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Dehydration/dessication
Foreign bodies
Extreme environmental condition
Predation
surface covering
separable from the underlying muscle layer
Exoskeleton
The Skin
Occurs only in vertebrates
Lower chordates lack a skin
Urochordates one-layered
epidermis + tunic secreted by
epidermis
Amphioxus one-layered
epidermis only
Outer
Epithelial cells
Derived from ectoderm
Dermis
Inner
Connective tissue
Derived from the mesoderm
Dermis/ Corium
Stratum laxum loose connective tissue
Stratum compactum dense, parallel wavy fibers
Contains:
FROG SKIN
EPIDERMIS
MUCOUS
GLAND
Exoskeleton
Derived from skin
by hardening
processes in
epidermis or dermis
or both
Epidermal
special portions of
stratum corneum
Dermal consists
of bone
EXOSKELETON OF FISHES
Scales
Dermal in origin
Six types
Placoid
Cosmoid
Paleoniscoid
Ganoid/
Lepidosteoid
Cycloid
Ctenoid
PLACOID SCALES
Found in
elasmobranchs
shagreen (shark skin)
Basal plate carrying a
projecting spine
denticles consists of
dentine and structure is
identical with the dentine
of teeth
Spine contains a pulp
cavity from which
dentinal tubules branch
COSMOID SCALES
Occurs in extinct fish of
the groups
Crossopterygii and
Dipnoi
3 layers:
Cosmine outer; similar
to dentine but dentinal
tubules occur in clusters
Vascular bone middle
Lamellate bone - inner
PALEONISCOID SCALES
found in extinct
paleoniscids and
Polypterus
Intermediate between
cosmoid and typical
ganoid scale
Upper layer Ganoin
Middle layer Cosmine
Lower layer lamellate
bone
GANOID SCALES
Found in Chondrostei
and some Holostei
(sturgeons, pikes, and
allies)
Lamellae of Ganoin
deposited on a layer of
lamellate bone
Hard, shiny, rhomboid
plates Lepidosteus
Bony rhombic crested
plates - Acipenser
CYCLOID SCALES
Occur in modern fishes
(some Holostei, Dipnoi,
Teleostei)
Thin, flexible, rounded
scales with concentric
ridges
Set in pockets of skin in
overlapping row
Inner layer fibrous
connective tissue
Outer layer - hard bony
layer
CTENOID SCALE
Occurs in about half of
Osteichthyes (most
teleosts)
Similar to cycloid but the
free part is covered with
small teeth
age and growth rate of fish
can be determined using
scales
EXOSKELETON OF FISHES
Dermal Fin Rays
Rods that support the fins
Supported through ligamentous connections
with endoskeletal fin rays
4 types (Goodrich, 1904)
Ceratotrichia
Actinotrichia
Lepidotrichia
Camptotrichia
CERATOTRICHIA
Slender,
flexible,
unjointed
Keratinized
dermal rods
Elasmobranchs
ACTINOTRICHIA
Occur only during development of bony fish
Similar to ceratotrichia but is replaced by
lepidotrichia
LEPIDOTRICHIA
Branched, jointed
rays made up of
bone
Characteristic of
Osteichthyes in
general
CAMPTOTRICHIA
Limited to present
Dipnoi
Intermediate
between
Ceratotrichia and
Lepidotrichia
Dermal rays,
scale-covered
EXOSKELETON OF REPTILES
With scales and scale-like areas of
epidermal origin
Thickened areas of Stratum Corneum
Continuous horny layer
Some also have dermal bony plates
beneath epidermal scales
Epidermal thickenings scales or scutes
Dermal thickenings - plates
EXOSKELETON OF TURTLES
Scales in the head, limbs and tail
Entire body protected by the CARAPACE
AND PLASTRON
Horny beaks
Claws
CARAPACE scutes
(outer, dorsal
side)
1 nuchal scute
5 neural/vertebral
scutes
4 pairs costal/
pleural scutes
Marginal scutes
1 pair pygal
scutes
CARAPACE plates
Inner, ventral side
1 nuchal plate
8 neural/vertebral
plates
8 pairs costal/pleural
plates
Marginal plates
1 pair precaudal
plates
1 pygal plate
PLASTRON scutes
Outer,
ventral
side
PLASTRON
EXOSKELETON OF BIRDS
Clothed with
feathers
Scales and claws on
the feet
Horny beaks
Lacks dermal
exoskeleton
FEATHERS
Contour feathers
Remiges (wings)
Rectrices (tail/ anal part)
Coverts (body covering)
FILOPLUME
Consists of a main axis with few terminal
barbs
FEATHER TRACTS
Pterylae- areas of skin which bear feathers
Apterylae featherless tracts
EXOSKELETON OF MAMMALS
Hair
Scales
Claws, Nails, Hooves and Horns
compressed layers of stratum corneum
HAIR OF MAMMALS
Found in no other
vertebrates
Types:
Facial vibrissae
Bristles/ spine-like hairs
spiny anteaters
Guard hairs fur
Aristate hairs smaller and
fairly numerous
Wool fine, short, wavy
Parts:
Hair follicles
Shaft
Root
Cuticle
Medulla
Cortex
SCALES OF MAMMALS
Epidermal, horny
(keratinized), usually
interspersed with
scanty hair
Tails of rats, mice or
beavers
Scaly anteaters
CLAWS
Curved horny sheath covering the last joint of the
digit and enclose terminal skeletal joint
Ventral side sole
Compressed layer of stratum corneum compact
horn
NAILS
Reduced sole
HOOVES
Enlarged and thickened sole
Present in ungulates
HORNS
True horns
Hollow,
epidermal in
origin
Covers hollow
bony cores
Cattle, sheep,
goats, antelopes
Occur in both
sexes
Never shed
ANTLERS
False Horns
Family Cervidae (deer
family)
Solid bony outgrowths of
the frontal bone
Limited to males
Shed annually
TODAYS TASK
DRAW THE FF. SPECIMENS:
1. Placoid, Ganoid, Cycloid, Ctenoid Scales
2. Carapace (label the parts)
3. Plastron (label the parts)
4. Types of feathers (label the parts)
-5. Horns and Antlers