ORGANIC CHEMISTRY REACTION

LIST
ALKANES TO CHOLOROALKANE (THEN DICHLORO-,THEN TRI AND SO
ON)

C2 H 6 +Cl2 C 2 H 5 Cl+ HCl

This reaction can repeat until all hydrogen atoms have been substituted with Cl.
Albeit a lot more slowly and energy-requiring, this reaction can also occur with
bromine.

UV LIGHT
ALKENES TO DICHLOROALKANE

C2 H 4 +C l2 C 2 H 4 Cl 2
This as it is an addition reaction is exothermic. As a side note if you want to make
chloroalkane (with one chlorine) add HCl instead of Cl2. For creating tri or greater
chloroalkanes perform the reaction given before.

20C
ALKANES TO ALKENES

C2 H 6 C 2 H 4 +H 2
This is Cracking. There is however no limit to different cracking reactions you can
have. If you have a larger alkane you might produce several smaller alkenes instead
of just one. Or you might just quit Hydrogen gas and instead opt for a product that
gives you a smaller alkane instead. However because youre breaking bonds this is
an energy-intensive process. As with the numerous reactions come two different
conditions as well.

Catalytic Cracking: Zeolite (or Aluminium Oxide),

500C, Moderately low pressure
Thermal Cracking:450C to 750C, High pressure upto
70atm

On a side note catalytic favours small alkanes and thermal favours small alkenes as
products
ALKENES TO ALKANES

C2 H 4 +H 2 C 2 H 6
Hydrogenation is thigh name. Margarine thigh makes is insane. Thus single bond
alkanes thou attains.

Nickel, High Pressure , 150 C

Or you could use platinum as catalyst and get off with just 20 degrees Celcius.
ALKENE TO ALCOHOL

C2 H 4 +H 2 O(g ) C 2 H 5 OH
Hydration is how we synthesize alcohol from (originally) petrol.

P h osp h ori c a c i d , 3 00 C , {t he t em p era tur e m a ke s th e

water steam)
On a side note you might use concentrated H2SO4 instead with water
ALCOHOL TO ALKENE

C2 H 5 OH C 2 H 4 + H 2 O
Dehydration. C o n c . S u l p h u r i c a c i d , Reflux*
Or you might Crack alcohol with Al2O3 catalyst and 400C
SUGAR TO ALCOHOL

C6 H 12 o 6 2C2 H 5 OH +2C O2
Fermentation. All alcohol used to be made this way until hydration came along.

Z y m a s e , Te m p e r a t u r e b e t w e e n 1 5 C t o 2 5 C ( d i f. f o r d i f.
organisms). Alcohol removal coz +20%conc. poisons
catalyst
ALCOHOL TO CARBOXLIC ACID

C2 H 5 OH +2 [ O ] C H 3 COOH +H 2 O
Oxidation of alcohol. Normal room temperature. An oxidizing agent is required for
the reaction e.g. Oxygen gas, or acidified potassium dichromate (VI)
CARBOXLIC ACID
Acid Reactions including with metal, alkali and carbonate
ESTER PRODUCTION

C H 3 COOH +C 2 H 5 OH C H 3 COO C2 H 5 +H 2 O
C o n c S u l p h u r i c a c i d , Reflux*
IMPORTANT NOTE: The above reaction is reversible. Both reactions occur
in the presence of an acid catalyst. However usage of sulphuric acid shifts
equilibrium to right coz it is a drying agent. For hydrolysis of Esters (the
backward reaction) water is added with a different acid catalyst
POLYMERS

Addition Polymerization breaks carbon-carbon double bonds infavour of a

single chain molecule
Condensation Polymerization has both water and polymer as products
o Amide linkage in Nylon and Protein uses amine and acid groups.
Linkage is -OC-NHo Ester linkage in Terylene and Fats uses alcohol and acid groups
Linkage is COOo Ether linkage in Carbohydrates use two alcohol groups
Linkage is O-

*REFLUX

Reflux is used when a liquid involved has a low boiling point. Any gas evaporated is co