Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

North South University

Senior Design Project

Mobile Phone to Mobile Phone Wireless

Power Transfer
Kazi Shanjidul Hasan

ID # 1210801043

Touhidul Islam

ID # 1210106043

Rifat Kamal Antora

ID # 1020416045

Faculty Advisor:
Dr. Hasan Uz Zaman
Associate Professor
ECE Department

Fall, 2015
1

Letter of Transmittal
November 16, 2015
To
Dr. Arshad M. Chowdhury
Associate Professor and Chairman,
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
North South University, Dhaka
Subject: Submission of Capstone Project on Mobile Phone to Mobile Phone Wireless Power
Transfer.

Dear Sir,
With due respect, we would like to submit our Capstone Project Report on Mobile Phone to
Mobile Phone Wireless Power Transfer as a part of our undergraduate program. The report
deals with the technology of transferring power stored within mobile phones to other phones
wirelessly. We tried our level best to make the report meaningful and informative.
The Capstone project was very valuable to us as it helped us to gain experience from practical
field. It was a great learning experience for us. We tried to the maximum competence to meet all
the dimensions required from this report.
We will be highly obliged if you are kind enough to receive this report and provide your valuable
judgment. It would be our immense pleasure if you find this report useful and informative to have
an apparent perspective on the issue.

Sincerely Yours,
............................
Kazi Shanjidul Hasan, Touhidul Islam & Rifat Kamal Antora
ECE Department
North South University, Bangladesh

Approval

The capstone project entitled Mobile Phone to Mobile Phone Wireless Power Transfer by
Kazi Shanjidul Hasan (121 0801 043), Touhidul Islam (121 0106 043) & Rifat Kamal Antora (102
0416 045) is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the Degree of Bachelor of
Science in department of ECE, North South University, on December, 2015 and has been accepted
as satisfactory.

Supervisor:

Dr. Hasan Uz Zaman

Associate Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science
North South University
Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Chairman

Dr. Arshad M. Chowdhury

Associate Professor and Chairman
Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science
North South University
Dhaka, Bangladesh
3

Students Declaration
This is our truthful declaration that the Capstone Project Report we have prepared is not a
copy of any Capstone Project Report previously made by any other team. We also express our
honest confirmation in support of the fact that, Capstone Project Report has neither been used
before to fulfill any other course related purpose, nor it will be submitted to any other team or
authority in future.

..
Kazi Shanjidul Hasan, Touhidul Islam & Rifat Kamal Antora
ECE Department
North South University, Bangladesh

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This Senior Design II Report which is entitled as Mobile Phone to Mobile Phone Wireless
Power Transfer. is the concrete effort of a number of people.
All praise to Allah, the Almighty, and the Merciful. Without his blessing and endorsement this
report would not have been accomplished.

We would like to cordially thank and gratefully acknowledge our supervisor Dr. Hasan
Uz Zaman who is a prestigious faculty member of Electrical and Computer Engineering
department, for his helpful suggestions and directions, which have improved the work.

Then we would like to thank Dr. Arshad M. Chowdhury, Chairman, ECE and the Senior
Design II committee members for giving us a chance to undergo our project and assessing
our project report.

Furthermore, we would like to extend our warmest appreciation and thanks to all our
classmates from 499 Senior Design I & II, who motivated us a lot while doing our project
and to complete the project successfully within our allocated time.

We thank North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh for providing us opportunity in our
curriculum which enables students to be directly associated with practical attachment as
part of our academics.

We also, thank our parents, and some friends to keep on this long process with us and always offer
their support.

ABSTRACT
Wireless power transfer (WPT) or wireless energy transmission is the transmission of electrical
power from a power source to a consuming device without using solid wires or conductors. In this
paper we implemented the concept of wireless power transfer technology to transmit power from
mobile phone to mobile phone. In our design, we used simple inductive coupling and basic
electrical circuits to serve our purpose.

Table of Contents
Particulars
Letter of Transmittal
Approval
Students Declaration
Acknowledgement
Abstract

Page
2
3
4
5
6

Chapter 1 : Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background
1.2.1 A Brief History of WPT
1.2.2 Benefits of WPT
1.3 Related Works

10
11
11
12
15
16

Chapter 2 : Project Methodology

2.1 Objective
2.2 Methodology
2.3 Process Planning
2.4 Summary

17
18
18
19
20

Chapter3: Project Description

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Theory of Operation
3.3 System Setup
3.3.1 Transmitting End
3.3.2 Coupled Coils
3.3.3 Receiving End
3.4 Summary

21
22
22
25
25
26
26
28

Chapter 4 : Implementation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Results and Discussion
4.3 Efficiency of the System
4.4 Drawbacks
4.5 Summary

29
30
30
31
31
32

Chapter 5 : Compliance with Standards

5.1 Introduction
5.2 Compliance with IEEE Standard
5.3 Compliance with US standard
5.3.1 Openness
5.3.2 Lack of Dominance
5.3.3 Balance
5.4 Compliance with European Standard
5.5 Summary

33
34
34
26
36
36
36
37
38

Chapter 6 : Design Impact

6.1 Introduction
6.2 Economic Impact
6.3 Environmental Impact
6.4 Social Impact
6.5 Political Impact
6.6 Ethical Impact
6.7 Health and Safety Impact
6.8 Manufacturability
6.9 Sustainability
6.10 Summary

39
40
40
40
41
41
41
41
42
42
42

Future Work
Conclusion
Bibliography
Appendix

43
45
47
49

List of Figures
Title
01.
02.
03.
04.
05.
06.
07.

Figure 2.1: Processing Flowchart

Figure 2.2: Gantt Chart
Figure 3.1: Block diagram of the system
Figure 3.2: Block diagram of WPT
Figure 3.3: Transmitting end
Figure 3.4: The receiving end
Figure 4.1: Practical implementation of receiver and transmitter (Using 5V DC
battery)
08. Figure 4.2: AC output across receiver
a. Coils are near each other
b. Coils are taken further away
09. Figure 7: A 5V DC boost regulator using MAX757 IC

Page
19
20
23
24
25
27
30
30
30
30
44

CHAPTER 1
OVERVIEW

10

1.1 Introduction
Wireless Power Transfer technology has opened a window towards a new revolution. It changed
the general perception of transferring power. Commonly known as WPT, this technology can ease
the way of energy transmission widely. Back in 2006, a group of MIT students came out with this
innovative way to light a 60W bulb over two meter distance wirelessly. This amazed the
concerning people with a hope to use the old theories in a new way. This noble concept was
far foreseen by the "Father of Wireless" Nicola Tesla based on Tesla Theory, which would transmit
the electrical energy across a large distance and receive it at the destination with negligible losses.
We used this concept to make an efficient power transfer system to transmit a low voltage power
over a short distance. We aim to charge a phone with 5V energy transferred through resonating
coils from an On-The-Go (OTG) supported phone. An OTG supported phone can deliver 5V DC
output which we intend to use to charge another phone.

1.2 Background
In our day to day life mobile phones have become almost inseparable. It is no more just a
communicating device, but it also adds up to be our best companion when we get nothing to do.
Nowadays smart phones have so many features like listening to music, watching videos, reading
e-books, playing games, social networking etc. And all these features increased the use of mobile
phones a lot. This results to the run out of power in the phones. Thus researches are being
conducted to make phones with better battery lives and new inventions are being made to recharge
the phones in various circumstances.

11

Running out of battery is not a matter of concern when we have all the facilities to recharge the
phone. But it becomes a serious issue when proper charging options are not nearby and we urgently
need some charge to at least keep our phone turned on.
This kind of situation usually occur when we are travelling and we do not get an option to recharge
our phones. In times like these we might be badly in need of contacting our family members to
ensure that we are safe, otherwise they might start worrying about us. We might also need to
contact our workplaces to make sure things are going on smoothly. An innovative way of solving
this problem is the topic of our research.
In last few years, our society experienced a silent, but quite dramatic, revolution in terms of the
number of autonomous electronic devices that we use in our everyday lives. Currently, most of
these devices are powered by batteries, which need to be recharged very often. This fact motivated
us to think whether there exist physical principles that could enable wireless powering of these and
similar devices.

1.2.1 A Brief History of Wireless Power Transfer

The idea of inductive power was made possible in 1888 when German physicist Heinrich Hertz
proved the existence of electromagnetic waves by creating a spark gap transmitter and receiver. A
spark generated by the transmitter also created a small spark in the receiver, which could be seen
with a microscope. Serbian American inventor and engineer Nikola Tesla learned of Hertzs work
by the following year and began duplicating his experiments. By 1891, Tesla had developed a
high-tension induction coil, which he used to demonstrate wireless energy transmission. He

12

successfully presented his technique to the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and the
National Electric Light Association. By 1894 Tesla had developed the equipment to wirelessly
light incandescent lamps at his New York laboratory. This method used resonant inductive
coupling, which involves tuning two nearby coils to resonate at the same frequency.

In the period 1891 to 1904 he experimented with transmitting power by inductive and capacitive
coupling using spark-excited radio frequency resonant transformers, now called Tesla coils, which
generated high AC voltages. With these he was able to transmit power for short distances without
wires. In demonstrations before the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and at the 1893
Columbian Exposition in Chicago he lit light bulbs from across a stage.[38] He found he could
increase the distance by using a receiving LC circuit tuned to resonance with the transmitter's LC
circuit using resonant inductive coupling. At his Colorado Springs laboratory during 18991900,
by using voltages of the order of 10 megavolts generated by an enormous coil, he was able to light
three incandescent lamps at a distance of about one hundred feet. The resonant inductive coupling
which Tesla pioneered is now a familiar technology used throughout electronics and is currently
being widely applied to short-range wireless power systems.

The inductive and capacitive coupling used in Tesla's experiments is a "near-field" effect, so it is
not able to transmit power long distances. However, Tesla was obsessed with developing a wireless
power distribution system that could transmit power directly into homes and factories, as proposed
in his visionary 1900 article in Century magazine. He claimed to be able to transmit power on a
worldwide scale, using a method that involved conduction through the Earth and atmosphere. Tesla
believed that the entire Earth could act as an electrical resonator, and that by driving current pulses
into the Earth at its resonant frequency from a grounded Tesla coil working against an elevated

13

capacitance, the potential of the Earth could be made to oscillate, and this alternating current could
be received with a similar capacitive antenna tuned to resonance with it at any point on Earth.[84][88]
Another of his ideas was to use balloons to suspend transmitting and receiving electrodes in the
air above 30,000 feet (9,100 m) in altitude, where the pressure is lower. At this altitude, Tesla
claimed, an ionized layer would allow electricity to be sent at high voltages (millions of volts) over
long distances.

Resonant wireless power demonstration at the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, 1937. The vacuum
tube oscillator (left) transmits power inductively to the resonant circuit receiver (right), lighting
the bulb. Visitors could adjust the receiver's tuned circuit with the two knobs. When the resonant
frequency of the receiver was out of tune with the transmitter, the light would go out.

In 1901, Tesla began construction of a large high-voltage wireless power station, now called the
Wardenclyffe Tower, at Shoreham, New York. Although he promoted it to investors as a
transatlantic radiotelegraphy station, he also intended it to transmit electric power as a prototype
transmitter for a "World Wireless System" that was to broadcast both information and power
worldwide. By 1904 his investors had pulled out, and the facility was never completed. Although
Tesla claimed his ideas were proven, he had a history of failing to confirm his ideas by experiment
and there seems to be no evidence that he ever transmitted significant power beyond the shortrange demonstrations above. The only report of long-distance transmission by Tesla is a claim, not
found in reliable sources, that in 1899 he wirelessly lit 200 light bulbs at a distance of 26 miles
(42 km). There is no independent confirmation of this putative demonstration. Tesla did not
mention it and it does not appear in his meticulous laboratory notes. It originated in 1944 from
Tesla's first biographer, John J. O'Neill, who said he pieced it together from "fragmentary

14

material... in a number of publications". In the 110 years since Tesla's experiments, efforts using
similar equipment have failed to achieve long distance power transmission and the scientific
consensus is his World Wireless system would not have worked. Tesla's world power transmission
scheme remains today what it was in Tesla's time, a fascinating dream.
In the early 1970s, experiments with RFID tags began and by the early 2000s Professor She Yuen
(Ron) Hui and S.C. Tang developed a charger to provide resonant power transfer for small
electronics. Today wireless power is used for everything from industrial motors to charging
smartphones and tablets.

Researchers predict that wireless power will be making a significant contribution to energy
supplies by the end of this decade.

1.2.2 Benefits of WPT

Wireless power transfer (WPT) is a generic term that refers to a number of different power
transmission technologies that use time-varying electromagnetic fields to transfer power.
Regardless of application the removal of the physical connection delivers a number of benefits
over traditional cable connectors, some of which arent always obvious. The mentionable benefits
of WPT are:
Reduce costs associated with maintaining direct connectors.
Greater convenience for the charging of everyday electronic devices.
Safe power transfer to applications that need to remain sterile or hermetically sealed.
Electronics can be fully enclosed, reducing the risk of corrosion due to elements such as
oxygen and water.
15

 Robust and consistent power delivery to rotating, highly mobile industrial equipment.
Delivers reliable power transfer to mission critical systems in wet, dirty and moving
environments.
These are important facts that motivated us to work on wireless power transfer for mobile phone
to mobile phone charging.

1.3 Related Works

Engineers have been striving to find better ways of recharging mobile phones. With the
development of modern technologies, they were able to invent a new wireless charging technique.
It includes a wireless charging pad which will recharge a device when kept over it, wirelessly.
Besides recharging mobile phones, engineers have used this device to wirelessly operate lights,
laser etc. A group of researchers from, School of Electrical System Engineering, Universiti
Malaysia Perlis has published a study similar to our solution. Although, the researchers tried to
transfer the required voltage through coupling coils instead of implementing any more circuits on
the receiver except rectifier. The study did not include the physical implementation of the idea to
charge phones, rather it concentrated only on wireless power transfer.
While researchers are busy trying to bring innovation, the mainstream companies are up for the
challenge as well. During 2013, Fulton Innovation, manufacturers of e-coupled wireless chargers,
demonstrated at CES what they hope will be a feature of the next generation of wireless power
products two-way wireless power. Considering people nowadays carry multiple smart devices, the
company assumed, people would love to share power while needed. The interests of such
companies indicate the feasibility and anticipation of such solutions.

16

CHAPTER 2
PROJECT METHODOLOGY

17

2.1 Objective
The broad objective of this project is to build a low cost and feasible system that can transfer power
from one mobile phone to another conveniently without the help of wires.
Specific objectives
To focus on a solution that can provide us with the opportunity to share electrical power of
our mobile phones when needed.
To get a sensible wireless system that can be helpful in day to day life of mobile phone
users.
To work practically on wireless power transfer technology.
To make an innovative system which can add some exciting features to smart mobile
phones of recent times.
Most importantly, to provide a solution of low battery in mobile phones as applicable and
needed.

2.2 Methodology
This project is conducted under the undergraduate curriculum. The primary task was to identify a
practical problem to solve. Thus, the basic idea of this project came as facing low battery is an
everyday problem nowadays. We wanted to have an innovative solution which would provide us
the flexibility and minimize hazards of carrying extra cables or power banks with us. Instead, the
power within our own devices would be transferred to another wirelessly. After the problem was
identified, we looked into wireless power transfer technology and adopted the overview of the
system. Once the goal was set we started joining different blocks to fulfill our requirements. We
had focus on theories in most cases which we studied from books or sometimes for convenience
18

from different appropriate online sites. Apart from studying on our own we sought help from our
respected supervisor Hasan U. Zaman when needed.

2.3 Process planning

At the beginning we adopted the most feasible system setup as possible. Following the setup we
started working within the blocks and simulating them before implementing practically. Figure 2.1
shows the processing flow chart which we designed to follow as we go along. We tried to follow
this process throughout the work, which helped us to keep on track.

Fig 2.1: Processing flowchart

19

Apart from thinking about the theoretical studies and system setup we had to plan our path as well,
since we had certain timeline to maintain. Hence, we planned our process of working to help us
finish the work on due time. We used Gantt chart to plan our time for the project. Figure 2.2 shows
the chart.

Final
Resear
Further Report
ch On Collecti Design
Testing and
materi ng
and Imple
and Presen
als for Compo experi mentat
Improv tation
topic nents ment ion Testing ing Starts

Gantt Chart Showing The Expected Timeline of Our Project

17-Nov-15

27-Oct-15

15-Sep-15

18-Aug-15

7-Jul-15

23-Jun-15

15
15
15
28
28
15

2-Jun-15

30
0

Remaing Days to Complete

10

20

60

30

40

50

60

70

Research
Final Report
Collecting
Further
On
Design and Implementa
and
Component
Testing Testing and
materials
experiment
tion
Presentatio
s
Improving
for topic
n Starts
2-Jun-15 23-Jun-15
7-Jul-15 18-Aug-15 15-Sep-15 27-Oct-15 17-Nov-15
30
15
28
28
15
15
15

Days Completed

30

Days to Complete from Staring Date

60

15

28

28

15

15

15

Fig 2.2: Gantt chart

2.4 Summary
This chapter deals with the process planning and methodology. The entire project was done
based on the path chosen and provided satisfactory improvements.
20

CHAPTER 3
PROJECT DESCRIPTION

21

3.1 Introduction
We receive a 5V DC power from an OTG supported phone. This DC power will be converted into
a high frequency AC signal with the help of a Colpitts Oscillator. The high frequency AC signal
will be transmitted through a magnetic coil which will remain coupled with another magnetic coil
at the receiver end. The high frequency AC input from the coil will be passed through a full-bridge
rectifier circuit. This will convert the AC signal into a DC power which will then be boosted to 5V
using a Voltage Regulator.

3.2 Theory of Operation

Wireless Power transfer was first demonstrated by Nikola Tesla in the 1890s, however it is only
really in the last decade that the technology has been harnessed to the point where it offers real,
tangible benefits to real world applications. Applications using resonant wireless power
technology have been most noticeable in the Consumer Electronics market where wireless
charging promises to deliver new levels of convenience for the charging of millions of everyday
devices. Inductive Power Transfer or IPT involves the transmission of energy from a power source
to an electrical load, without connectors, across an air gap. The basis of a wireless power system
involves essentially two coils a transmitter and receiver coil. The transmitter coil is energized
by alternating current to generate a magnetic field, which in turn induces a current in the receiver
coil.
The basic idea of the system is to take the power from a charged phone and deliver it to another
one wirelessly. The wireless power transfer of the system is based on inductive coupling between
transmitting and receive coil. The transmitting phone needs to support USB OTG (On-The-Go) to
draw the power into the system. USB OTG is a specification first used in late 2001 that allows USB
22

devices such as mobile phones to act as a host, allowing other USB devices such as USB flash
drives, digital cameras, mice or keyboards to be attached to them. The purpose of it allows it to
dissipate constant +5V voltage and up to 1.5mA current (depending on USB version and
protocols). Initially we can use this power to serve our purpose.

Figure 3.1: Block diagram of the system

Fig. 3.1 shows the basic block diagram, where the oscillator generates an AC power and transfers
it wirelessly through coupling coils. The AC power is then rectified to DC with a simple full bridge
rectifier. The DC power is then converted to 5V DC with a voltage regulator working as buck
converter.
The idea is to convert the DC supply into a high frequency AC supply with the help of an oscillator,
which we need in order to transfer wirelessly. For the oscillator we used a simple Colpitts
oscillator. The oscillator is a simple one to implement and being a current oscillator it is helpful
for the system. The AC power is then transferred wirelessly through inductive coupling. In
inductive coupling power is transferred between coils of wire by a magnetic field. Fig. 3.2 shows
the block diagram for the wireless power transfer through inductive coupling. The transmitter and

23

receiver coils together form a transformer. An alternating current (AC) through the transmitter
coil (L1) creates an oscillating magnetic field (B) by Ampere's law. The magnetic field passes
through the receiving coil (L2), where it induces an alternating EMF (voltage) by Faraday's law of
induction, which creates an AC current in the receiver. One important parameter for coupling is
frequency, as the efficiency shows a proportional relationship with frequency for such systems.

Figure 3.2: Block diagram of WPT

Both of the coils act like a transformer using which the power is transferred. The power transferred
increases with frequency and the mutual inductance, M between the coils, which depends on their
geometry and the distance Drange between them. Another important parameter is the coupling
coefficient
=

1 2

When the distance between the coils is zero, the parameter k=1, which is the maximum possible
value for k. It theoretically means the link efficiency is 100%. The lower the value the less efficient
our link becomes.
In the receiving side, the output of receiver coil is passed through a full bridge rectifier and
converted to DC. The Dc power is than passed through a voltage regulator to boost the expected
low voltage into 5V DC power which is required for the load of the system.
24

3.3 System Setup

The system for the project has been decided upon the theory of operation (Art 3.1). The setup of
the framework is discussed in this section.

3.3.1 Transmitting End

The system will get a 5V DC input from a mobile phone. This power will consequently reach the
receiving phone and recharge the phone. So, the DC voltage is passed through a Colpitts oscillator
so that it is transformed into an AC signal. High frequency AC frequency is required to transmit
the power wirelessly through magnetic wires. The higher the frequency gets, the better the
coupling occur.
For the oscillator, NPN transistor is chosen. The resistances and capacitors are connected to a BC548 (NPN) transistor in the design of the Colpitts oscillator. Multiple transistors were connected
in parallel to improve the supply current.

Figure 3.3: Transmitting end

25

3.3.2 Coupled Coils

The transformed AC voltage is passed through a magnetic coil. For this system, a 24AWG
Magnetic Enameled Wire have been used. The diameters and number of turns of both the
transmitting coil and receiving coil are chosen in such a way that they both resonate at the same
frequency. The diameter and number of turns were arbitrarily chosen to be 15cm and 20 turns
respectively. The coils were then separately connected to the transmitting end or Colpitts oscillator.
The number of turns of both the coils were varied to get the expected outcome. When both the
coils resonated at the same frequency, then the receiving part was accordingly. The chosen
frequency was 66 KHz approximately. To find the inductance of the coils, the following formula
were used 1

2
1
)
2

(2)

(3)

Thus the inductance was found to be 113 h.

3.3.3 Receiving End

The receiving coil was connected in parallel to the coupling capacitors of 100nF. These capacitors
helps the coils to improve coupling co-efficient.
In fig. 3.4, the AC signal from the coil is passed through a Cockroft Walton (CW) voltage
multiplier. A CW multiplier generates a high DC voltage from a low voltage AC. Hence, it can
rectify the received AC voltage, as well as, step up the relatively low voltage. This is a classic

26

multistage diode/capacitor voltage multiplier, which is economically efficient at the same time.
The stages can be increased or decreased with ease to get desired output. The final voltage output
of the stages is given by (4).
= 2 =

(4)

where N is the number of stages.

Figure 3.4: The receiving end

This DC voltage is then regulated with a Voltage Regulator circuit. The idea of this regulator is to
control the output voltage while changing the value of R1 and R2 from fig 3.4. The voltage can be
controlled by using equation (5).
R2

Vout = Vref (1 + R1 ) + ( Iadj R2)

(5)

where Vref is the voltage between Vout and adjustment pin and Iadj is the current through adjustment
pin.
The voltage regulator has been chosen to keep the system simple and upon simulation results.
Depending on the practical scenario which might vary, as there are lots of boost converter
mechanisms to boost and control the DC power.
27

3.4 Summary
We can easily take output of 5V from an OTG supported phone. In this section it is explained how
the DC voltage is transferred through coupling coils and used to charge another mobile phone,
which requires DC power as well.

28

CHAPTER 4
IMPLEMENTATION

29

4.1 Introduction
Practical implementation of the system, which was done by following Art 2-3 system setup, is
discussed here.

4.2 Results and Discussion

Fig. 4.1 shows the practical circuit design. The left portion of the design is the transmitting end
and the right portion is the receiving end. Here, the voltage regulator circuit is not implemented.

Figure 4.1: Practical implementation of receiver and transmitter (Using 5V DC battery)

The output of the receiving coil was measured in the lab in various circumstances. We took 5V
DC from the power supply as our input power of the transmitting end.

(a)

(b)

Figure 4.2: AC output across receiver (a) coils are near each other (b) Coils are taken further
away
30

Fig. 4.2 shows how the change in distance between the coils changes the output AC. As we can
see when the coils are closer the amplitude is better. The closer the coils, the better the efficiency.
At approximately, 2 cm distance we got 3.4V AC output from the oscilloscope reading. Whereas,
the RMS value measured was 3.26V.

4.3 Efficiency of the System

Particulars

Voltage (V)

Current (mA)

Power (W)

Efficiency

Input

500

2.5

54 %

Output

~ 4.5

~ 300

~ 1.35

Although the results are average value estimated from multiple experiments using different mobile
phones as input and output, the efficiency of the system is expected to be close to 50% for all
conditions.
However, it should be kept in mind that, all the results are taken while the coils are in close
distance, approximately 2mm apart.

4.4 Drawbacks
There were some limitations of our project. The sole purpose of this project is to design an efficient
system for mobile to mobile wireless power transfer. The topic is based on a new technology,
hence challenging by itself. Apart from that, the work was done under an undergraduate course,
which bounded us with limited time. The greatest limitation was the lack of availability of
equipment. We could not work with some equipment and IC, which were much more promising,
due to unavailability.
31

4.5 Summary
The system was implemented following the system description. Regardless of the drawbacks, the
system is a moderate one. Considering the fact that, the system uses air core inductive coupling,
we can conclude this system to be an efficient one as 54% efficiency is an acceptable achievement
in such systems. The system might have better results if output is more regulated, yet till this stage
the results are satisfactory.

32

CHAPTER 5
Compliance with Standards

33

5.1 Introduction
Any project should be done while keeping the consequences in mind. A simple work might bring
other byproducts or unwanted impacts on other facts. Therefore, there should be some standards
kept in mind which would keep the work on right track. This project was also done while making
it compatible with different international standards.

5.2 Compliance with IEEE standard

Our system meets all the necessary standards to comply with IEEE. The relevant standards for
compliance are kept into account while designing the system. The IEEE standards followed were
IEEE 388-1992, IEEE 1159.3-2003, IEEE 446-1995, IEEE/ANSI C93.5-1997, IEEE C57.1632015. A brief description of the standards and our system compliance according to the standards
are:
IEEE Standard for Transformers and Inductors in Electronic Power Conversion
Equipment (IEEE 388-1992):
This standard covers the various transformers and inductors that are used in inverters, converters,
power conditioners, switching power supplies, switched mode power supplies, and similar devices,
except for transformers operated directly from the mains. Transformers and inductors of both the
saturating and non-saturating type are covered. The power transfer capability of the transformers
and inductors covered ranges from less than 1 W to the multi kilowatt level. The magnetic
enameled coils used in our system works as inductive coupling. This is made according to the
standards provided by IEEE. The DC to AC converters and AC to DC converter and multiplier
used also match the standards of IEEE.
EEE Recommended Practice for the Transfer of Power Quality Data (IEEE 1159.3-2003):
34

This recommended practice defines a file format suitable for exchanging power quality related
measurement and simulation data in a vendor independent manner. The format is designed to
represent all power quality phenomena identified in IEEE Std 1159 TM -1995, IEEE
Recommended Practice on Monitoring Electric Power Quality, other power related measurement
data, and is extensible to other data types as well. Our system also provides a raw, processed,
simulated, proposed, specified and calculated data which meets the requirements of the given IEEE
Standard.
IEEE Recommended Practice for Emergency and Standby Power Systems for Industrial
and Commercial Applications (IEEE 446-1995):
This standard deals with the selection of power sources. It provides recommendations for
protecting both power sources and switching equipment during fault conditions, for design of
system grounding, for designing to reliability objectives and maintenance practices. Our Mobile
to Mobile Wireless Power Transfer system follows the recommendation to protect the power
sources (Mobile phone) to be connected to the device.
American National Standard Requirements for Single Function Power-Line Carrier
Transmitter/Receiver Equipment (IEEE/ANSI C93.5-1997):
This standard applies to single function power-line carrier (PLC) transmitter/receiver equipment
used to transfer information over power transmission circuits. The transmitter and receiver
equipment used in this system abide by the recommended IEEE standard.
IEEE Guide for Establishing Power Transformer Capability while under Geomagnetic
Disturbances (IEEE C57.163-2015):

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The effects of geomagnetic disturbances (GMD) on power transformers when there is the presence
of Geomagnetically Induced Current (GIC) in a power transformer are described under this
standard. The parameters and performance characteristics used in our system for the
transformation of power from transmitter to receiver are chosen in such a way so that it minimizes
the risk and impact when GIC is present in the power system. This parameters were used according
to the recommendations provided in this standard.

5.3 Compliance with US standard

This project was done being mindful about the ANSI (American National Standards Institute). We
wanted to follow the requirements of the document titled Selection of Power Transfer Systems
for Machine Tools, as much as possible. We wanted our project to live up to the mark.

5.3.1 Openness:
The three member group have been quite open regarding the projects and the ideas about the
project itself. There was hardly any financial barrier faced by any single member of the group and
all ideas were put forth and were equally up for the consideration by all members of the team.
There was absolute equality and very little conflict and in that respect we managed to face very
little burdens when came to being open regarding our task at hand.

5.3.2 Lack of Dominance

There was no dominance by any member of the group and a friendly environment was created to
make every member comfortable. All the members were treated equally by every individual and
every suggestion of any one was gratefully welcomed.

5.3.3 Balance
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While doing the project we kept in mind the balance of interests from as many parties as possible,
the major parties that was under consideration while trying to work on our project was as follows:
User-Consumer: We tried to design our system in such manner, so that it would be as
appealing and user friendly to our consumer as much possible. With a prototype that can
be connected directly into their smartphones which supports OTG (On-The-Go) cable. The
whole system is built in such a way which would provide two simple devices (Transmitter
and Receiver) to be connected and used easily.
User-Industrial: This project is done while kept in mind the feasibility of industrial
implementation. This can be done in two ways as applicable. Two separate Transceiver
devices can be built which would serve the purpose. While a beneficial way would be to
implement the system within the smartphones using flat coils coupled in same frequencies.
Safety: The project is completely safe according to the standards. The low power wireless
transfer is not at all harmful for the user and also for the mobile from or to which power is
being transferred. The instruction manual and guidelines to use the system has been
included with the report. This will help the user to use the system more efficiently without
harming the devices connected to it.
The above were a part of some of the US standards. We could comply with the requirements of
ANSI from the document titled Selection of Power Transfer Systems for Machine Tools.

5.4 Compliance with European standard

Some of the European standards appear parallel with the aforementioned American standards with
the slight changes here and there. One of the European standards we considered is the European
Union RoHS (2011/65/EU) which restricts the use of any harmful or hazardous substances in the

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electronics and electrical equipments used. We can justify this as none of the components used in
our product uses lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls (PBB)
or polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE). We use the power from one mobile battery to recharge
another one wirelessly with the help of inductive coupling coils.

5.5 Summary
This chapter discusses the project compliances according to different international standards. We
tried to keep our project within the context of IEEE, US & European standards. Hence, we
followed the standards as much as possible and tried to make a feasible system staying within
international standards.

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CHAPTER 6
DESIGN IMPACT

39

6.1 Introduction
It is highly recommended for engineers to be aware of what they are working on. Any project they
are working with might have several impacts in different levels. Some of the impacts might come
as byproducts while a few may bring drawbacks. In this section the impacts of this project is
discussed briefly.

6.2 Economic Impact

The first and most important factor during any research or project is the economic impact. People
always tend to look for economic benefit through new innovations. Our work is a low cost wireless
system which has several economic impact. The foremost fact of our project is that it will be an
affordable device if produced industrially. Which should be a major concern while working on a
project.
On the other hand, the project deals with mobile phones and the market is an imperfect one. Any
imperfect market needs continuous innovation to bring more value out of same product and gain
more profit. The simple system of mobile phone to mobile phone wireless power transfer might
be integrated inside phones, hence this might be the next innovation which will thrive the business
for a certain period of time.

6.3 Environmental Impact

The system, being a simple one, has very low environmental impact. It has no wastage or
byproducts, therefore no chance of polluting environment in any form. Regardless of that, the
system might be considered to be environment friendly to some extent, since it doesnt need power
production. Instead it uses the power within mobile phones.

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6.4 Social Impact

Any new product needs to be socially connected or else it wont be able to serve the purpose. Our
work has great social impact since the idea itself socializes people as the concept of sharing power
might be even between persons or friends. In recent times people are getting more and more
inclined to smart mobile phones. The hazard of getting low battery at times of need is irritating to
many. The system will be able to solve the problem in an innovative technology WPT, which is
still under a lot of experiments.

6.5 Political Impact

This project deals with a simple issue and a system to solve the problem. The system is a simple
one based on some fascinating theories. Hence, it is not expected to have much political impact.

6.6 Ethical Impact

Ethics is an issue which is often neglected yet a key factor for a good project. Engineering ethics
is the field of applied ethics and system of moral principles that apply to the practice of
engineering. The field examines and sets the obligations by engineers to society, to their clients,
and to the profession.
Our work is nothing different from this. We were carefully to keep safe distance from plagiarism
and from any other unethical procedures throughout the work. On the other hand the project or
idea itself is an ethical one which is based on a promising theory.

6.7 Health and Safety Impact

The system is designed in such a way, that it can be used easily. It wont have any health impacts
neither good nor bad in any way.

41

Same goes for safety issue, the system is safe to use for any mobile phone user. It is safe when
handled roughly as well, since it deals with low power. If the system is integrated inside a phone
or produced as a device, neither way it has possibility to have negative safety issue.

6.8 Manufacturability
The system is expected to be manufactured as an integrated device. The possibility of getting it
done is high, while the only concern is to put the sending and receiving coils inside phones or
devices. Yet there are flat coils which can be built within and experiments are being conducted to
improvise. Hence, we strongly believe that the system is manufactural and it is highly
recommended.

6.9 Sustainability
The system is highly sustainable, as it uses the power within mobile phones. Moreover it is
expected to transfer almost the same power which it is dissipating. Therefore, regardless of a few
efficiency issue the system is sustainable.

6.10 Summary
This section talks about the design impacts of the proposed system. It is vital for any research or
project to follow some code and provide positive impacts on other facts than achieving the one
single goal. This project also concentrated on that, in order to have great impact from all aspects.

42

FUTURE WORK

43

Future Work
There is a possibility that the Voltage Regulator used, might not meet the requirements of the
system. Very high resistance value is required to attain the 5V DC output using this regulator.
Although, similar topologies using MAX756 or MAX757 IC might be an optimum solution to this
problem. It steps up voltage within 0.7V 5.5V to 2.7V 5.5V [11]. MAX757 can be adjustment
according to the requirement, whereas MAX756 gives fixed 5V DC output.

Figure 7: A 5V DC boost regulator using MAX757 IC

In future, this system can be built within the phones and thus no external device will be required
to enjoy its service. The coil can be built using PCB boards which can be installed within the
mobile phones. Two such phones will then be able to share the power within them using this
technology.

44

CONCLUSION

45

Conclusion
This Senior Design II project was academic requirement for Undergraduate Bachelor Program.
We chose our topic Mobile Phone to Mobile Phone Wireless Power Transfer, to explore a new
area of interest. In this report, we have described a mechanism to transfer a low power DC voltage
from one mobile to another for the purpose of charging the phone. We have dealt with coupling
coils and their resonance. Colpitts Oscillator, Full-Bridge Rectifier and Voltage Regulator circuits
have been implemented. This project gives us a new and convenient option of recharging our
phones at times when charging from a phone remains the only option because of the lack of having
proper charging outlets. This simple idea is a feasible and inexpensive one for mobile charging.

46

BIBLIOGRAPHY

47

[1] Colpitts Oscillator, (2015), Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colpitts_oscillator

[2] Devin,

G.

(n.d.),

Low-Power

Wireless

Charging,

Retrieved

from

http://www.instructables.com/id/Low-Power- Wireless-Charging/
[3] Fareq, M.,Fitra, M., Irwanto, M., Hasan, S., Arinal, M., (2014), Low wireless power transfer
using Inductive Coupling for mobile phone charger, Malaysia.
[4] Kim, K.Y., (2012), Wireless Power Transfer-Principles and Engineering Explorations, InTech
Publishers, Croatia.
[5] Multilayer Air Core Inductor Calculator. Retrieved from http://www.pronine.ca/multind.htm
[6] Perry, T., (2013), CSE 2013: Share Battery Power Between Mobile Devices, IEEE spectrum,
Retrieved

from

http://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/consumer-electronics/portable-

devices/mobile-devices-share-everything
[7] Quartz

Crystal

Oscillators,

(2015),

Electronics

Tutorials.

Retrieved

from

http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/oscillator/crystal.html
[8] USB On-The-Go, (February 2014), Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_OnThe-Go
[9] Valtchev, Stanimir S., Baikova, Elena N., Jorge, Luis R., (December 2012). Electromagnetic
Field as the Wireless Transporter of Energy (PDF).
[10] Wireless

power,

(2015),

Retrieved

from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_power
[11] Zhen Ning Low, Design and Test of a High Power High Efficiency Loosely Coupled Planar
Wireless Power Transfer System , IEEE transactions on industrial electronics, vol. 56, no. 5,
May 2009.
[12] Zoohansson, Adjustable Voltage Step-Up ( 0.7-5.5V to 2.7-5.5V ), Instructables, Retrieved
from http://www.instructables.com/id/Adjustable-Voltage-Step-up-07-55V-to-27-55V/

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APPENDIX

49

User Guide
The system is a simple plug and play device. When you are in need of a few percentage of charge
to go on with your phone and have a willing phone to share the power it will help you. Just plug
in the other phone with an OTG cable to the sending end and plug in your phone in the USB cable
attached to the receiving end and enjoy.

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