Professional Documents
Culture Documents
M.Hakan HOCAOGLU
Electronics Engineering Department
Gebze Institute of Technology, 41400, Gebze, TURKEY
ABSTRACT
Since the beginning of the power systems, harmonic distortion
have been existed due to nonlinear equipments such as;
generators, transformers motors etc. Moreover, harmonic
pollution on power systems has dramatically increased in
parallel with large proliferation of power electronic devices.
Consequently, the reactive power compensation in
nonsinusoidal conditions became one of the most important
problems in power systems. This paper presents a comparison
on widely accepted power definitions in a simple single phase
circuits with nonsinusoidal waveforms of voltage and/or
currents by giving particular emphasis to the reactive power
compensation.
Keywords: Power definitions, nonsinusoidal conditions, VAr p(t ) = v(t ) i (t ) = 2 V I Sin t Sin ( t )
(1)
compensation, harmonic, power quality.
with instantaneous voltage;
v(t ) = 2 V Sint
(2)
THE LIST OF PRINCIPLE SYMBOLS
and instantaneous current;
th
Vn: RMS value of n harmonic voltage
i(t ) = 2 I Sin ( t )
(3)
Vmn: Maximum value of nth harmonic voltage
th
In: RMS value of n harmonic current
Instantaneous power can be divided into two components as;
t : Time
(4)
p (t ) = pa (t ) + pr (t )
n : Phase angle of nth harmonic
with instantaneous active power
n : Angular frequency of nth harmonic
pa (t ) = V I Cos (1 Cos 2 t )
(5)
V: RMS value of voltage
and instantaneous reactive power
I: RMS value of current
pr (t ) = V I Sin Sin 2 t
(6)
: Phase angle
Instantaneous active, reactive and total powers for sinusoidal
: Angular frequency
situations are shown in Figure 1.
Tf : Period of fundamental waveform
1. INTRODUCTION
In classical manner, generated and distributed electric energy
must be sinusoidal with predetermined frequency and
magnitude. However, nonsinusoidal currents and voltages
always exist in electric power systems due to nonlinear
elements such as; transformers, motors, generators etc. Since
the reference was made to the fact that oscillations of power
between an alternating voltage source and load in 1888, a
number of power definitions have been discussed and
compared for nonsinusoidal conditions in the literature [1]. It
was repeatedly shown that classical definitions of electric
Figure 1: Instantaneous active, reactive and total powers in
power, namely; active, reactive and apparent power, does not
sinusoidal situations.
fulfill the conditions caused by harmonics. Consequently,
various power definitions and calculation methods have been The average value of the instantaneous active power;
proposed [1, 2, 3]. Some of those definitions widely discussed
P = V .I .Cos
(7)
and evaluated using simple analytical techniques [1, 2, 3]. In
defined as active power. The maximum value of the
instantaneous reactive power;
ICHQP Paper #hqp110
Q = V .I .Sin
(8) 3.2. FRYZES POWER EQUATION
defined as reactive power. The vector sum of active and Despite the fact that Budenaus power decomposition provides
reactive powers;
enough information on compensable reactive power, the
(9) calculated active and reactive powers merely give any data
S 2 = P2 + Q2
defined as apparent power for sinusoidal situations. The power about the source efficiency. In addition, Budeanus equation
factor (pf) which determines the line efficiency can be require harmonic domain calculations and sophisticated
calculated as;
measurement devices. Accordingly, Fryze proposed a current
P
based decomposition [4] in which current is divided into two
(10)
pf =
orthogonal components namely; active and reactive currents.
S
However in nonsinusoidal situation, the process is not The first is calculated using load active power
straightforward as depicted above.
P
iA (t ) 2 v(t )
(17)
V
3. NONSINUSOIDAL CONDITIONS
The nonsinusoidal voltage and current generated by nonlinear and the second,
(18)
loads could be analyzed using Fourier series. The iR (t ) = i (t ) iA (t )
The power equation as suggested by Fryze is
nonsinusoidal voltage and current are expressed;
n
S 2 = P 2 + QF2
(19)
v(t ) =
2 Vn Sin( nt )
(11)
with Fryze reactive power
1
QF = V .I R
(20)
n
i (t ) =
2 I n Sin( nt n )
(12) The main advantages of Fryzes decomposition are; to provide
accurate information on source efficiency and to be
1
As in sinusoidal condition the instantaneous power could determined using ordinary phasor measurement devices.
simply be calculated with product of instantaneous voltages However calculated values are not suitable for reactive power
compensator design.
and currents
p(t ) =
2 Vn Sin( nt )
2 I n Sin( nt n )
(13)
SR =
V . I
2
n
2
n
.Cos 2 n
V . I
2
2
n .Sin n
Budeanu reactive power can be completely compensated with
1
1
a simple capacitor. However this is not a case for the and distortion apparent power,
distortion power, given in Equation 16.
1
(25)
SX =
2
n
(26)
n
z
u
z
n
S D2 = Vn2 . I z2 + Vu2 . I n2 + I z2
1
1
1
1
1
(27)
(G
Ge ) Vn2
2
(36)
where z: the harmonic number of current in which there is no
where k represents current harmonic numbers do not present
voltage harmonics.
u: the harmonic number of voltage in which there is no in the set of voltage harmonic numbers N. The equivalent
conductance of load defined as;
current harmonics.
Therefore, active and reactive apparent powers provide G = P
(37)
e
V2
meaningful data about line loading, therefore, efficiency.
where nth harmonic admittance of load
3.4 SHARONS POWER EQUATION
Yn = Gn + jBn
(38)
Although Shepherd and Zands power equations give enough
He proposed that power equation related to this current
information on line loading, nevertheless can not be used to
decomposition as:
calculate power factor. Consequently, Sharon proposed
2
2
2
2
2
(39)
reactive component of power equation which is based on S = P + DS + QR + DH
Shepherd and Zands reactive apparent power. However he with reactive power
(40)
chose the active component of his power equation as average QR = V I R
power i.e. P, thus; Sharons power equation is defined [6] as;
scattered power
DS = V I S
(41)
S 2 = P 2 + SQ2 + SC2
(28)
and generated harmonic power
with reactive apparent power,
DH = V I H
(42)
n
The main property of Czarneckis power equation is
SQ = V I n2 .Sin 2 n
1
(29) identification of the physical phenomena responsible for the
source current increase.
complementary apparent power,
2
2
2
SC = S P SQ
(30) 4. ANALYSIS OF POWER DEFINITION FOR
Sharons power equation give data about line loading REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION
conditions which is made by reactive load current and power The behavior of the reactive power compensation in
factor easily be calculated.
nonsinusoidal situations is analyzed for three different cases.
n N
n N
I
n k
2
n
(35)
(43)
(44)
Line,Load and
Capacitance Currents(A)
diLine
+ vLoad (t ) = v(t )
dt
di
RLoad iLoad (t ) + LLoad Load vLoad (t ) = 0
dt
dvLoad
iLine (t ) iLoad (t ) C
=0
dt
RLine iLine (t ) + LLine
Load Voltage(V)
The circuits operate in two modes as triac conduction and triac by ATP version of EMTP [8] for 90 triac conduction angle,
cut off. During triac cut off mode, equations of the current and as depicted in Figure 4.
voltage in circuit are expressed using super position theorem
..EMTP
in phasor domain. During triac conduction mode, equations of
--EMTP Computed
-ANALYTICAL
-Analytichal Computed
current and voltage in the circuit are found by solving the
200
system of equations given below
100
(45)
(46)
0
-100
-200
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
i L ine ( t ) =
[A
Sin ( n t + n ) + B n C os ( n t + n ) ] +
+ c1 n e D1 t + c 2 n e D 2 t + c 3 n e D 3 t
v Load ( t ) =
[(Vm
80
100
120
100
120
Load Current
Capacitance Current
40
60
80
Sample Number
5. RESULTS
+ [ ( R Line B n L Line An n ) C os ( n t + n ) ] +
1
( R Line + L Line D 2 ) c 2 n e D 2 t
1
( R Line + L Line D 3 ) c 3 n e D3 t
1
(48)
n
0,9
Power Factor
0,8
0,7
0,6
(49)
where An and Bn are the coefficients for nth harmonic of the
voltage source and c1n, c2n, c3n are the coefficients for nth
harmonic of the voltage source. These coefficients and initial
values of line current, load voltage and load current are given
in Appendix. Triac cut-off time tcut-off is solution of the
following equation
iLoad (tcut off ) = 0
(50)
0,0
QB,QK(pu)
0,2
0,4
0,75
0,50
0,25
0,00
-0,25
QF,SX,SQ,QR(pu)
60
40
Line Current
20
20
0,6
0,8
1,0
QK
QB
1,00 0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
0,75
0,50
SX,SQ,QR
QF
0,25
0,00
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
SR,P,P1(pu)
0,76
0,74
0,72
0,70
0,68
0,66
0,64
0,62
0,60
SR
P1
P
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,6
1,4
SR
1,2
P1
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
DB, SD,SC,DK,DS,DH(pu)
0.8
DB
DK
0.4
SC,DS
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
SD,DH
0.0
REFERENCES
1.0
0.6
1.0
[7] Czarnecki, L. S.; Comparison of Power Definitions for [8] CAN/AM EMTP User Group Alternative Transient
Circuits with Nonsinusoidal Waveforms, IEEE Tutorial Program (ATP) Rule Book, (Canadian/American EMTP
Course 90EH0327-7-PWR, pp.43-50.
User Group, 1992).
APPENDIX
An =
1, n
5, n
2, n
6, n
3, n
5, n
4, n
6, n
, Bn =
3, n
1, n
4, n
2, n
3, n
5, n
4, n
6, n
5, n = LLoad LLine C wn3 + ( RLoad RLine C + LLine + LLoad ) wn , 6, n = ( RLine LLoad C + RLoad LLine C ) wn2 RLoad RLine
c1n =
1, n 2, n 3, n
2, n 2, n 3, n
3, n 2, n 3, n
1, n 2, n 3, n
1, n 2, n 3, n
1, n 2, n 3, n
, c 2n =
1, n 1, n 3, n
1, n 2, n 3, n
1, n 3, n 3, n
1, n 2, n 3, n
1, n 2, n 3, n
1, n 2, n 3, n
, c3n =
1, n 2, n 1, n
1, n 2, n 2, n
1, n 2, n 3, n
1, n 2, n 3, n
1, n 2, n 3, n
1, n 2, n 3, n
1, n = e D t , 2, n = e D t , 3, n = e D t
1 i
2 i
3 i
3 i
2 i
2 i
and the initial values of line current and load voltage related to nth harmonic of voltage source
iLine (n) =
Vmn Sin (n ti + n n )
RLine + jX Line (n) jX Comp (n)
RLine
D 3 + 2 D 2 + 3 D + 4 = 0 where 1 = LLoad LLineC , 2 = RLoad LLineC + RLine LLoad C , 3 = RLoad RLineC + LLine + LLoad , 4 = RLine + RLoad
1
1
1
The roots of characteristic equation are
D1 =
61 3 2 22 2
3 22 2
3
6 2 22
+ 1 3
+ j
+ 1 3
, D2 =
61
31
31
121
31
31
2 61
31
D3 =
3 22 2
3
6 2 22
+ 1 3
j
+ 1 3
121
31
31
2 61
31
where
= 3 361 2 3 10812 4 8 23 + 121 121 33 3 22 32 541 2 3 4 + 8112 42 + 12 23 4