Design of ideal imaging systems with geometrical optics

Single and compound lens systems

ECE 5616 OE System Design

The telescope
Keplerian
Shown in the afocal geometry (d=f1+f2). Relaxed eye focuses at
~1m, thus telescope are usually not afocal. Analysis simpler,
however.
d
f1
f2
Afocal: system has no
power: ray || to OA
does not intersect OA
h1
-h2
in image space

h2
f
2
h1
f1
f1

f2

1
Robert McLeod

Definition of angular magnification

h
h

f2
f1

f1

f2

Via similar triangles

This is both important and fundamental.

69

Design of ideal imaging systems with geometrical optics

Single and compound lens systems

ECE 5616 OE System Design

The telescope
Galilean
Really, this is just the Keplerian with the second focal length
negative. Lenses are still separated by the sum of the focal lengths,
but one is now negative.
f1

h1

-f2

h2

h2
f2
M

h1
f1
f1

-f2

f1

h
f2
f1
1
Robert McLeod

More compact, upright

image. Same afocal
condition: d=f1+f2

f2

Note that formula is

identical to Keplerian.
This is the advantage
of the sign convention.

M
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Design of ideal imaging systems with geometrical optics

Single and compound lens systems

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Reflective telescopes
All replace the first lens of a Keplerian telescope with mirrors.

Newtonian

Replace first lens with

mirror, use
intermediate fold to
direct light out of
tube. Common
hobbyist design,
inexpensive.
Replace first lens with
combo of two positive
mirrors

Gregorian
Replace first lens with
combo of positive &
negative mirrors.
Shorter throw.
Cassegrain

Schmidt-Cassegrain
Robert McLeod

Add refractive plate at

entrance to correct
aberrations, support
secondary mirror
without struts.
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Design of ideal imaging systems with geometrical optics

Single and compound lens systems

ECE 5616 OE System Design

The compound microscope

1. Compound = two cascaded single-lens imaging systems.
Objective produces magnified real intermediate image
Eyepiece produces magnified virtual image
2. Two types of objectives
Older finite conjugate, z = 160 mm tube length
Modern infinite conjugate objective + ~160 mm tube lens
Finite conjugate

= DNP
Infinite conjugate

Robert McLeod

http://www.microscopyu.com/articles/optics/components.html

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Design of ideal imaging systems with geometrical optics

Single and compound lens systems

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Anatomy of a modern
microscope

Robert McLeod

http://www.microscopyu.com/articles/optics/components.html

73

Design of ideal imaging systems with geometrical optics

Single and compound lens systems

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Eye pieces (1/2)

Used in microscopes and telescopes

Flat toward eye,

cheap but bad eye
relief.

Huygens

Common. Better eye

relieve that Huygens.

Ramsden

Achromatic version
of Ramsden. Wider
field.
Kellner
Robert McLeod

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Design of ideal imaging systems with geometrical optics

Single and compound lens systems

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Eye pieces (2/2)

Used in microscopes and telescopes

Better image quality,

20 field.

Orthoscopic

Better image quality

over large field.
Distortion worse than
orthoscopic.
Plossl

Most common wide

field eye piece.

Erfle

Robert McLeod

75

Design of ideal imaging systems with geometrical optics

Single and compound lens systems

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Microscope conjugate
planes and illumination

Robert McLeod

http://microscopy.berkeley.edu/courses/tlm/cmpd/cmpd.html

76

Design of ideal imaging systems with geometrical optics

Single and compound lens systems

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Microscope analysis
Finite conjugate objective
fobj

feyepiece
Focal system. Form
image at infinity for
simplicity of analysis.

tube length
Standard tube length is 160 mm.
Visual magnification of instrument is product of linear
magnification of objective and visual magnification of eyepiece:

M v microscope M obj M v eyepiece

ltube

f
obj

Note eq.s are approximate

ltube >> fobj, Dnp >> feyepice

Dnp

eyepiece

Mobj

fobj [mm]

Typical NA

30

0.10

10

16

0.25

20

0.40

60

0.85

100

1.8

1.3

Analysis the same for infinite conjugate objective, but replace

objective with two-lens system with magnification Mobj
Robert McLeod

77

Design of ideal imaging systems with geometrical optics

Single and compound lens systems

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Overhead projector
Mirror flips parity so
speaker and viewers
see same image
Projection lens must
be flat field, work
over a range of image
distances, and
achromatic. Design
can be simplified by
illumination system.

Screen is white,
diffuse reflector to
send light into large
angle

Platen
Fresnel lens

Illumination system
gives uniform, directed,
white illumination
Condenser lens
Robert McLeod

78

Design of ideal imaging systems with geometrical optics

Single and compound lens systems

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Camera
35mm Camera
Single lens reflex
Wide range of lenses
available cheaply
46.5mm from mount to
film plane
Image size:
24 mm36 mm.
Typical
camera
lens, Nikon
AF MicroNikkor 105
mm, f/2.8
Optical layout
1: Front-mount lens
2: Reflex mirror at 45
3: Focal plane shutter
4: Film or sensor
5: Focusing screen
6: Condenser lens
7: Pentaprism
8: Eyepiece
Robert McLeod

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera

79

Design of ideal imaging systems with geometrical optics

Paraxial ray-tracing

ECE 5616 OE System Design

ABCD matrices
Matrix formulation of paraxial ray-tracing
yk 1
u
k k

0 yk
yk
Rk

1 u k
uk

y k 1 1 d k yk
yk
u 0 1 u Tk u
k
k 1
k

yk 1 yk u k d k

y0

u1
u1
u0 y1

u k u k y k k
Transfer equation

M
1

Refraction equation

d K
-yK+1

d0

u K 1
N

y1
y1
yK
u R K TK 1R K 1 T1R1 u M u
1
1
K
y1
y0
y K 1
u T1R1T0 u N u
K 1
0
0
Robert McLeod

System
matrix
Conjugate
matrix
80

Design of ideal imaging systems with geometrical optics

Paraxial ray-tracing

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Properties of M, N
A B
M
AD BC 1
C D

Determinant = 1

R T M N 1
Write out the matrix equation for N:

y K 1 N11 y0 N12u0
u K 1 N 21 y0 N 22 u0

If planes 0 and K+1 are conjugates, final ray height does not
depend on initial ray angle:

N12 0

Conjugate condition

If plane 0 is the object space focal plane, the slope at the exit
plane depends only on the object height:

N 22 0

Object at front focal plane

If plane K+1 is the image space focal plane, the image-space

ray height depends only on the entrance angle:

N11 0

Image at rear focal plane

If the system is afocal, the direction of the image-space ray

depends only on the direction of the object-space ray:

N 21 0
Robert McLeod

Afocal condition
81

Design of ideal imaging systems with geometrical optics

Paraxial ray-tracing

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Use of matrices M, N
Find image plane given object
M
1
y0

u1
u1
u0 y1

d K
-yK+1

d1

u K 1

N TK 1MT0
1 d K A B 1 d1

C D 0 1
0
1

A d K C B d K D d1 ( A d K C )

C
D
d
C
1

0
A d K C
Conjugate condition

D d1C
C

d K

d1 A B
d1C D

N12 0 gives the image location

E.g. single lens

d K
Robert McLeod

d11 0
1
1

d1 1
d K d1

82

Design of ideal imaging systems with geometrical optics

Paraxial ray-tracing

ECE 5616 OE System Design

Form of N
And EFL, first thick-lens concept
M

y K 1
N11 A d K C
y0

1
N 22
M
F

y0
1

u K 1

If N12 0 then
N11 is the magnification

Determinant = 1

Effective focal length & system power

u0 0

u K 1
0

u K 1 N 21 y0 N 22 u0

N 21
0
M
N

1
M

Robert McLeod

E.g. single lens

N T1R1T0

1 t t t t1 1t

1 t

tt 0

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