Mixed-Signal-Electronics

PD Dr.-Ing. Stephan Henzler

Stephan Henzler

Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12

Chapter 3
Switched Capacitor Circuits

Stephan Henzler

Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12

Resistor Realizations in MOS Technologies: Poly-Resistor

Sheet resistance:
200-400
(metal <1 )
Highly variable
resistance
Good linearity
Isolated from
substrate

Stephan Henzler

Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12

Resistor Realizations in MOS Technologies: Diffusion Resistor

Sheet resistance: 50-150

Highly variable resistance (up to +/- 20%)
Parasitic diode
High parasitic capacitances

Stephan Henzler

Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12

Resistor Realizations in MOS Technologies

L
L
R
R[]
Wd
W

Sheet resistance:
Poly: 200-400
Diffusion: 50 -150
Metal: <1
Drawbacks:
area intensive expensive
high variability (20-30%)
Stephan Henzler

Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12

Effect of Resistor between two Nodes

continuous time point-of-view

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discrete time point-of-view

Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12

Switched Capacitor Resistor Emulation 1

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Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12

Switched Capacitor Resistor Emulation 2

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Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12

Resistor Equivalents

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Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12

Non-Overlapping Multiphase Clocking

both clocks active at the same time

would cause short circuit currents

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Mixed-Signal-Electronics 2011/12

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Parameter Variations in SC Circuits 1

What is the variation of a RC time constant?

i.e. the relative error of the time constant is equal to the sum of
the relative error of the resistance and the capacitance

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Parameter Variations in SC Circuits 2

What happens for the switched-capacitor equivalent?

i.e. the relative error of the time constant is equal to the relative
error of a capacitance ratio
very small if matching is considered in layout
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Implementation of Integrated Capacitors

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Alternative Capacitor Implementation

Junction capacitance
Parasitic diode leakage
Voltage and temperature dependent
MOS capacitance
MOS transistor in accumulation or inversion
Alternatively: gate over diffusion
Strongly non-linear
Very high capacitance/area
God for decoupling
Vertical parallel plate capacitor
Matrix of wires exploiting vertical and lateral capacitance
Ref. next slide
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Vertical Parallel Plate Capacitor

Kim, VLSI Symposium 2003

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Limitations of SC-Equivalence
Continuous Time RC-Low-Pass

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Limitations of SC-Equivalence
S1 and S2 are
closed alternately

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Limitations of SC-Equivalence
Switched Capacitor Low-Pass
z-Transformation:

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Limitations of SC-Equivalence
Switched Capacitor Equivalence

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Switched Capacitor Integrators

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Switched Capacitor Integrators

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Analysis of Switched-Capacitor Circuits

SC-Cookbook
Mark polarity of all capacitors (arbitrarily)
Do not change this polarity during the analysis
Draw equivalent circuit for each clock phase
Charge balance analysis for full cycle
assume steady state conditions for each time step
compute Q that occurs during phase transitions
z-transformation
Calculate transfer function
Evaluate transfer function on unit circle of z-plane

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Spectral Analysis
z-Transformation

Approximation on unit circle

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Spectral Analysis (cont.)

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Analysis of Switched-Capacitor Circuits

SC-Cookbook
Mark polarity of all capacitors (arbitrarily)
Do not change this polarity during the analysis
Draw equivalent circuit for each clock phase
Charge balance analysis for full cycle
assume steady state conditions for each time step
compute Q that occurs during phase transitions
z-transformation
Calculate transfer function
Evaluate transfer function on unit circle of z-plane

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Impact of Parasitic Capacitances

Cp1||C1
Cp2
Cp3
Cp4

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direct impact on transfer behavior

shorted no impact
shorted between GND and VGND
at opamp output negligible impact

C1 C p1 z 1
H z
C2 1 z 1
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Alternative Integrator Architectures

Sign of transfer function can be changed by switching the

control signal of the switches.
Less sensitive to parasitic capacitances
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Switched Capacitor Amplifier

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Switched Capacitor Amplifier: Impact of Offset

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SC Amplifier: Output Signal

opamp offset

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Switched Capacitor Amplifier

(without output reset)

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