610

40100

30650

13340

(16/10
23/1)

15

12

Onion
6

(16/10
12/1.)

Potato
7

(16/10
27/1)

FiguresinnumerationindicateNIRinmmandthoseinthedenominatorindicateQtyinm3
PeakDemandisinthe26thFortnight(1712to3112)i.e.(46610m3/100haofI.C.A)
ThecroppatternofthisprojectdoesnotcontainanycropsgrowinginHotWeather
seasonviz13to306

Lastmodified:Tuesday,18February2014,8:11AM

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