Model Paper-4

1
Contents
S.No. Particulars
1
2
3
4
5
Gist of Chapters
Marking Scheme
Important questions
Solved questions with value points
Tips for scoring well
Page No.
MARKING SCHEME OF CLASS XII MATHEMATICS
Course Structure
Unit
Topic
Marks
I.
Relations and Functions
10
II.
Algebra
13
III.
Calculus
44
IV.
Vectors and 3-D Geometry
17
V.
Linear Programming
VI.
Probability
10
Total
100
Unit I: Relations and Functions

1. Relations and Functions
Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations. One to one
and onto functions, composite functions, inverse of a function. Binary operations.
2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Definition, range, domain, principal value branch. Graphs of inverse trigonometric
functions. Elementary properties of inverse trigonometric functions.
Unit II: Algebra
1. Matrices
Concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero and identity matrix, transpose
of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices. Operation on matrices: Addition and
multiplication and multiplication with a scalar. Simple properties of addition, multiplication
and scalar multiplication. Noncommutativity of multiplication of matrices and existence of
non-zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restrict to square matrices of order
2). Concept of elementary row and column operations. Invertible matrices and proof of the
uniqueness of inverse, if it exists; (Here all matrices will have real entries).
2. Determinants
Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 x 3 matrices), properties of determinants, minors,
co-factors and applications of determinants in finding the area of a triangle. Adjoint and
inverse of a square matrix. Consistency, inconsistency and number of solutions of system
of linear equations by examples, solving system of linear equations in two or three
variables (having unique solution) using inverse of a matrix.
Unit III: Calculus

1. Continuity and Differentiability
Continuity and differentiability, derivative of composite functions, chain rule, derivatives of
inverse trigonometric functions, derivative of implicit functions. Concept of exponential
and logarithmic functions.
Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential functions. Logarithmic differentiation,
derivative of functions expressed in parametric forms. Second order derivatives. Rolle's
and Lagrange's Mean Value Theorems (without proof) and their geometric interpretation.
2. Applications of Derivatives
Applications of derivatives: rate of change of bodies, increasing/decreasing functions,
tangents and normals, use of derivatives in approximation, maxima and minima (first
derivative test motivated geometrically and second derivative test given as a provable
tool). Simple problems (that illustrate basic principles and understanding of the subject as
well as real-life situations).
3. Integrals
Integration as inverse process of differentiation. Integration of a variety of functions by
substitution, by partial fractions and by parts, Evaluation of simple integrals of the
following types and problems based on them.
Definite integrals as a limit of a sum, Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (without proof).

Basic properties of definite integrals and evaluation of definite integrals.
4. Applications of the Integrals
Applications
in
finding
the
area
under
simple
curves,
especially
lines,
circles/parabolas/ellipses (in standard form only), Area between any of the two above said
curves (the region should be clearly identifiable).
5. Differential Equations
Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a differential equation.
Formation of differential equation whose general solution is given. Solution of differential
equations by method of separation of variables solutions of homogeneous differential
equations of first order and first degree. Solutions of linear differential equation of the
type:
dy/dx + py = q, where p and q are functions of x or constants.
dx/dy + px = q, where p and q are functions of y or constants.
Unit IV: Vectors and Three-Dimensional Geometry

1. Vectors
Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector. Direction cosines and direction
ratios of a vector. Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel and collinear vectors),
position vector of a point, negative of a vector, components of a vector, addition of
vectors, multiplication of a vector by a scalar, position vector of a point dividing a line
segment in a given ratio. Definition, Geometrical Interpretation, properties and application
of scalar (dot) product of vectors, vector (cross) product of vectors, scalar triple product of
vectors.
2. Three - dimensional Geometry
Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining two points. Cartesian equation and
vector equation of a line, coplanar and skew lines, shortest distance between two lines.
Cartesian and vector equation of a plane. Angle between (i) two lines, (ii) two planes, (iii) a
line and a plane. Distance of a point from a plane.
Unit V: Linear Programming
1. Linear Programming
Introduction, related terminology such as constraints, objective function, optimization,
different types of linear programming (L.P.) problems, mathematical formulation of L.P.
problems, graphical method of solution for problems in two variables, feasible and
infeasible regions (bounded and unbounded), feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal
feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial constraints).
Unit VI: Probability
1. Probability
Conditional probability, multiplication theorem on probability. independent events,
total probability, Baye's theorem, Random variable and its probability distribution, mean
and variance of random variable. Repeated independent (Bernoulli) trials and
Binomial distribution.
GIST OF CHAPTERS
Chapter1. Relations and Functions
Introduction:Any set of ordered pairs (x,y) is called a relation in x and y. Furthermore,
The set of first components in the ordered pairs is called the domain of the relation.
The set of second components in the ordered pairs is called the range of the relation.
Relation: - Let A and B be two sets. Then a relation R from set A to Set B is a subset of
A B ..
Types of relations: Empty relation: A relation R in a set A is called empty relation, if no element of A is
related to any element of A i
Universal relation :A relation R in a set A is called universal relation, if each element of A
is related to every element of A, i.e., R = A A.
Equivalence relation.: A relation R in a set A is said to be an equivalence relation if R is
reflexive, symmetric and transitive
A relation R in a set A is called
(i) reflexive, if (a, a) R, for every a A,
(ii) symmetric, if (a, b) R implies that (b, a) R, for all a, b A.
(iii) transitive, if (a, b) R and (b, c) R implies that (a, c) R, for all a, b, c
A.
Function:
A function is a relation between a set of inputs and a set of permissible outputs with the
property that each input is related to exactly one output. An example is the function that
relates each real number x to its square x2.
A function is a relation for which each value from the set the first components of the
ordered pairs is associated with exactly one value from the set of second components of
the ordered pair.
Types of functions:
One-one (or injective):
A function f : X Y is defined to be one-one (or injective), if the images
of distinct elements of X under f are distinct, i.e., for every a, b in X, f (a) = f (b)
implies a = b. Otherwise, f is called many-one.
Horizontal line test:
To check the injectivity of the function, f (x) =2x. Draw a horizontal line such that this line
cuts the graph only at one place. Such types of functions are known as one-one functions.
In this case where the line cuts the graph of a function at more than one place, the
functions are not one-one.
Onto (or surjective):
A function f : X Y is said to be onto (or surjective), if every element of Y is the image of
some element of X under f, i.e., for every y in Y, there exists an element x in X such that f
(x) = y.
Bijective function:
A function f : X Y is said to be one-one and onto (or bijective), if f is both one-one and onto.
Composition of Functions and Invertible Function

Let f : A B and g : B C be two functions. Then the composition of f and g, denoted by gof,
is defined as the function gof: A C given by gof(x) = g(f (x)), for all x A.
Inverse of a Bijective Function
Let f: A B be a function. If, for an arbitrary x A we have f(x) = y B, then the function,
g: B A, given by g(y) = x, where y B and x A, is called the inverse function of f.
Binary Operations
A binary operation on a set A is a function : A A A. We denote (a, b) by a b.
Binary Operation: A binary operation * defined on set A is a function from A A A.
* (a, b) is denoted by a * b.
Binary operation * defined on set A is said to be commutative iff a * b = b * a.
Binary operation * defined on set A is called associative iff a *(b * c) = (a*b)*c
If * is Binary operation on A, then an element e in A is said to be the identity
element iff a * e = e * a for every a i n A
Identity element is unique.
If * is Binary operation on set A, then an element b is said to be inverse of a A iff a
* b = b * a = e
Inverse of an element, if it exists, is unique.
10
Chapter 2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Inverse trigonometric functions or cyclometric functions - are the so-called inverse
functions of the trigonometric functions, when their domain are restricted to principal
value branch to make the trigonometric functions bijective. The principal inverses are
listed in the following table.
Name
Usual
notation
Definitio
n
Domain of x
for real result
Range of usual
principal value
Range of usual
principal value
11
(radians)
(degrees)
arcsine
y = sin-1 x
x=
sin y
1 x 1
/2 y /2
90 y 90
arccosine
y = cos-1 x
x=
cos y
1 x 1
0y
0 y 180
arctangen
t
y = tan-1 x
x=
tan y
all real
numbers
/2 < y < /2
90 y 90
arccotang
ent
y = cot-1 x
x=
cot y
all real
numbers
0<y<
0 < y < 180
arcsecant
y = sec-1 x
x=
sec y
x 1 or 1
x
0 y < /2 or
/2 < y
0 y < 90 or 90
< y 180
arccoseca
nt
y = csc-1 x
x=
csc y
x 1 or 1
x
/2 y < 0 or
0 < y /2
90 y 0 or 0
< y 90
Chapter 3. Matrices
Definition: A matrix A is defined as an ordered rectangular array of numbers in m rows
and n columns.
12
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Row matrix: A matrix can have a single row A [ a11 a12 a13 a1n]
Column matrix: - A matrix can have a single column A =
Zero or null matrix: A matrix is called the zero or null matrix if all the entries are 0.
Square matrix: - A matrix for which horizontal and vertical dimensions are the same
(i.e., an
matrix).
Diagonal matrix: - A square matrix A is called diagonal matrix if aij = 0 for .
Scalar matrix: - A diagonal matrix A is called the scalar matrix if all its diagonal
elements are equal.
Identity matrix : A diagonal matrix A is called the identity matrix if aij = 1 for i = j , it
is denoted by In.
Upper triangular matrix: - A square matrix A is called upper triangular matrix if aij = 0
for
Lower triangular matrix :- A square matrix A is called lower triangular matrix if aij = 0
for
Matrix operations
1. Definition: Two matrices A and B can be added or subtracted if and only if their
dimensions are the same (i.e. both matrices have the identical amount of rows and
columns.
2. Addition
If A and B are matrices of the same type then the sum is a matrixC =
obtained by adding the corresponding elements aij+bij i.e. A+B = C if aij+bij =cij
1. Matrix addition is commutative , associative and distributive over multiplication
A+B=B+A
A + (B + C) = (A+ B) + C
A (B + C) = AB + AC
(A+B)C= AC + BC
Subtraction
If A and B are matrices of the same type then the difference is a matrix D =
obtained by subtracting the corresponding elements aij - bij
i.e. A - B = C if aij - bij
=dij
1.
Equal matrices Two matrices are said to be equal if they have the same order and
their corresponding elements are also equal i.e. A = B if aij = bij for all I, j .
2.
Scalar multiplication- If A and B are matrices of the same order and k, m are scalars
then, scalar multiplication is defined as kA=[kaij].
3.
K(A+B) = KA + KB
4.
(m+n) A = mA+ nA
5.
(mk)A = m(kA) =k(mA)
6.
Matrix multiplication
Definition: When the number of columns of the first matrix is the same as the number of
rows in the second matrix then matrix multiplication can be performed.
Let A and B . Then the product of A and B is the matrix C, which has dimensions mxp.
The ijth element of matrix C is found by multiplying the entries of the ith row of A with the
0.
13
th
corresponding entries in the j column of B and summing the n terms. The elements of C
are:
Note: AxB is not equal to BxA

Transpose of Matrices: The transpose of a matrix is found by exchanging rows for columns
7.
i.e. Matrix A = (aij) and the transpose of A is:AT=(aji) where j is the column number and i is
the row number of matrix A.
Symmetric matrix. For a symmetric matrix A = AT i.e. aij = aji
9.
Skew -symmetric matrix. For a skew-symmetric matrix AT = - A i.e. aji = - aij.

Properties
Note that the diagonal elements of the skew symmetric matrix are 0.
A + AT is a symmetric matrix.
A - AT is a skew - symmetric matrix.
Every square matrix A can be expressed as a sum of a symmetric P and skew

symmetric Q matrices
Elementary transformation - Following elementary row or column transformations can be

applied to a matrix
Interchange of any two rows or columns.
Multiplication of any row or column by any non-zero number(scalar)
The addition to the elements of any row or column the scalar multiples of any other row
or column
Working rule to find A-1 by elementary transformations

a)
Write A = InA, apply elementary row transformations to both the matrices A on LHS
and In on RHS till you get In= BA. Then B is the required A-1
b)
Write A = AIn, apply elementary column transformations to both the matrices A on

LHS and In on RHS till you get In= AB. Then B is the required A-1
NOTE : Apply only one kind of transformations (row or column ) in all the steps in
one particular answer.
14
Chapter 4 Determinants
Every square matrix A is associated with a number, called its determinant and it
is denoted by det (A) or |A| .
Only square matrices have determinants. The matrices which are not square
do not have determinants
(i) First Order Determinant If A = [a], then det (A) = |A| = a
(ii) Second Order Determinant

|A| = a11a22 a21a12
(iii) Third Order Determinant
Evaluation of Determinant of Square Matrix of Order 3 by Sarrus Rule
then determinant can be formed by enlarging the matrix by adjoining

the first two columns on the right and draw lines as show below parallel and
perpendicular to the diagonal.
The value of the determinant, thus will be the sum of the product of element. in line
parallel to the diagonal minus the sum of the product of elements in line perpendicular
to the line segment. Thus,
= a11a22a33 + a12a23a31 + a13a21a32 a13a22a31 a11a23a32
a12a21a33.
15
Properties of Determinants
(i) The value of the determinant remains unchanged, if rows are changed into
columns and columns are changed into rows e.g., |A| = |A|
(ii) In a determinant, if any two rows (columns) are inter changed, then the value of the
determinant is multiplied by - 1.
(iii) If two rows (columns) of a square matrix A are proportional, then |A| = 0.
(iv) |B| = k |A|, where B is the matrix obtained from A, by multiplying one row (column) of A
by k.
n
(v) |kA| = k |A|, where A is a matrix of order n x n.
(vi) If each element of a row (or column) of a determinant is the sum of two or more
terms, then the determinant can be expressed as the sum of two or more
determinants, e.g.,
(vii) If the same multiple of the elements of any row (or column) of a determinant are
added to the corresponding elements of any other row (or column), then the value of
the new determinant remains unchanged, e.g.,
(viii) If each element of a row (or column) of a determinant is zero, then its value
is zero. (ix) If any two rows (columns) of a determinant are identical, then its value
is zero.
16
(x) If each element of row (column) of a determinant is expressed as a sum of two

or more terms, then the determinant can be expressed as the sum of two or more
determinants.
Important Results on Determinants

(i)
|AB| = |A||B| , where A and B are square matrices of the

same order.
(ii)
n
n
(ii) |A |=|A|
(iii) If A, B and C are square matrices of the same order such that ith column (or row) of
A is the sum of i th columns (or rows) of B and C and all other columns (or rows) of A,
Band C are identical, then |A| =|B| + |C|
(iv) |In| = 1,where In is identity matrix of order n
(v) |On| = 0, where On is a zero matrix of order n
(vi) If (x) be a 3rd order determinant having polynomials as its elements.
(a) If (a) has 2 rows (or columns) proportional, then (x a) is a factor of
(x).
2
(b) If (a) has 3 rows (or columns) proportional, then (x a)
is a factor of
(x).
(vii) A square matrix A is non-singular, if |A| 0 and singular, if |A| =0.
(viii) Determinant of a skew-symmetric matrix of odd order is zero and of even order is
a non- zero perfect square.
17
(ix) In general, |B + C| |B| + |C|

(x) Determinant of a diagonal matrix = Product of its diagonal elements
(xi) Determinant of a triangular matrix = Product of its diagonal elements
Minors and Cofactors
then the minor Mij of the element aij is the determinant obtained by
deleting the i row and jth column.
i+j
The cofactor of the element aij is Cij = (- 1)
Mij
Adjoint of a Matrix - Adjoint of a matrix is the transpose of the matrix of cofactors of

the give matrix, i.e.,
Properties of Minors and Cofactors

(i) The sum of the products of elements of any row (or column) of a determinant
with the cofactors of the corresponding elements of any other row (or column) is
zero
18
(ii) The sum of the product of elements of any row (or column) of a determinant with
the
cofactors of the corresponding elements of the same row (or column) is
Applications of Determinant in Geometry
Let three points in a plane be A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3), then Area =
= 1 / 2 [x1 (y2 y3) + x2 (y3 y1) + x3 (y1 y2)]
SOLVING SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS USING INVERSE MATRIX METHOD

DEFINITION: A system of linear equations is a set of equations with n equations and n
unknowns, is of the form of
The unknowns are denoted by x1,x2,...xn and the

coefficients (a's and b's above) are assumed to be given. In matrix form the system
of equations above can be written as:
which can be expressed in matrix equation as

AX =B
By pre-multiplying both sides of this equation by A-1 gives:
19
A-1 (AX) = A-1 B

STEPS
i.
Evaluate . Refer the note given below.
ii.
Evaluate the cofactors of elements of A.
iii.
Form the adjoint of A as the matrix of cofactors

iv.
Calculate inverse of A and X.

NOTE - From the above it is clear that the existence of a solution depends on the
value of the determinant of A. There are three cases:
1. If the then the system is consistent with unique solution given by
2. If (A is singular) and adj A .B 0 then the solution does not exist. The system is
inconsistent.
3. If (A is singular) and adj A .B = 0 then the system is consistent with infinitely
many solutions.to find these solutions put z = k in two of the equations and
solve them by matrix method.
For homogeneous system of linear equations, AX = 0 (B = 0)

1. If the then the system is consistent with trivial solution x = 0, y = 0, z = 0
2. If (A is singular) and adj A .B 0 then the solution does not exist. The system is
inconsistent.
3. If (A is singular) and adj A .B = 0 then the system is consistent with infinitely
many solutions. to find these solutions put z = k in two of the equations and
solve them by matrix method.
Chapter 5 Continuity and Differentiability
20
Definition
A function f is said to be continuous at x = a if
A function is said to be continuous on the interval [a, b] if it is continuous at each
point in the interval.
Definition of derivative
: If y = f(x) then y1 =
A function f is differentiable if it is continuous.

When LHD & RHD both exist and are equal then f is said to be derivable or
differentiable.
21
Parametric differentiation: if y =f(t), x= g(t) then,

Logarithmic differentiation: If y = f(x)g(x) then take log on both the sides.
Write logy = g(x) log[f(x)]. Differentiate by applying suitable rule for differentiation.
If y is sum of two different exponential function u and v, i.e. y = u + v. Find by using
logarithmic differentiation separately then evaluate.
d2y
dx 2 Higher Derivatives: The derivative of first derivative is called as the second
derivative. It is denoted by y2 or y or
FORMULAS OF DERIVATIVES
d
c 0
1. dx
d n
x nx n 1
2. dx
d 1
n
n n 1
x
3. dx x
d
x 1
4. dx
d 1
1
2
x
5. dx x
d
6. dx
d x
a a x log a
dx
7.
d x
e ex
dx
8.
d
1
log x
x
9. dx
d
sin x cos x
10. dx
d
cos x sin x
11. dx
d
tan x sec 2 x
12. dx
d
cos ec x cos ec x cot x
13. dx
d
s ec x sec x tan x
14. dx
d
cot x cosec 2 x
dx
15.
d
1
sin 1 x
1 x2
16. dx
d
1
cos 1 x
1 x2
17. dx
d
1
tan 1 x
1 x2
18. dx
d
1
cot 1 x
1 x2
19. dx
d
1
sec 1 x
x x2 1
20. dx
x 21x
22
d
1
cos ec 1 x
x x2 1
21. dx
MEAN VALUE THEOREMS

ROLLES THEOREM
STATEMENT Let f be a real valued function defined on the closed interval [a, b] such that
1. It is continuous on the closed interval [a, b].
2. It is differentiable on the open interval (a, b).
3. f(a) = f(b).
Then, there exist a real number c
GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION OF ROLLES THEOREM

Let f(x) be a real valued function defined on [a, b] such that the curve y=f(x) is a
continuous curve between points A (a, f(a)) and B(b, f(b)) and it is possible to draw a
unique tangent at every point on the curve y=f(x) between A and B. Also, there exists at
least one ordinates at the end points of the interval [a, b] are equal. Then there exists at
least one point (c, f(c)) lying between A and B on the curve. Let the curve is increasing at
A. Now f(a) = f(b) that means curve has to decrease from some point. Since it is
continuous and differentiable so, it must take smooth turn from somewhere (without
forming edge) at that point the tangent parallel to X- Axis i.e. at that point f(x) = 0.
Similarly it can be shown easily if starts decreasing at A then also there exist at least one
point in the given interval s=where f(x) = 0. If it is neither increasing nor decreasing i.e. a
parallel line to the X-axis then, there will be infinite no. of points where f(x) = 0.
Working Rule:
23
1. We first check whether f(x) satisfies conditions of Rolles Theorem or not.

2. Differentiate the function
3. Equate the derivatives with Zero to get x.
4. If x belongs to given interval then, Rolles Theorem verified.
The following rules may be helpful while solving the problem.
1. A polynomial function is everywhere continuous and differentiable
5. The exponential function, sine and cosine function are everywhere continuous and
differentiable.
6. Logarithmic function is continuous and differentiable in its domain.
7. Tan x is not continuous
Chapter 6 Application of Derivatives

Motion in a straight Line
Suppose a particle is moving in a straight line
Take O as origin in timet the position of the particle be at A where OA= s and in time t+t the
position of the particle be at B where OB=s+s clearly the directed distance of the particle from o
is function of timet
s=f (t)
24
s+s=f (t+t)
Algorithm:
1. Solving any problem first, see what are given data.
2. What quantity is to be found?
3. Find the relation between the point no. (1) & (2).
4. Differentiate and calculate for the final result.
APPROXIMATIONS, DIFFERENTIALS AND ERRORS
Absolute error -
Relative error
Percentage error - Approximation -
1. Take the quantity given in the question as y +k = f(x + h)

2. Take a suitable value of x nearest to the given value. Calculate
3. Calculate y= f(x) at the assumed value of x.
4. calculate at the assumed value of x
5. Using differential calculate
6. find the approximate value of the quantity asked in the question as y +k , from the
values of y and evaluated in step 3 and 5.
Tangents and normals
Slope of the tangent to the curve y = f(x) at the point (x0,y0) is given by m.
Equation of the tangent to the curve y = f(x) at the point (x0,y0) is (y - y0) = m (x x0)
Slope of the normal to the curve y = f(x) at the point (x0,y0) is given by -1 / m
Equation of the normal to the curve y = f(x) at the point (x0,y0) is (y - y0) = ( - 1 /m) (x
x0 )
25
To curves y = f(x) and y = g(x) are orthogonal means their tangents are perpendicular
to each other at the point of contact
INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTION

STRICTLY INCREASING FUNCTION: A function f(x) is said to be a strictly increasing function on
(a, b) if
x1<x2 => f(x1)<f(x2) for all x1, x2(a, b)
Thus, f(x) is strictly increasing on (a, b) if the values of f(x) increase with increase in the value of x.
Graphically, f(x) is increasing on (a, b) if the graph y=f(x) moves up as x moves to the right. The
graph in fig is the graph of strictly increasing on (a, b).
STRICTLY DECREASING FUNCTION: A function f(x) is said to be a strictly increasing function on

(a, b) if
x1<x2 => f(x1)>f(x2) for all x1, x2(a, b)
\
Thus, f(x) is strictly increasing on (a, b) if the values of f(x) decrease with increase in the value of
x.Graphically, f(x) is decreasing on (a, b) if the graph y=f(x) moves down as x moves to the right.
The graph in fig is the graph of strictly decreasing on (a, b).
NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT CONDITION FOR MONOTONICITY OF FUNCTION
26
In this section we intend to see how we can use derivative of a function to determine where it is
increasing and where it is decreasing.
Necessary condition: if f(x) is an increasing function on(a, b) then the tangent at every point on the
curve y=f(x) makes an acute angle with the positive direction of x- axis.
It is evident from fig that if f(x) is a decreasing function on (a, b), then tangent at every point on
the curve y=f(x) makes and obtuse angle with the positive direction of x- axis.
Thus, f(x) > 0(<0) for all is the necessary condition for a function f(x) to be increasing
(decreasing) on a given interval (a, b). in other words, if it is given f(x) is increasing (decreasing on
(a, b), then we can say that f(x)>0(<0).
SUFFICIENT CONDITION
Theorem Let f be a differentiable real function defined on an open interval (a, b).
(a) If f(x) > 0 for all , then f(x) increasing on (a, b)
(b) If f(x) < 0 for all , then f(x) decreasing on (a, b)
ALGORITHM FOR FINDING THE INTERVAL IN WHICH A FUNCTION IS INCREASING OR DECREASING.
Let f(x) be a real function. To find the intervals of monotonicity of f(x) we proceed as follows:
Step 1find f(x).
Step IIPut f(x)>0 and solve this inequation.
For the values of x obtained in step II f(x) is increasing and for the remaining points in its
domain it is decreasing.
Or
1. Calculate f(x) =0 for critical points
2. Let c1, c2, c3 are the roots of f(x) = 0.
3. Cut the no line at c1, c2, c3
4. Write the interval in table
5. Consider any point in the interval
6. See the sign of f(x) in that interval and accordingly determine the function is increasing or
decreasing in that interval.
27
Maximum Let f(x) be the real function define on the interval I. then f(x)is said to have the
maximum value in I, if there exists a point a in I such that f(x)<f(a) for all x
in such a case, the number f(a) is called the maximum value of f(x) in the interval I
and the point a is called a point of maximum value of f in the interval I.
Minimum Let f(x) be the real function define on the interval I. then f(x) is said to have the
minimum value in I, if there exists a point a I such that
f(x)>f(a) for all x
In such a case, the number f(a) is called the minimum value of f(x) in the interval I and
the point a is called a point of minimum value of f in the interval I.
LOCAL MAXIMA AND LOCAL MINIMA

1.
2. Local maximum A function f(x) is said to attain a local maximum at x=a if there exists a
neighborhood (a-,a+-) of a such that
f(x)<f(a) for all x in (a-,a+)
f(x)-f(a)<0 for all x in (a-,a+)
In such a case, f(a) is called the local maximum value of f(x) at x=a.
3. Local minimum A function f(x) is said to attain a local minimum at x=a if there exists a
Neighborhood (a-, a+-) of a such that
f(x)>f(a) for all x in (a-,a+)
f(x)-f(a)>0 for all x in (a-,a+)
The value of the function at x= a i.e. f(a) is called the local minimum value of f(x) at x=a.
The points at which attains either the local maximum or local minimum values are called the
extreme values of f(x).
First Derivatives Test for finding the Local Extremum

Let y=f(x) be a function defined on the interval I and let f be derivable at an interior point c of I.
Let f have an extreme value at x=c,
28
Case I. Let f have a local maximum value at x=c, then f is an increasing function in the left nbd of
x=c i.e., for x slightly < c and a decreasing function f I the right nbd of x=c i.e. for x slightly > c.
Also for x=c, the graph has a horizontal tangent.
Thus, f(x) changes continuously from +ve to ve as increases through c.
Case II. Let f have a local minimum value at x=c, then f is an increasing function in the left nbd of
x=c i.e., for x slightly < c and a decreasing function f I the right nbd of x=c i.e. for x slightly > c.
Also for x=c, the graph has a horizontal tangent.
Th
increases through c.
f(x) changes continuously from +ve to +ve as
Working rule for first derivative test

Find the sign of f(x) when x is slightly < c and when x is slightly >c.
If f(x) changes sign from +ve to ve as x increases through c, then f has a local maximum value at
x=c.
If f(x) changes sign from -ve to +ve as x increases through c, then f has a local minimum value at
x=c.
Second Derivative Test for Finding Local Maxima and Local Minima
Suppose a quantity y depends on the another quantity x in a manner shown in fig. it becomes
maximum at x1 and minimum at x2. At these points the tangent to the curve is parallel to the xaxis and hence its slope is 0.
29
Maxima and minima by using second derivative test
Just before the maximum the slope is positive, at the minimum it is zero and just after the
maximum it is negative. Thus decreases at a maximum and hence the rate of change of is
negative at a maximum.
Minima
Similarly, at a minimum the slope changes from negative to positive.
Hence with increases of x. the slope is increasing that means the rate of change of slope w.r.t x is
positive,
Working Rule:
1. Find f(x).
8. Solve f(x) = 0 within the domain to get critical point let one of the value of x = c.
9. Calculate f(x) at x = c.
10.If f(c) > 0 then, f(x) is minimum at x = c, and if f(c) < 0, then f(x) is maximum at x= c.
Maxima
Similarly, at a maximum the slope changes from positive to negative.
Working Rule:
2. Find f(x).
11.Solve f(x) = 0 within the domain to get critical point let one of the value of x = c.
12.Calculate f(x) at x = c.
13.If f(c) < 0 then, f(x) is minimum at x = c, and if f(c) < 0, then f(x) is maximum at x= c.
Application of Maxima and Minima to problems

Working rule
(i)
In order to illustrate the problem, draw a diagram, if possible. Distinguish clearly

between the variable and constants.
(ii)
If y is the quantity to be maximized or minimized, express y in terms of a single

independent variable with the help of given data.
(iii)
Get dy/dx and d2y/dx2, then equate dy/dx=0 get the value of x.
30
(iv)
Determine the sign of d y/dx at x and proceed.
31
Chapter 7 Integration
Integration is a way of adding slices to find the whole. Integration can
be used to find areas, volumes, central points and many useful things.
The Chain Rule tells us that derivative of g(f(x)) = g'(f(x))f'(x). But what
about going the other way around? What happens if you want to integrate
g'(f(x))f'(x)? Well, that's what the "reverse chain rule" is for. As you can
see, a lot of integrals you'll run into can be solved this way. It is also
another way of doing substitution without having to substitute.
Trigonometric substitution
Another substitution technique where we substitute variables with
trigonometric functions. This allows us to leverage some trigonometric
identities to simplify the expression into one that it is easier to take the
anti-derivative of.
Division and partial fraction expansion
When you're trying to integrate a rational expression, the techniques of
partial fraction expansion and algebraic long division can be *very* useful.
Integration by parts
When we wanted to take the derivative of f(x)g(x) in differential calculus,
we used the product rule. In this tutorial, we use the product rule to derive
a powerful way to take the anti-derivative of a class of functions-integration by parts.
If u and g are two functions of x then the integral of product of two
functions = 1st function - integral of the product of the derivative of 1st
function and the integral of the 2nd function
Write the given integral where you identify the two functions u(x)
and v(x) as the 1st and 2nd function by the order
I inverse trigonometric function
L Logarithmic function
A Algebraic function
32
T Trigonometric function
E Exponential function
Note that if you are given only one function, then set the second
one to be the constant function g(x)=1. integrate the given function

by using the formula
DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS LIMIT OF A SUM

Definite integral is closely related to concepts like antiderivative and
indefinite integrals. In this section, we shall discuss this relationship in
detail.
Definite integral consists of a function f(x) which is continuous in a closed
interval [a, b] and the meaning of definite integral is assumed to be in
context of area covered by the function f from (say) a to b.
An alternative way of describing
is that the definite integral
is a limiting case of the summation of an infinite series, provided

f(x) is continuous on [a, b]
The converse is also true i.e., if we have an infinite series of the above
form, it can be expressed as a definite integral.
33
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus justifies our procedure of

evaluating an antiderivative at the upper and lower limits of integration
and taking the difference.
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Let f be continuous on [a b]. If F is any antiderivative for f on [a b], then
= F(b)F(a)
Properties
Property 1:
Property 2:
Property 3:
34
Property4:
Property5:
Property6:
Property 7:
Property 8:
1.
n
x dx
x n 1
, n 1
n 1
5.
2.
dx
1
n 1 xn 1
dx log x
4. x
dx x
3.
x
a dx
ax
log a
e dx e
6.
x
7.
sin x dx cos x
8.
9.
sec 2 x dx tan x
10.
cos ec 2 x dx cot x
cos x dx sin x
11.
sec x tan x dx sec x
12.
cos ec x cot x dx cos ec x
13.
tan x dx log sec x
14.
cot x dx log sin x
15.
sec x dx log sec x tan x
16.
cos ecx dx log cosec x cot x
17.
19.
dx
1
tan 1
2
x
a
dx
1
xa
log
2
a
2a
xa
18.
20.
dx
1
ax
log
2
x
2a
ax
x
sin 1
a
a2 x2
dx
35
dx
x a
x 2
a2
x
2
a x dx
a x sin 1
2
2
a
24.
x 2 a 2 dx
x 2
a2
x a 2 log x x 2 a 2
2
2
25.
x 2 a 2 dx
x 2
a2
x a 2 log x x 2 a 2
2
2
21.
23.
log x x 2 a 2
22.
dx
x a
2
log x x 2 a 2
Chapter 8. Application of Integration

A plane curve is a curve that lies in a single plane. A plane curve may be
closed or open.
The area between the curve defined by a positive function and the x
axis between two values of y is called the definite integral of f between
these values. The area of a rectangle is the product of length and breadth
the area under a curve will be generated. This method is generalised to
define a variety of integrals that do not describe area.
The standard approach deals with a more general class of functions by
imagining that we divide the interval between a and b into a large number
of small strips and estimate the area of each strip to be the product of its
width and some value of f(x) for x within the strip.
The area will then be something like the sum of the areas of the strips. If
we then let the maximum strip length go to zero, we can hope to find the
resulting sum of strip areas approach the true area.
36
The standard way to do this is to let the i-th strip begin at xi-1 and end at
xi; the area of that strip is estimated as (xi-xi-1)f(x'i) with x'i anywhere in
the strip.
A Riemann sum is a sum of the form just indicated: it is a sum over strips
of the width of the strip times a value of the f(x) within the strip. The
function is said to be Riemann integrable if the sum of the area of the
strips approaches a constant independent of which arguments are used
within each strip to estimate the area of the strip, as maximum strip width
goes to zero.
The notation used above can be understood from this approach; we are
summing the area of the individual strips, which for a very small interval
around x of size dx is estimated to be f(x)dx, and summing this over all
such strips. The integral sign represents the sum which is not an ordinary
sum, but the limit of ordinary sums as the size of the intervals goes to
zero.
Suppose we have a non-negative function f of the variable x,
defined in some domain that includes the interval [a, b] with a < b. If f is
sufficiently well behaved, there is a well defined area enclosed between
the lines x = a, x = b, y = 0 and the curve y = f(x).
37
That area is called the definite integral of f dx between x = a and x = b (of

course only for those functions for which it makes sense).
It is usually written as
If c lies between a and b we obviously have
Area between two curves:There are actually two cases that we are going to be looking
at.
In the first case we want to determine the area between
and
that
on the interval [a,b]. We are also going to assume

.
(1)
The second case is almost identical to the first case. Here we are going to
determine the area between
[c,d] with
and
.
on the interval
38
In this case the formula is,
The area of a triangle is an extension of area of a plane curve.
Chapter 9 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
39
Definition: An equation containing an independent variable, a dependent

variable and differential coefficients of the dependent variable with
respect to the independent variable is called a differential equation DE.
The ORDER of a differential equation is the highest derivative that appears
in the equation.
The DEGREE of a differential equation is the power or exponent of the
highest derivative that appears in the equation.
Unlike algebraic equations, the solutions of differential equations are
functions and not just numbers.
Initial value problem is one in which some initial conditions are
given to solve a DE.
To form a DE from a given equation in x and y containing arbitrary
constants (parameters)
1. Differentiate the given equation as many times as the
number of arbitrary constants involved in it .
2. Eliminate the arbitrary constant from the equations of y, y, y
etc.
A first order linear differential equation has the following form:
The general solution is given by
where
called the integrating factor. If an initial condition is given, use it to find

the constant C.
Here are some practical steps to follow:
1. If the differential equation is given as
the form
, where
2. Find the integrating factor .
, rewrite it in
40
3. Evaluate the integral

4. Write down the general solution .
5. If you are given an IVP, use the initial condition to find the constant C.
VARIABLE SEPARABLE FORM The differential equation of the form is called

separable,
if f(x,y) = h(x) g(y); that is,
- - - (I)
In order to solve it, perform the following STEPS:

1. Solve the equation g(y) = 0, which gives the constant solutions of
(I);
2. Rewrite the equation (I) as, and, then,
3. integrate
to obtain G(y) = H(x) + C
4. Write down all the solutions; the constant ones obtained from (1)
and the ones given in (3);
5. If you are given an IVP, use the initial condition to find the particular
solution. Note that it may happen that the particular solution is one
of the constant solutions given in (1). This is why Step 4 is
important.
Homogeneous Differential Equations
A function which satisfies for a given n is called a homogeneous

function of order n.
A differential equation is called a HOMOGENEOUS DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATION if it can be written in the form M(x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy =
0 where M and N are of the same degree.
A first-order ordinary differential equation is said to be homogeneous if

it can be written in the form) Such equations can be solved by the
change of variables which transforms the equation into the separable
equation
Steps for Solving a Homogeneous Differential Equation
1. Rewrite the differential in homogeneous form or

2. Make the substitution y = vx or x = vy where v is a variable.
41
3. Then use the product rule to get

4. Substitute to rewrite the differential equation in terms of v and x or v
and y only
5. Follow the steps for solving separable differential equations.
6. Re-substitute v = y/x or v = x / y.
Chapter 10 VECTORS
A quantity that has magnitude as well as direction is called a vector.

It is denoted by directed line segment, where A is the initial point
and B is the terminal point . The distance AB is called the magnitude
denoted by and the vector is directed from A to B.
FIXED VECTOR is that vector whose initial point or tail is fixed. It is

also known as localised vector. For example, the initial point of a
position vector is fixed at the origin of the coordinate axes. So,
position vector is a fixed or localised vector.
FREE VECTOR is that vector whose initial point or tail is not fixed. It
is also known as a non-localised vector. For example, velocity vector
of particle moving along a straight line is a free vector.
Co-initial vectors: Vectors having the same initial point are called as co-initial vectors.
Negative of a vector: A vector whose magnitude is the same of that of a

given vector but in the opposite direction is called as the negative of the
given vector.
POSITION VECTOR gives the position of a point with reference to the

origin of the coordinate system. COLLINEAR VECTORS are those
vectors that act either along the same line or along parallel lines.
These vectors may act either in the same direction or in opposite
directions.
PARALLEL VECTORS are two
collinear vectors acting along the same direction.

EQUAL VECTORS Two vectors are said to be equal if they have the
same magnitude and direction.
ADDITION OF VECTORS:
42
1. Triangle law of vectors for addition of two vectors. If two vectors can
be represented both in magnitude and direction by the two sides of
a triangle taken in the same order, then the resultant is represented
completely, both in magnitude and direction, by the third side of the

triangle taken in the opposite order.
Corollary: 1) If three vectors are represented by the three sides of a
triangle taken in order, then their resultant is zero.
2) If the resultant of three vectors is zero, then these can be represented
completely by the three sides of a triangle taken in order.
2. Parallelogram law of vectors for addition of two vectors.If two
vectors
are completely represented by the two sides OA
and OB respectively of a parallelogram. Then, according to the law

of parallelogram of vectors, the diagonal OC of the parallelogram
will be resultant
, such that
MULTIPLICATION OPERATIONS FOR VECTORS:

1. MULTIPLICATION OF A VECTOR BY A SCALAR, When a vector . is
multiplied by a real number, say m, then we get another vector m.
The magnitude of mis m times the magnitude of . If m is positive,
then the direction of m is the same as that of . If m is negative,
then the direction of m is opposite to that of .
2. SCALAR MULTIPLICATION OF TWO VECTORS to yield
a b = |a| |b| cos()where:
|a| is the magnitude (length) of vector a
|b| is the magnitude (length) of vector b
is the angle between a and b
It is important to remember that there are two different angles

between a pair of vectors, depending on the direction of rotation.
However, only the smaller of the two is taken in vector multiplication
Some Properties of the Dot Product
i.i = j.j = k.k = 1 and i.j = j.i = i.k = k.i = j.k = k.j = 0.
The dot product is commutative:
The dot product is distributive over vector addition:
43
The dot product is bilinear:

When multiplied by a scalar value, dot product satisfies:
Two non-zero vectors a and b are perpendicular if and only if a b =
0.
The dot product does not obey the cancellation law: If a b = a c
and a 0: then a (b c) = 0:
If a is perpendicular to (b c), we can have (b c) 0 and
therefore b c.
Vector product:
The Cross Product a b of two vectors is another vector that is at right
angles to both.
a b = |a| |b| sin() n
|a| is the magnitude (length) of vector a
|b| is the magnitude (length) of vector b
is the angle between a and b
n is the unit vector at right angles to both a and b
The cross product is anticommutative:
axb=-bxa
| a x b | is the area of the parallelogram formed by a and b

Distributive over addition. This means that a (b + c) = a b + a c
For two parallel vectors a b = 0
44
i i = j j = k k = 0.
The cross product of a vector with itself is the null vector
If a b = a c and a 0 then: (a b) (a c) = 0 and, by the distributive law above:
a (b c) = 0 Now, if a is parallel to (b c), then even if a 0 it is possible that (b c) 0
and therefore that b c.
SCALAR TRIPLE PRODUCT

It is defined for three vectors
in that
order as the scalar . ( )It denotes the
volume of the parallelopiped formed by
taking a, b, c as the co-terminus edges.
i.e. V = magnitude of . = | . |
The value of scalar triple product depends on the cyclic order of the
vectors and is independent of the position of the dot and cross. These may
be interchange at pleasure. However and anti-cyclic permutation of the
vectors changes the value of triple product in sign but not a magnitude.
Properties of Scalar Triple Product:
* If, then their scalar triple product is given by
i.e. position of dot and cross can be interchanged without altering

the product.
45
* , , in that order form a right handed system if . . > 0
i.e. scalar triple product is 0 if any two vectors are equal.
i.e. scalar triple product is 0 if any two vectors are parallel.
Show that
If three vectors
are coplanar then
Chapter 11. Three Dimensional Geometry
In space, any point can be expressed as P(x, y, z). The equations of a line
passing through a given point and parallel to a given direction are given
by
passes through two given points are
The equations of a line which
Two lines in space may be parallel lines or intersecting lines or skew lines.
Two parallel lines or intersecting lines are in the same plane. If two lines
do not intersect then there is no angle between them.
Angle between two lines

Finding the angle between two lines in 2D is easy, just find the angle of
each line with the x-axis from the slope of the line and take the
difference. In 3D it is not so obvious, but it can be shown (using the

Cosine Rule) that the angle between two vectors a and b is given by:
Cos =
Unfortunately this gives poor accuracy for angles close to zero; for
instance an angle of 1.00E-7 radians evaluates with an error exceeding
1%, and 1.00E-8 radians evaluates as zero. A similar formula using the
sine of the angle Sin =
has similar problems with angles close to
90 degrees.
But combining the two gives Tan =
which is accurate for all
angles, and since the (|a||b|) values cancel out the computation time is
similar to the other expressions.
Shortest distance between two skew lines:

The two key points two remember here are:
1.
The shortest line between two lines is perpendicular to both
2.
When two vectors are crossed, the result is a vector that is

perpendicular to both
46
47
Thus the vector representing the shortest distance between AB and CD

will be in the same direction as (AB X CD), which can be written as a
constant times (AB X CD). We can then equate this vector to a general
vector between two points on AB and CD, which can be obtained from the
vector equations of the two lines. Solving the three equations obtained
simultaneously, we can find the constant and the shortest distance.
Plane:
A plane is a flat (not curved) two dimensional space embedded in a higher
number of dimensions.
In two dimensional space there is only one plane that can be contained
within it and that is the whole 2D space.
Three dimensional space is a special case because there is a duality
48
between points (which can be represented by 3D vectors) and planes (also

represented by 3D vectors). We can visualise the vector representing a
plane as a normal to the plane.
The angle between two planes is defined as the angle between their
normals. It is given by
Coplanarity of four points:Coplanar points are three or more points which lie in the same plane
where a plane is a flat surface which extends without end in all directions.
It's usually shown in math textbooks as a 4-sided figure. You can see that
points A, B, C and D are all coplanar points on a single plane.
The concept of coplanar points may seem simple, but sometimes the
questions about it may become confusing. With a little bit of geometry
knowledge and some real-world examples, it can be mastered even the
most challenging questions about coplanar points.
Any three points in 3-dimensional space determine a plane. This means
that any group of three points determines a plane, even if all the points
don't look like they're located on the same flat surface.
Let's look at another real life example. The tissue paper box is covered in
leaves. Points have been placed at the tips of four leaves and labeled W,
X, Y and Z. From the first picture, we can see that points X, Y and Z are
coplanar. They form a triangle, and you can visualize that. If you were to
49
cut through the tissue box and pass through these points, you would have
a piece of the tissue box that would have a plane figure, a triangle, as its
base.
Chapter 12 Linear Programming

Linear programming is the process of taking various linear inequalities
relating to some situation, and finding the "best" value obtainable under
those conditions. A typical example would be taking the limitations of
materials and labor, and then determining the "best" production levels for
maximal profits under those conditions.
In "real life", linear programming is part of a very important area of
mathematics called "optimization techniques". This field of study (or at
least the applied results of it) are used every day in the organization and
allocation of resources. These "real life" systems can have dozens or
hundreds of variables, or more. In algebra, though, you'll only work with
50
the simple (and graphable) two-variable linear case.

The general process for solving linear-programming exercises is to graph
the inequalities (called the "constraints") to form a walled-off area on
the x,y-plane (called the "feasibility region"). Then you figure out the
coordinates of the corners of this feasibility region (that is, you find the
intersection points of the various pairs of lines), and test these corner
points in the formula (called the "optimization equation") for which you're
trying to find the highest or lowest value.
The Decision Variables: The variables in a linear program are a set of
quantities that need to be determined in order to solve the problem; i.e.,
the problem is solved when the best values of the variables have been
identified. The variables are sometimes called decision variables because
the problem is to decide what value each variable should take. Typically,
the variables represent the amount of a resource to use or the level of
some activity.
The Objective Function: The objective of a linear programming problem
will be to maximize or to minimize some numerical value. This value may
be the expected net present value of a project or a forest property; or it
may be the cost of a project;
The Constraints: Constraints define the possible values that the variables
of a linear programming problem may take. They typically represent
resource constraints, or the minimum or maximum level of some activity
or condition.
Linear Programming Problem Formulation: We are not going to be
concerned with the question of how LP problems are solved. Instead, we
will focus on problem formulation translating real-world problems into
the mathematical equations of a linear program and interpreting the
solutions to linear programs. We will let the computer solve the problems
for us. This section introduces you to the process of formulating linear
programs. The basic steps in formulation are: 1. Identify the decision
variables; 2. Formulate the objective function; and 3. Identify and
formulate the constraints. 4. A trivial step, but one you should not forget,
51
is writing out the non-negativity constraints. The only way to learn how to
formulate linear programming problems is to do it.
The corner points are the vertices of the feasible region. Once you have
the graph of the system oflinear inequalities, then you can look at the
graph and easily tell where the corner points are. You may need to solve
a system of linear equations to find some of the coordinates of
the points in the middle.
Chapter 13 Probability
52
Definition: Two events are dependent if the outcome or occurrence of the

first affects the outcome or occurrence of the second so that the
probability is changed.
The conditional probability of an event B in relationship to an event A is
the probability that event B occurs given that event A has already
occurred. The notation for conditional probability is P(B|A) [pronounced as
probability of event B given A].
The notation used above does not mean that B is divided by A. It means
the probability of event B given that event A has already occurred. The
notation used above does not mean that B is divided by A. It means the
probability of event B given that event A has already occurred.
When two events, A and B, are dependent, the probability of both
occurring is:
P(A and B) = P(A) P(B|A)
Definition Two events, A and B, are independent if the fact that A
:
occurs does not affect the probability of B occurring.
Some other examples of independent events are:
Landing on heads after tossing a coin AND rolling a 5 on a single 6sided die.
Choosing a marble from a jar AND landing on heads after tossing a

coin.
Choosing a 3 from a deck of cards, replacing it, AND then choosing

an ace as the second card.
Rolling a 4 on a single 6-sided die, AND then rolling a 1 on a second

roll of the die.
Multiplication
When two events, A and B, are independent, the
Rule 1:
probability of both occurring is:

P(A and B) = P(A) P(B)
53
Summary:
The probability of two or more independent events

occurring in sequence can be found by computing the
probability of each event separately, and then
multiplying the results together.
Summary:
The probability of two or more independent events

occurring in sequence can be found by computing the
probability of each event separately, and then
multiplying the results together.
Summary: The probability of two or more independent events occurring

in sequence can be found by computing the probability of each event
separately, and then multiplying the results together.
Bayes theorem
Bayes' theorem (also known as Bayes' rule) is a useful tool for
calculating conditional probabilities. Bayes' theorem can be stated as
follows:
Bayes' theorem. Let A1, A2, ... , An be a set of mutually exclusive events
that together form the sample space S. Let B be any event from the same
sample space, such that P(B) > 0. Then,
P( Ak B )
P( Ak | B )
=
P( A1 B ) + P( A2 B )
+ . . . + P( An B )
Bayes' theorem (as expressed above) can be intimidating. However, it

really is easy to use. The remainder of this lesson covers material that can
help you understand when and how to apply Bayes' theorem effectively.
When to Apply Bayes' Theorem
54
Part of the challenge in applying Bayes' theorem involves recognizing the

types of problems that warrant its use. You should consider Bayes'
theorem when the following conditions exist.
The sample space is partitioned into a set of mutually
exclusive events { A1, A2, . . . , An }.
Within the sample space, there exists an event B, for which P(B) >
0.
The analytical goal is to compute a conditional probability of the
form: P( Ak | B ).
You know at least one of the two sets of probabilities described
below.
P( Ak B ) for each Ak
P( Ak ) and P( B | Ak ) for each Ak
Random Variable
When the value of a variable is determined by a chance event, that
variable is called a random variable.
Discrete vs. Continuous Random Variables
Random variables can be discrete or continuous.
Discrete. Within a range of numbers, discrete variables can take on
only certain values. Suppose, for example, that we flip a coin and
count the number of heads. The number of heads will be a value
between zero and plus infinity. Within that range, though, the
number of heads can be only certain values. For example, the
number of heads can only be a whole number, not a fraction.
Therefore, the number of heads is a discrete variable. And because
the number of heads results from a random process - flipping a coin
- it is a discrete random variable.
Continuous. Continuous variables, in contrast, can take on any
value within a range of values. For example, suppose we randomly
select an individual from a population. Then, we measure the age of
that person. In theory, his/her age can take on any value between
55
zero and plus infinity, so age is a continuous variable. In this

example, the age of the person selected is determined by a chance
event; so, in this example, age is a continuous random variable.
Probability Distribution
A probability distribution is a table or an equation that links each
possible value that a random variable can assume with its probability of
occurrence.
Discrete Probability Distributions
The probability distribution of a discrete random variable can always be
represented by a table. For example, suppose you flip a coin two times.
This simple exercise can have four possible outcomes: HH, HT, TH, and TT.
Now, let the variable X represent the number of heads that result from the
coin flips. The variable X can take on the values 0, 1, or 2; and X is a
discrete random variable.
The table below shows the probabilities associated with each possible
value of X. The probability of getting 0 heads is 0.25; 1 head, 0.50; and 2
heads, 0.25. Thus, the table is an example of a probability distribution for
a discrete random variable.
Number of
Probabilit
heads, x
y, P(x)
0.25
0.50
0.25
Note: Given a probability distribution, you can find cumulative

probabilities. For example, the probability of getting 1 or fewer heads
[ P(X < 1) ] is P(X = 0) + P(X = 1), which is equal to 0.25 + 0.50 or 0.75.
Continuous Probability Distributions
56
The probability distribution of a continuous random variable is represented

by an equation, called the probability density function (pdf). All
probability density functions satisfy the following conditions:
The random variable Y is a function of X; that is, y = f(x).
The value of y is greater than or equal to zero for all values of x.
The total area under the curve of the function is equal to one.
Mean and Variance
Just like variables from a data set, random variables are described by
measures of central tendency (like the mean) and measures of variability
(like variance). This lesson shows how to compute these measures
for discrete random variables.
Mean of a Discrete Random Variable
The mean of the discrete random variable X is also called the expected
value of X. Notationally, the expected value of X is denoted by E(X). Use
the following formula to compute the mean of a discrete random variable.
E(X) = x = [ xi * P(xi) ]
where xi is the value of the random variable for outcome i, x is the mean
of random variable X, and P(xi) is the probability that the random variable
will be outcome i.
Variability of a Discrete Random Variable
The equation for computing the variance of a discrete random variable is
shown below.
2 = { [ xi - E(x) ]2 * P(xi) }
where xi is the value of the random variable for outcome i, P(xi) is the
probability that the random variable will be outcome i, E(x) is the
expected value of the discrete random variable x.
Binomial Distribution
To understand binomial distributions and binomial probability, it helps to
57
understand binomial experiments and some associated notation; so we

cover those topics first.
Binomial Experiment
A binomial experiment is a experiment that has the following
properties:
The experiment consists of n repeated trials.
Each trial can result in just two possible outcomes. We call one of
these outcomes a success and the other, a failure.
The probability of success, denoted by P, is the same on every trial.
The trials are independent that is, the outcome on one trial does not
affect the outcome on other trials.
Consider the following statistical experiment. You flip a coin 2 times and
count the number of times the coin lands on heads. This is a binomial
experiment because:
The experiment consists of repeated trials. We flip a coin 2 times.
Each trial can result in just two possible outcomes - heads or tails.
The probability of success is constant - 0.5 on every trial.
The trials are independent; that is, getting heads on one trial does
not affect whether we get heads on other trials. Binomial
Distribution
A binomial random variable is the number of successes x in n repeated
trials of a binomial experiment. The probability distribution of a binomial
random variable is called a binomial distribution.
The binomial distribution describes the behaviour of a count
variable X if the following conditions apply:
1: The number of observations n is fixed.
2: Each observation is independent.
3: Each observation represents one of two outcomes ("success" or
"failure").
4: The probability of "success" p is the same for each outcome.
58
Mean and Variance of the Binomial Distribution

The binomial distribution for a random variable X with
parameters n and p represents the sum of n independent
variables Z which may assume the values 0 or 1. If the probability that
each Z variable assumes the value 1 is equal to p, then the mean of each
variable is equal to 1*p + 0*(1-p) = p, and the variance is equal to p(1p). By the addition properties for independent random variables, the mean
and variance of the binomial distribution are equal to the sum of the
means and variances of the n independent Z variables, so
BLUE PRINT & DESIGN
S.NO
CHAPTERS
CLASS XII MATHEMATICS
VSA (1)
SA (4)
LA (6)
TOTAL
01
Relations and Functions
6(1)
6(1)
02
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
4(1)
4(1)
03
Matrices
1(1)
8(2)
9(3)
04
Determinants
4(1)
4(1)
59
05
Continuity and Differentiability
06
Application of Derivatives
07
Integrals
08
Application of Integrals
09
Differential equations
10
12(3)
12(3)
6(1)
6(1)
12(3)
6(1)
6(1)
2(2)
6(1)
8(3)
Vectors
2(2)
2(2)
11
3-dimensional Geometry
1(1)
8(2)
6(1)
15(4)
12
Linear Programming
6(1)
6(1)
13
Probability
4(1)
6(1)
10(2)
6(6)
52(13)
42(7)
100(26)
TOTAL
1. If f(x) = x + 7 and g(x) = x 7 then find (f
12(3)
g) (7).
2. If the function f is an invertible function find the inverse of f(x) =
3. If the function f is an invertible function defined as f(x) =
then write
-1
f (x).
4. Show that the relation R in the set of real numbers defined as R = {(a, b):
a
} is neither reflexive, symmetric nor transitive.
60
5. Let T be the set of all triangles in a plane with R as relation in T given by R
= {(T1, T2): T1
T2}. Show that R is an equivalence relation.
6. Let Z be the set of all integers and R be the relation on Z given by R = {(a,
b): a,b Z, a b is divisible by 5}. Show that R is an equivalence relation.
R defined by f(x) = (3 x3)
7. If f: R
then find (f
f) (x).
8. Show that the relation R in the set A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} given by R = {(a, b):

is even} is an equivalence relation.
9. Show that the relation S in the set A = { x : x Z,
{(a,b): a,b Z,
is divisible by 4} is an equivalence relation.
10.Is the binary operation defined on N given by

commutative?
for all a,b N,
ii) Is associative?
11.If the binary operation

12.Let
} given by S =
on Z is defined by
then find
be the binary operation on N given by
.
. Find
13.Let f:N
N defined by f(n) =
for all n N. Find
whether the function is bijective.

14.Let
be the binary operation on Q given by
15.What is the range of f(x) =

16.Consider f: R
invertible with
=2a + b - ab. Find 3 4.
defined by f(x) = 9x2 + 6x 5. Show that f is
17.Let A =
and
be a binary operation on A defined by (a, b)
(a+c, b+d). Show that

identity element for
18.If f: R
R and g: R
is commutative and associative. Also find the

on A if any.
R are given by f(x) = sin x and g(x) = 5 x 2 find (
(x).
19.If f(x) = 27x3 and g(x) =
1. Evaluate
2. Evaluate
3. Evaluate
61
(c, d) =
find (
) (x).
62
4. Evaluate
5. Evaluate
6. Evaluate
7. Evaluate
8. Evaluate
9. Evaluate
10.Evaluate
11.What is the domain of sin-1 x?
12.Prove that tan-11 + tan-12 + tan-13 =
13.Prove that tan-1
+ tan-1
+ tan-1
14.Prove that tan-1
+ tan-1
+tan-1
15.Prove that
16.Prove that
17.Prove that tan-1x+tan-1
18.Prove that tan-1
63
19.Prove that
20.Prove that
21.Solve tan-12x + tan-13x =
22.Solve tan-1(x+1) + tan-1(x-1) = tan-1
23.Solve
24.Solve
25.Solve 2tan-1(Cos x) = tan-1(2 Cosecx)
26.Solve
27.Prove that
1. Find x and y if
2. Find x and y if
64
3. Find x if
4. Find y if
5. Find y if
6. Find y if
7. Using elementary transformations find the inverse of the matrix
.
10.Using elementary transformations find the inverse of the matrix

.
13.Solve 2x y + z = 3, - x + 2y z = 1 and x y + 2z = 1.
14.Solve 3x 2y +3z = 8, 2x + y z =1 and 4x 3y+2z = 4.
65
15.Solve x + y + z = 4, 2x + y 3z = -9 and 2x y + z = -1.
16.Solve 2x 3y + 5z = 11, 3x + 2y4z = -5 and x+y-2z=-3.
17.Solve x + y + z = 6, x + 2z = 7 and 3x + y + z = 12.
18.Solve x+2y -3z=-4, 2x+ 3y +2z = 2 and 3x 3y -4z = 11.
19.If A =
find A-1. Using A-1 solve
2x 3y + 5z = 16, 3x
+ 2y 4z = -4 and x + y - 2z = -3.
20.If A =
find A-1. Using A-1 solve
z = 2and -2x + y + z = 7.
Differentiation of composite functions:

Differentiation by chain rule:
2x + y + 3z = 9, x + 3y
66
Find the derivative of the following functions wrt x:
1
2
x
2.
1. (x2 3)5.
1
x x
3.
10
4.
x 3x
2
5. 1 x
2
6. 3x 4
1 x
1 x
x2 1
x2 1
7.
8.
2 3
9. x x 5
4x3
11.
10. (x2+ 1)3 (x3 1)4.
x 1 x 1
1 x2
12.
x 1 x 1
Differentiation of trigonometric functions

1. Sin 5x
2. Cos (2x 3)
3. Sin3 (5x + 4)
1 sin 2 x
5. 1 sin2 x
4. Tan104x
1 co s x
6. 1 cosx
1 tan 3x
7. 1 tan 3x
dy
8. If y = x tan x then prove that x sin2x dx = y2 + y sin2x.
2
dy
dx
9. If y = a sin x + b cos x then prove that y2 +

= a2 + b2.
10. If y =
1 sin2 x
dy
1 sin2 x then prove that dx + sec2 ( 4 -x) = 0.
Differentiation of inverse trigonometric functions

1. Sin12x
2. Tan-15x
2x
sin1
2
1 x2
3. Sin-1 1 x
4.
5.
sin1 3 x 4 x3
1
x x
1
co s
x 1
x
7.
1
2 x2
sec1
6.
9.
tan1 sec x tan x
1 cos x
tan1
1
cos x
11.
8.
1 x2
2
co s1
10.
cos x
1 sin x
tan1
1 sin x
tan1
1 sin x
12.
67
1 x2
tan1
1 x2
14.
1 a2 x2 1
tan1
ax
16.
tan1
a x
1 ax
13.
15.
1
1
co t 1
x
x
tan1
2
1 x 1
17.
tan1
19.
1 x 1 x
1 x 1 x
sin1 x 1 x x 1 x2
21.
sin1 x
23. If y =
tan1 x x2 1
18.
1 sin x 1 sin x
co t 1
1 sin x 1 sin x
20.
22.
sin1 3x 4 x3 cos1 4x3 3x
dy
1 x2
xy 1
1 x2 then prove that
dx
.
Differentiation of log and exponential functions

Find the derivative of the following wrt x:
x2
2x 3
e
1.
2. e
3. e
1 x 2
2x
4. e
sin x
6. e
e x e x
sin x
5. e
x tan x
7. e
x
9. e cos x
11.
13.
15.
17.
19.
log x2 3
x
x
8. e e
log sec x
10.
1
log x
12.
1 x2 1
log
1 x 1
14.
log log x
1 cos 2 x
1 cos 2 x
log
log
xa
xb
log s ecx tan x
log x x2 1
21.
23.
16.
18.
log
1 sin x
1 sin x
log cos ecx cot x
log s ec tan
2

20.
log x x2 1
22.
eax log sin bx
Differentiation of Implicit functions

dy
Find dx from the following:
68
x2 y2 25
1.
3.
x2
2
2. a
x3 y3 3xy
4.
4
4
5. x y 4xy
x y
7.
y2
b2
x3 y 3 3 x2y xy 2
3 3
6. x y y x
y 1 x2 log
dy
1 x2 x
1 x2
xy 1 0.
then prove that

dx
8. If
dy
1
dx
1 x 2 .
9. If x 1 y y 1 x 0 then prove that
dy
1 y2
0.
2
dx
x 1 y 2 y 1 x2 1
1
x
10. If
then prove that
dy
1 y2
0.
2
dx
1 x2 1 y 2 a x y
1
x
11. If
then prove that
dy
12. If x + y = sin(x + y) then prove that dx = - 1.
dy
log x
.
2
dx
1 log x
13. If y log x = x y then prove that

14.
15.
16.
x x x x ......
sin x sin x sin x sin x ......
log x log x log x log x ......
1
x
x
17.
1
x .....
Logarithmic differentiation
Differentiate the following wrt x:
x
1. x
3. x
sin x
5.
sin x cos x
7.
log x x
x cot x
9.
log x
2. x
4.
sin x x
6.
ta n x sin x
8.
2 x2 3
x2 x 2
11.
x 2x 2x x
13.
sin x co s x co s x sin x
sin x x
x2 1
x2 1
10.
x sin x sin x x
12.
sin x tan x tan x sin x
14.
x sin x cos x
69
15.
sin x
tan x
tan x
sin x
dy
16. If
then find dx .
dy
y
x
x y 0
17. If
then find dx .
xy y x
18. If
xy
ex y
then prove that

x y
dy
y
x
19. If x e
then find dx .
dy
y
20. If x y x then find dx .
x
21. x
dy
log x
dx
1 log x 2
x ...
sin x
22. sin x
sin x ...
Differentiation of parametric functions

dy
Find dx from the following:
1. x= at2, y = 2at
2t
1 t2
y
x
2
1 t2 .
1t ,
2.
3. x = a cos , y= b sin
4. x = a (1 cos ), y = a ( + sin )
5. x = a (cos + sin ), y = a (sin cos )
6. x = 2cos cos 2, y = 2 sin sin 2.
7.
Higher Derivatives
The derivative of the derivative of a function is called as the second derivative.
d2y
d dy
y '' or y or
dx
2
2
dx
dx
d 3y
d d2y d3y
d d2 y
y ''' or y or
3
3 dx dx2
dx3 dx dx2
dx
1. Find the second derivative of x2 + log x wrt x.

2. If y = ex (sin x + cos x) then prove that y2 2y1 + 2y = 0.
d2y
cos x
2
dx
1 sin x 2
3. If y = sec x + tan x then prove that
d2 y
sin x
2
dx
1 co s x 2
4. If y = cosec x + cot x then prove that
y 4y 0
5. If y = a sin 2x + b cos 2x then prove that 2
1 x2 y 2 xy 0
1
1
2
6. If y = ta n x then prove that
ta n1 x then prove that 1 x2 y2 2x 1 x2 y1 2 0

2
si n1 x
1 x2 y xy 2 0
1
2
8. If y =
then prove that
1 x2 y xy y 0
sin x
1
2
e
9. If y =
then prove that
2
2 y 2x 1 x 2 y y 0
1
x
2 1
ta n x
10. If y = e
then prove that
2
7. If y =
11. If y = sin (log x) + 3 cos (log x) then prove that
x2y xy y 0
1
2
y
12. If x = a ( sin ), y = a (1 cos ) then find 2 at = 2 .
70
71
1. Show that the rectangle of maximum area that can be inscribed in a circle
is a square.
2. Verify LMVT for the function f(x) = x2 + 2x + 3 for [4, 6].
3. Prove that the curves x = y2 and xy = k intersect at right angles if 8k 2=1.
4. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y =
which is parallel
to the line 4x2y+5=0
5. Find the intervals in which the function f(x) =
is increasing and
decreasing.
6. The length x of a rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 5 cm / min and the
width y is increasing at the rate of 4 cm / min. when x = 8 cm y = 6 cm
find the rate of change of
a)perimeter b) area of the
rectangle.
7. Find the intervals in which the function f given by f(x) = sin x + cos x,
is strictly increasing or strictly decreasing.
8.
Find the intervals in which the function f given by f(x) = sin x - cos x,
is strictly increasing or strictly decreasing.
9. If the sum of the hypotenuse and a side of a right triangle is given, then
show that the area of the triangle is maximum when the angle between
them is
10.A manufacturer sell x items at a price of Rs
x items is Rs
each. The cost price of
. Find the number of items he should sell to earn
maximum profit.
11.Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y =
which is parallel
to the line 4x2y+5=0

12.Find the approximate value of f(2.01) where f(x) = 4x 3+5x2+2.
13.Find the points on the curve y = x3 at which the slope of the tangent is
72
equal to the y co-ordinate of the point.

14.Find the equations of the normal to the curve y = x 3+2x+6 which are
parallel to the line x+14y+4= 0.
15.Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y =

where it cuts
at the point
the x axis.
16.Find the equations of the tangent and the normal to the curve x = 1 cos
,y=
at
x2
3 dx
1. Evaluate 1 x
x sin x
0 1 cos2 x dx
2. Evaluate
3. Eva.
x tan x
0 secx cos ecx dx
x tan x
sec x tan x dx
4. Eva. 0
5. Eva.
dx
1 x
1 a. Evaluate 0
a
2a. Eva. a
3a. Eva.
ax
dx
ax
x sin x
1 cos
dx
x cos 6 x
dx
2
sin 6 x
4a. Eva. 3x
log sin x dx
tan x cot x dx
5a.Eva. 0
sec 2 x
dx
6. Eva. 3 tan x
6a. Eva.
exdx
5 4ex e2x
3x 2x k dx
2
7. If
8. Evaluate
= 0 then find the value of k.
x 4 exdx
x 2 3
8 a .Evaluate
ecosx
0 ecosx e cosx dx
9. Evaluate
2log sinx log sin2x dx

0
sec 7 xdx
2
9a.Evaluate
73
10.Evaluate
11.Evaluate
12.Evaluate
13.Evaluate
1 logx
x
dx
10a.Evaluate
cos x
dx
x
11a.Evaluate
1
xsin xdx
sec
12a.Evaluate
1 x2
dx
5 4x 2x2
sin x
dx
x
xdx
13a.Evaluate
2 sinx 3 4sinx dx
14a.Evaluate
x4
x 1 x2 1 dx
x 1 x 2 x 4 dx
15.Evaluate 1
dx
cosx
x
dx
x cos
2
14.Evaluate
1
2
dx
15a.Evaluate
x logx
16.Evaluate 0
e2x e2x
2x 2x dx
16a.Evaluate e e
e2x e2x
2x 2x dx
17.Evaluate e e
17a.Evaluate
a cos x b sin xdx

2
ex sin4x 4
dx
18.Evaluate 1 cos4x
logx
dx
x
18a.Evaluate
sinx cosx
dx
sin2x
1 x2
x 1 2x dx
x
dx
19a.Evaluate x sinx
19.Evaluate 6
3
3x 2x dx
2
20.Evaluate 1
as the limit of sum.
x x dx
2
21.Evaluate 1
22.Evaluate
as the limit of sum.
x 2
sin xdx
x 2 x 3 dx
22a.Evaluate
5x2
1 x2 4x 3dx
23.Evaluate
23a.Evaluate 0
3
2
24.Evaluate
xcos x dx
0
1
2
x 1 x dx
25.Evaluate 0
1 x dx
3
2
xsin x dx
24a.Evaluate 1
25a.Evaluate
x2 3x
x 1 x 2 dx
74
1. Find the area of the region included between y 2= 4ax and x2 = 4ay, a > 0.
2. Find the area lying above the x- axis and included between x 2 + y2 = 8x
and y2 = 4x.
3. Find the area of the region enclosed by the curves y = x 2 and y = x.
4. Find the area of the region enclosed by the curves y 2 = x and y = x + 2.
5. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y =
, x = - 3, x = 3
and y =0.
6. Find the area of the smaller region founded by the ellipse
the line
and
7. Find the area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the x-axis, the
line x =
y and the circle x2 +y2 = 4.
8. Find the area bounded by the lines y = 4x + 5, y = 5 x and 4y = x + 5.

9. Find the area of the region bounded by y 2 = 4x and 4x2 + 4y2 = 9.
10.Find the area of the region enclosed between x 2 + y2 = 4 and (x 2)2 +y2
= 4.
11.Find the area of that part of the circle x2 +y2 = 16 which is exterior to the
parabola y2= 6x.
12.Find the area bounded by the lines x + 2y = 2, y x = 1 and 2x + y =7.
13.Find the area bounded by the lines 2x+ y = 4, 3x - 2y = 6 and x - 3y + 5 =
0.
14.Find the area bounded by the lines 4x - y + 5= 0, x + y 5 = 0 and x - 4y
+ 5 = 0.
15.Find the area bounded by the curves x 2 + y2 = 1 and (x 1)2 +y2 = 1.
16.Prove that the curves y2= 4x and x2 = 4y divide the area of the square
75
bounded by x = 0, x = 4, y = 4 and y = 0 into three equal parts.

17.Find the area of the region included between the parabola y 2 = x and x+y
= 2.
18.Find the area of the region included between the parabola x 2 = 4y and x =
4y - 2.
19.Find the area of the region included between the parabola 4y = 3x 2 and 3x
- 2y+12 = 0.
y 2= 4ax and x2 =
20.Find the area of the region bounded by the curves

4ay.
21.Find the area of the region
26.Find the area of the triangle ABC with vertices as A (- 1, 0), B(1, 3) and
C(3, 2).
27.Find the area of the triangle ABC with vertices as A (4, 1), B (6, 6) and C (8,
4).
76
1. What is the degree of the DE
2. Form the DE representing the parabolas having the vertex at the origin
and the axis along the positive direction of x-axis.
3. Form the DE representing the family of ellipses whose foci on x- axis and
the centre at the origin.
4. Solve the following:
5. Solve :
6. Solve:
7. Solve
8. Solve
9. Solve
10.Solve
11.Solve
given that y=1 when x= 1.
given that y = 1 when x = 1.
77
12.Solve
, y= 0 when x = 1.
13.Solve
14.Solve
15.Solve
16.Solve
, y = 0 when x =
17.Solve
18.Solve
19.Solve
. Y = 1 when x = 0.
20.Solve
21.Solve
22.Solve
23.Solve
24.Solve
25.Solve
26.Solve
given that x = 1 and y =1.
78
27.For the DE
find the solution curve passing through the
point (1, - 1).
1. Find a unit vector in the direction of
r
a 3i 2j 6k
r
a
i 2j of whose magnitude is 7.
2. Find a unit vector in the direction
r
r
a i j k and b i j k .
3. Find the angle between
r
r

a
2
i
k
b
4. For what value of are the vectors
and i 2j 3k
perpendicular to each other.
r
a i j k
5. If
and
r r r
a b c 0
6. If
and
r
r r r
r r
r
b j k
a
c
a
b 3
find a vector c such that
and
.
r
r
r
r
r
b
a
c
a& b
=3,
=5 &
=7 show that the angle between
is
60 .
r
a
r
r r
o
b
a
b.
3
60
7. If
=
, = 2 and the angle between them is
then find

8. If i j k , 2i 5j , 3i 2j 3k & i 6j k are the position vectors of A, B, C & D
uur
uur
find the angle between AB and CD .
r
r
a 3i 2j 9k
b i pj 3k
9. Write the value of p for which
vectors.
r r
r r
r r
and
r r
are parallel
r r r
10.If a b c d and a c b d then show that a d Pb c where a d & b c .
r

b
11.Write a unit vector in the direction of 2i j 2k .
r

12.Write a unit vector in the direction of b 2i 3j 6k .
r r
r r
a b 3
a
&
b
13.Find the angle between
with magnitudes 1 & 2 and
.
2i 6j 14k i j 7k
14. Write the value of p for which
15.
=0.
=0.
2i 6j 27k i 3j pk
r r
r r
r
x p x p
x
p
16.If is a unit vector and
=80 then find
.
17.The scalar product of i j k with the unit vector along the sum of
2
i 4j 5k and i 2j 3k is equal to one. Find the value of .
r
r
r r
r r
a 3 b 2
18.If
,
and a b = 3 then find the angle between a & b .
r r r
r r r r
r r r r r
19.If a,b & c are three vectors such that a b a c and a b a c , a 0then
r r
prove that b c .
i 2j 2k
79
20.Write a vector of magnitude 15 units in the direction of

.
21.Find the position vector of a point R which divides the line hoining two
points P and Q whose position vectors 2a b and a 3b externally in the

ratio 1:2. Also show that P is the midpoint of RQ.

22.Write a vector of magnitude 9 units in the direction of 2i j 2k .
23.Find if
2i 6j 14k i j 7k =0.
r r
r

a
24.If i j k , b 4i 2j 3k and c i 2j k find a vector of magnitude 6
r r r
2
a
b 3c .
units which is parallel to
r
r r
r
25.Let a i 4j 2k , b 3i 2j 7k and c 2i j 4k . Find a vector d which is
r r
r r
perpendicular to both a & b and c d = 18.
r r r r
r r
a
b a b
26.If a & b are two vectors such that
then what is the angle
r r
between a & b .
r 2
r r
r
b
r r
a
b
a
3
3 and
27.Vectors a & b are such that
,
is a unit vector. Write
r r
the angle between a & b .
r
r r
r r
r x
x
a x a
28.Find
if for a unit vector a ,
=0.
i j k p
29.For what value of p,
is a unit vector ?
r
r r
r
30.Let a i 4j 2k , b 3i 2j 7k and c 2i j 4k . Find a vector d which is
r r
r r
perpendicular to both a & b and c d = 1.
i 2j 4k
31. The scalar product of
with a unit vector along the sum of the

vectors i 2j 3k and i 4j 5k is equal to one. Find the value of .
80
1. Find the shortest distance between the lines
and
2. Find the point on the line
at a distance
from the
point (1, 2,3).

3. Find the equation of the plane passing through the point (-1, -1, 2) and
perpendicular to the planes 2x + 3y 3z = 2 and 5x 4y + z = 6.
4. Find the equation of the plane passing through the point (-1, 3, 2) and
perpendicular to the planes x + 2y + 3z = 5 and 3x + 3y + z = 0.
81
5. Find the equation of the plane passing through the point (3, 4, 1) and
parallel to the line
6. If the equation of the line AB is
find the direction ratios
of a line parallel to the line AB.

7. Find the equation of the line passing through the point P (4, 6, 2) and the
point of intersection of the line
and the plane x + y z = 8.
8. Find the distance of the point (- 2, 3, - 4) from the line

measured parallel to the plane
9. Find the value of
4x + 12 y 3z + 1 = 0.
so that the lines
and
are perpendicular to each other.
10.Find the value of
so that the lines
and
11.Find the value of
so that the lines
and

12.Find the direction cosines of the line equally inclined to the three coordinate axes.
13.Find the shortest distance between the lines
and
82
and

and
16.Find the equation of the plane determined by the points (3,-1, 2), (5, 2, 4)
and
(-1, -1, 6). Also find the distance of the point (6, 5, 9) from the
plane.
17.Find the direction cosines of the line passing through the points (-2, 4, -5)
and (1, 2, 3).
18.Find the angle between the line
and the plane 10x + 2y
11z = 3.
19.Show that the lines
and
are coplanar.
Also find te equation of the plane containing the lines.
20.Find the angle between the line
and the plane x + 2y +
2z 5 = 0.
21.What is the cosine of the angle which the vector
makes with the
y axis?
22.Find the equation of the line passing through the points (0, 0, 0) & (3, -1,
2) and parallel to the line
23.The points A (4, 5, 10), B(2, 3, 4), C (1, 2, -1) are three vertices of a
parallelogram ABCD. Find the vector equations of the sides AB & BC and
also find the co-ordinates of the point D.
83
24.Find the vector equations of the lines
and
and hence find the distance between them.

25.Write the distance of the plane 2x y + 2z + 1 = 0 from the origin.
26.Find the points on the line

the point
at a distance of 5 units from
(1, 3, 3).
27.Find the distance of the point (6, 5, 9) from the plane determined by the
points
(3, -1, 2), (5, 2, 4) and (-1, -1, 6).
28.Find the co-ordinates of the foot of the perpendicular and the

perpendicular distance of the point (3, 2, 1) from the plane 2x y + z + 1
= 0. Find also the image of the point in the plane.
29.Find the equation of the plane passing through (1, 1, 1) and containing the
line
. Also show that the plane contains the line

.
30.Write the Cartesian equation of the line
and
. Hence write whether the lines intersect or not.

32.Find the co-ordinates of the point where the line through (3, -4, -5) & (2, 2,
1) crosses the plane determined by (1, 2, 3), (2, 2, 1) & (-1, 3, 6).
33. Find the Cartesian and the vector equations of the plane passing through
the points (0, 0, 0) & (3, -1, 2) and parallel to the line
84
85
1. A factory owner purchases two types of machines, A and B for his factory.
The requirements and the limitations for the machines are as follows:
Machine
Area occupied
Labour
force
Daily output (in

units)
1000 m2
12 men
60
2000 m2
8 men
40
2.
He has maximum area of 9000 m2 available and 72 skilled labourers who

can operate both the machines. How many machines of each type should
he buy to maximize the daily output?
1
An aeroplane can carry a maximum of 200 passengers. A profit of Rs 1000

is made on each executive class ticket and a profit of Rs 600 is made on
each economy class ticket. The airline reserves at least 20 seats for
executive class. However, at least 4 times as many passengers prefer to
travel by economy class than by the executive class. Determine how many
tickets of each type must be sold in order to maximize the profit for the
airline. What is the maximum profit?
3. A diet is to contain at least 80 units of vitamin A and 100 units of minerals.

Two foods F1and F2 are available. Food F1 costs Rs 4 per unit food and F2
costs Rs 6 per unit. One unit of food F 1 contains 3 units of vitamin A and 4
units of minerals. One unit of food F 2 contains 6 units of vitamin A and 3
units of minerals. Formulate this as a linear programming problem. Find
the minimum cost for diet that consists of mixture of these two foods and
also meets the minimal nutritional requirements.
4. A dealer wishes to purchase a number of fans and sewing machines. He
has only Rs 5760 to invest and has a space for atmost 20 items. A fan
costs him Rs 360 and a sewing machine Rs 240. His expectation is that he
can sell a fan at a profit of Rs 22 and a sewing machine at a profit of Rs
18. Assuming that he can sell all the items that he can buy how should he
invest his money in order to maximize the profit? Formulate this as a LPP
and solve it graphically.
5. One kind of cake requires 200g flour and 25g of fat, and another kind of
cake requires 100g of flour and 50g of fat. Find the maximum number of
cakes which can be made from 5 kg of flour and 1 kg of fat assuming that
there is no shortage of the other ingredients used in making the cakes?
Formulate this as a LPP and solve it graphically.
86
6. A small firm manufactures gold rings and chains. The total number of rings
and chains manufactured per day is atmost 24. It takes 1 hour to make a
ring and 30 minutes to make a chain. The maximum number of hours
available per day is 16. If the profit on a ring is Rs 300 and that on a chain
is Rs 190 find the number of rings and chains that should be manufactured
per day so as to earn the maximum profit. Make it LPP and solve it
graphically.
7. One kind of cake requires 300g flour and 15g of fat, and another kind of
cake requires 150g of flour and 30g of fat. Find the maximum number of
cakes which can be made from 7.5 kg of flour and 600 g of fat assuming
that there is no shortage of the other ingredients used in making the
cakes? Formulate this as a LPP and solve it graphically.
8. A factory makes two types of items A and B made of plywood. One piece
of item A requires 5 minutes for cutting and 10 minutes for assembling.
One piece of item B requires 8 minutes for cutting and 8 minutes for
assembling. There are 3 hours and 20 minutes available for cutting and 4
hours for assembling. The profit on one piece of item A is Rs 5 and that on
item B is Rs 6. How many pieces of each type should the factory make so
as to maximize the profit? Make it as a LPP and solve it graphically.
87
1. A pair of dice is thrown 4 times. If getting a doublet is considered as a

success, find the probability distribution of number of successes.
2. A and B throw a pair of die turn by turn. The first to throw 9 is awarded a
prize. If A starts the game, show that the probability of A getting the prize
is 9 / 17.
3. A man is known to speak 3 out of 4 times. He throws a die and report it is
a 6. Find the probability that it is actually a 6.
4. A man is known to speak 3 out of 5 times. He throws a die and report it is
a number greater than 4. Find the probability that it is actually a number
greater than 4.
5. An insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers, 3000 car drivers and
4000 truck drivers. The probabilities of accidents are 0.04, 0.06 and 0.15
respectively. One of the insured persons meets with an accident. What is
the probability that he is a car driver?
6. An insurance company insured 2000 scooter drivers, 5000 car drivers and
7000 truck drivers. The probabilities of accidents are 0.04, 0.05 and 0.15
respectively. One of the insured persons meets with an accident. What is
the probability that he is a car driver?
7. A die is thrown again and again until three sixes are obtained. Find the
probability of obtaining the third six in the sixth throw of the die.
8. Three bags contain balls as shown in the table below:
Bag
No. of White
balls
No. of Black
balls
No. of Red balls
II
III
2
9.
88
A bag is chosen at random and two balls are drawn from it. They happen
to be white and red. What is the probability that they came from the III
bag?
Two groups are competing for the position on the board of directors of a
corporation. The probabilities that the first and the second groups will win
are 0.6 and 0.4 respectively. Further, if the first group wins, the probability
of introducing a new product is 0.7 and the corresponding probability is
0.3 if the second group wins. Find the probability that the new product
introduced was by the second group.
10.Coloured balls are distributed in three bags as shown in the following

table;
Bag
Colour of the ball

Black
White
Red
II
III
A bag is selected at random and then two balls are randomly drawn from
the selected bag. They happen to be white and red. What is the probability
that they came from bag II?
1
There are three coins. One is two headed coin (having head on both
faces), another is a biased coin that comes up heads 25% of the time and
third is an unbiased coin. One of the three coins is chosen at random and
tossed, it shows heads, what is the probability that it was the two headed
coin?
11.The probability that A hits a target is 1/3 and the probability that B hits the
target is 2/5. If each one of them shoots a target what is the probability
that
a) the target is hit? b) exactly one of them hits the target?
12.Two cards are drawn simultaneously (without replacement) from a well

shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the mean and the variance of the number
of red cards.
13.A pair of dice is thrown 4 times. If getting a doublet is considered as a
success find the mean and the variance of the number of successes.
89
1. From a lot of 30 bulbs which include 6 defectives, a sample of 4 bulbs is
drawn at random with replacement. Find the probability distribution of the
number of defective bulbs.
14.On a multiple choice examination with three possible answers for each of
the five questions, what is the probability that a candidate would get four
or more correct answers just by guessing?
15.A card from a pack of 52 cards is lost. From the remaining cards of the
pack, two cards are drawn and are found to be both clubs. Find the
probability of the lost card being a club.
2. From a lot of 10 bulbs which include 3 defectives, a sample of 2 bulbs is
drawn at random with replacement. Find the probability distribution of the
number of defective bulbs.
16.There are two bags, Bag I and Bag II. A bag contains 4 white and 4 red
balls, bag II contains 3 white and 7 red balls. One of the two bags is
selected at random and a ball is drawn from the bag which is found to be
white. Find the probability that the ball is drawn from the bag I.
17.A couple has two children. Find the probability that both are boys, if it is
known that a) at least one of the children is a boy. b) the elder child is a
boy.
18.A bag contains 4 balls. Two balls are drawn at random, and are found to be
white. What is the probability that all balls are white?
19.An experiment succeeds twice as often as it fails. Find the probability that
in the next six trails there will be atleast 4 successes?
20.An urn contains 4 white and 3 red balls. Let X be the number of red balls in
the random draw of three balls. Find the mean and variance of X.
21.In answering a question on a multiple choice test, a student either knows
the answer or guesses. Let 3/5 be the probability that he knows the
answer and 2/5 be the probability that he guesses. Assuming that a
student who guesses at the answer will be correct with probability 1/3.
What is the probability that the student knows the answer given that he
answered it correctly?
90
SAMPLE PAPER
CLASS: XII
Max.Marks:100
MATHEMATICS
Time Allowed: 3
hours
General Instructions:
1. All questions are compulsory
2. This question paper consists of 26 questions divided into
three
sections A, B and C. Section A comprises of 06
questions of one mark each, section B comprises of 13
questions of four marks each and section C comprises of 07
questions of six marks each
3. All questions in Section A are to be answered in one word,
one sentence or as per the exact requirement of the
question
4. There is no overall choice. However, internal choice has
been provided in 04 questions of four marks each and
02 questions of six marks each. You have to attempt only
one of the alternatives in all such questions.
5. Use of calculators is not permitted. You may ask for
logarithmic tables, if required
SECTION - A
1. If A =[a ij ] where
matrix A
i j
i j
aij
if i j
if i j , then construct a 2 3
91
2. If a i 2 j 3 k and b 2 i 4 j 9 k find a unit vector parallel to
a b
3. Find the distance of the point (2,3,4) from the plane r .
(3 i 6 j 2 k ) 11
^ ^j+ 14 k^ ) ( i
^
^j+7 k^ )=0
4. Find if ( 2 i+6
5. Form the differential equation of the family of curves y 2 =
4ax.
6. Find the order and degree of the differential equation y +
y2 + ex = 0
SECTION B
7. Prove that if a plane has the intercepts a, b, c and is at a
distance of p units from
1
1
1
1
2 2 2
2
b
c
p
the origin, then a
(OR)
Find the distance between the lines r
( i 2 j 4 k ) (2 i 3 j 6 k ) and r (3 i 3 j 5 k ) (2 i 3 j 6 k )
8. Find the equation of the plane through the line of
intersection of the planes
x + y + z = 1 and 2x + 3y + 4z = 5 which is perpendicular to
the plane x - y + z = 0.
9. Find the probability distribution of number of doublets in
three throws of
a pair of dice.
(P.T.O)
1 x 2 1
tan 1
10.
Write the simplest form of
(OR)
3
8
84
sin 1 sin 1
cos 1
5
17
85
Prove that
11.
Discuss the continuity of the function f defined by
x 2 if x 1
f ( x)
x 2 if x 1
5
12.
Evaluate
x
dx
7x x
13.
.
If y =
5ax
dy
3a
2a
2
2
2
2
a 6 x then show that dx a 9 x
a 4x2
tan 1
14.
Evaluate
(OR)
dx
e x 1
x
92
x
dx
x5
Evaluate
2
7 x 5dx
15.
Evaluate 1
as a limit of sum.
x 1 x 2 x a
1
4
x2
x3
xb 0
x3 x4 xc
16.
Show that
where a, b, c are in
Arithmetic Progression.
1 x2 1 x2
2
2
1
1
x
tan
with respect to x.
17.
Differentiate
(OR)
18.
If y = x + cot x
Find the matrix
2 1 3 2
3 2 P 5 3
d2y
2 y 2x 0
dx 2
then prove that
P satisfying the matrix equation
1 2
2 1 .
sin 2 x
19.
Using matrix method, solve the following:
x + y + z = 4, 2x y + z = -1, 2x + y - 3z + 9 = 0
SECTION C
20.
If length of three sides of a trapezium other than base
is equal to 10 cm each, then find the area of the trapezium
when it is maximum.
(P.T.O)
(OR)
Prove that the radius of the right circular cylinder of
greatest curved
surface area which can be inscribed in a given cone is half of
that of the cone.
21.
Using integration find the area of region bounded by
the triangle whose vertices
are ( 1, 0), (1, 3) and (3, 2).
22.
Find the image of the point (1,6,3) in the line

x y 1 z 2
1
2
3
23.
Solve the differential equation
93
24.
A merchant plans to sell two types of personal
computers a desktop model and a portable model that will
cost Rs 25000 and Rs 40000 respectively. He estimates that
the total monthly demand of computers will not exceed 250
units. Determine the number of units of each type of
computers which the merchant should stock to get
maximum profit if he does not want to invest more than Rs
70 lakhs and if his profit on the desktop model is Rs 4500
and on portable model is Rs 5000.
2
25.
Let f : N R be a function defined as f (x) = 4 x 12 x 15 .
Show that f : N S where S is the range of f is invertible and
find the inverse of f.
26.
Given three identical boxes I, II and III, each containing
two coins. In box I, coins are gold , in box II, both are silver
coins and in the box III, there is one gold and one silver coin.
A person choses a box at random and takes out a coin. If the
coin is of gold, what is the probability that the other coin in
the box is also of gold?
(OR)
A man is known to speak truth 3 out of 4 times. He throws a
die and reports
that it is a six. Find the probability that it is actually a six
***
ANSWER KEY WITH MARKING SCHEME

SAMPLE PAPER
CLASS XII MATHS
94
Q.N
O
1
Value points
a12 = -1 a13 = -2 a 21 = 3 a 22 = 4
2 1 2
Required matrix A = 3 4 1
a11 =2,
Mark
s
a 23 = -1
Total
Mark
s
1M
a b = 3 i 6 j 6 k
1M
1
(3 i 6 j 6 k )
Unit vector parallel to a b is 9

2 i 3 j 4 k . 2 i 3 j 4 k 11
9 36 4
1M
Required distance =
=1
= -3
1M
2y y = 0
1M
Order = 3 and Degree = 1
1M
The equation of a plane having intercepts a, b, c with

x, y, and z axes respectively is given by,
1M
The distance (p) of the plane from the origin is given
by,
1M
1M
1M
4M
95
OR
Since b1 b 2 , the lines are parallel
a1 i 2 j 4 k
1M
a2 3i 3 j 5 k
4M
b 2 i 3 j 6 k
b (
a 2
a1 )
d=
|b|
1
M
293
= 7
1M
The equation of plane passing through the point of

intersection of planes is
x + y + z - 1 + (2 x + 3 y + 4 z - 5 ) = 0.
..(1)
x (1 + 2 ) + Y (1 + 3 ) + z ( 1 + 4 ) -1 -5 =0.
1M
1M
n1 (1 2 )i (1 3 ) j (1 4 )k

n
x - y + z = 0, 2 i j k .
Since the planes are perpendicular,
1M

n1.n2 = 0
1 + 2 -1 3 + 1 + 4 = 0 . 3 = -1
1
Therefore = - 3
1M
1
=- 3
By substituting the value of

in
equation (1) we get
The equation of the required plane is x z + 2 =
0.
9
Let X denote the number of doublets. Possible

doublets are
(1,1) , (2,2), (3,3), (4,4), (5,5), (6,6)
Clearly, X can take the value 0, 1, 2, or 3.
4M
1M
1M
M
96
Similarly P(X=2)=P( two doublets and one non

15
doublet)= 216
1
And P(X=3)=P(three doublets)= 216
Required Probability distribution is
X
P(X)
10
0
125
216
1
75
216
2
15
216
3
1
216
Let x -= tan
1 x 2 1
1
1 cos
tan
tan 1
x
=
sin
Then

2sin 2
2
tan 1
2sin cos
2
2
1M
2
1
tan 1 x
= 2
1M
4M
1M
97
OR
3
8
Let sin 1 and sin 1
5
17
4
15
cos ; cos
5
17
now., cos( ) cos cos sin sin
84
85
1M
84
85
3
8
84
sin 1 sin 1
cos 1
5
17
85
cos 1
11
1
M
1M
M
For x<1 or x>1 the given function is continuous

being a polynomial
At x = 1,
LHL lim f ( x) lim x 2 1
1 M
RHL lim f ( x) lim x 2 3
1M
LHL not equal to RHL

For continuity at x= 1 , LHL should be equal to
RHL and this common value should be equal to
f(1)
1M
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
4M
1M
4M
Hence the given function is discontinuous at x =

1 and x=1 is point of discontinuity.
12
b
f ( x) dx f ( a b x)dx
a
We know that a
5
5
x
25 x
I
dx
dx
7
x
7
(2
x
)
x
2
2
5
I
2
7 x
7 x x
5
II
2
3
2
1M
1M
dx
4M
5
x 7x
5
dx dx x 2 5 2 3
7 x x
2
1
M
M
98
13
5ax
a2
2
2
a 6x
a2
5ax
tan
2
a 6x
y tan 1
3x 2 x
a
a tan 1 3 x tan 1 2 x
tan
a
a
1 3 x 2 x
a
a
dy
1
3
1
2
hence,

2
2
dx
a 2 x
a
3 x
1
1
a
a
3a
2a
2
2
2
a 9x
a 4 x2
14
x 2 1 1 1 x
e dx
I
x 1 2
x2 1
1
M
1M
1M
1M
e x dx
x 1
x 1
x 1
2 x
e dx

x 1 x 1 2
x 1
take f ( x )
x 1
2
Then f ' ( x)
2
x 1
4M
1M
1M
4M
e f ( x) f '( x) dx
x
Now it is of the form
Hence I=
OR
x 1
c
x 1
e x f ( x) c e x
1M
1 4
1 3
x
I
dx
4
x
1
3
put 1 3 1 x 3 t 4 dx dt
x
x
1M
2M
5
4
1 1
4
1
I t 4 dt 1 3 c
3
15
x
15
1M
a = -1; b= 2
1M
4M
99
ba 3
nh 3
n
n
f ( x) 7 x 5
1M
4M
we know that
b
f ( x)dx limh f (a) f (a h) f (a 2h) .... f (a n 1h

h 0
1M
now, 7 x 5 dx limh 12 (7h 12) (14h 12) ..... (7( n 1) h 12
h 0
16
lim h 7 h(1 2 3 ...... n 1 12 n
h 0
7
lim h nh nh h 12nh
h 0
2
2
R3 R3 R2
x 1
x2
1M
1M
x2 xa
x3
xb
c b
1M
4M
R2 R2 R1
x 1 x 2
xa
ba
cb
Since a, b, c are in AP we have c-b= b-a

and hence second and third rows are identical.
Hence the value of the determinant is zero
x 1 x 2 x a
i.e.
17
x2 x3
x3 x4
y tan
tan 1
1M
xb 0
xc
x 2 cos , cos 1 x 2
cos
sin
1 cos 1 cos
1
2
2
tan
1 cos 1 cos
cos sin
2
2
1 tan
2 tan 1 tan( )
4 2
1 tan
2
1M
1M
1M
4M
100
1
cos 1 x 2
4 2
1M
dy
1 1
x
* 2x
4
dx
2 1 x
1 x4
1M
( OR )
dy
1 cos ec 2 x
dx
1M
4M
d y
2 cot x
2 cos ec 2 x. cot x
2
dx
sin 2 x
1M
d2y
sin x. 2 2 cot x 2( y x)
dx
d2y
sin 2 x 2 2 y 2 x 0
dx
2
18
1M
1M
let APB=C
P=A-1CB-1
2 1
consider A= 3 2
1 2 1 2 1
3 2 3 2
1
-1

A =
3 2
Consider B= 5 3
1M
1M
1M
3 2
1 3 2

5 3
B-1= 1 5 3
15
25
P= 37 22
19
4M
1M
1
Matrix form of system of linear equations AX B X A B where
A=
1
1 1
2 1 1
2 1 3
A 1
X=
x
y

z
B=
4
1

9
4M
so finding the inverse of matrices
2M
2
2 4
1
5
1
14
4 1 3
A 1 B
Now X =
2
2 4
1
5
1
14
4 1 3
4
1
1
2

3
2M
So x =-1, y =2, and z = 3.
SECTION C
101
20
The required trapezium is as given in Fig below. Draw
perpendiculars DP and CQ on AB
6M
1M
(fig)
BQC
APD and
BQ= x cm
DP QC 100 x 2
1M
A.area of trapezium x 10 100 x 2
1M
A '( x)
2 x 2 10 x 100
100 x 2
A '( x) 0 x 5
A ''( x)
1M
2 x 3 300 x 100
1M
3
2 2
100 x
30
0
75
Thus the area of the trapezium is maximum at x=5
Area= 75 3 cm2
Let OC = r be the radius of the cone and OA = h be its
height. Let a cylinder with radius OE = x inscribed in
the given cone .The height QE of the cylinder is given
by
A ''( x ) x 5
OR
QE
QA
QE
EC
OC
because
QEC AOC
1M
1M
1M
h( r x )
r
S S ( x)
2 h
rx x 2
1
M
102
1M
(fig)
2 h
r 2x
r
4 h
S ''( x)
r
S '( x)
S '( x) 0 x
r
2
S ''( x) 0, x
1M
Now
r
2 is a point of maxima of S
Hence the result
21
BL and CM are drawn perpendicular to x-axis.

It can be observed in the following figure that,
Area (ACB) = Area (ALBA) + Area (BLMCB) Area
(AMCA) (1)
1M
1M
(fig)
Equation of line segment AB is
Equation of line segment BC is
1M
6M
103
1M
Equation of line segment AC is
1M
Therefore, from equation (1), we obtain

Area (ABC) = (3 + 5 4) = 4 units
1M
6M
22
A(1,6,3) B (,,) be the image of A. L point on the

line so AL=BL
1 6 3
L
,
,
2
2
2
General point is L( ,2 1,3 2 )
Drs AL (-1,2 -5,3-1)
AL perpendicular line 1(-1)+2(2-5)+3(3-1)=0
=1
Points are (1,3,5)
The eqn
1
6
3
1
3
5
2
2
2
( , , ) (1,0,7)
23
1M
1M
1M
1M
1M
1M
The given differential equation is:
6M
104
1M
1M
1M
Integrating both sides of this equation, we get:
1M
1M
Substituting these values in equation (1), we get:
6M
1M
This is the required general solution of the given
differential equation
24
Let the merchant stock x desktop models and y

portable models. Therefore,
x 0 and y 0
The cost of a desktop model is Rs 25000 and of a
portable model is Rs 4000. However, the merchant
can invest a maximum of Rs 70 lakhs.
1M
105
The monthly demand of computers will not exceed

250 units.
The profit on a desktop model is Rs 4500 and the
profit on a portable model is Rs 5000.
1M
Total profit, Z = 4500x + 5000y

Thus, the mathematical formulation of the given
problem is
1M
subject to the constraints,
The feasible region determined by the system of

constraints is as follows.
2M
The corner points are A (250, 0), B (200, 50), and C (0,
175).
The values of Z at these corner points are as follows.
Corner point
Z = 4500x + 5000y
A(250, 0)
1125000
B(200, 50)
1150000
Maximum
C(0, 175)
6M
106
875000
1M
The maximum value of Z is 1150000 at (200, 50).

Thus, the merchant should stock 200 desktop models
and 50 portable models to get the maximum profit of
Rs 1150000.
25
26
To prove f is 1-1
2M
f is onto
1 x 6
-1
3
f =
for all x [-5, )
2M
Let E1, E2 and E3 be the events that boxes I, II and III

are chosen, respectively.
1
Then P(E1) = P(E2) = P(E3) = 3
Also, let A be the event that the coin drawn is of gold
2
1
Then P(A|E1) = P(a gold coin from bag I) = 2
P(A|E2) = P(a gold coin from bag II) = 0
1
P(A|E3) = P(a gold coin from bag III) = 2
Now, the probability that the other coin in the box is of
gold
= the probability that gold coin is drawn from the box
I.
= P(E1|A)
By Bayes' theorem, we know that
2M
1
M
1
M
6M
1
M
OR
Let E be the event that the man reports that six

occurs in the throwing of the die and let S1 be the
event that six occurs and S2 be the event that six does
not occur.
1
Then P(S1) = Probability that six occurs = 6
6M
1
M
107
5
P(S2) = Probability that six does not occur = 6
P(E|S1) = Probability that the man reports that six
occurs when six has
actually occurred on the die
3
= Probability that the man speaks the truth = 4
P(E|S2) = Probability that the man reports that six
occurs when six has
not actually occurred on the die
= Probability that the man does not speak the truth =
3 1
1
4 4
Thus, by Bayes' theorem, we get
P(S1|E) = Probability that the report of the man that
six has occurred is
1M
1M
6M
1M
actually a six
1
M
3
Hence, the required probability is = 8
MODEL QUESTION PAPER 2015-2016
1
M
108
Class XII Mathematics

Maximum
marks:-100
Time-3hrs
BLUE PRINT
Form of questions
VSA
(1 M)
SA
(4 M)
LA
(6 M)
RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS
-------
1(4)
1(6)
ALGEBRA
1(1)
3(12)*
CALCULUS
2(2)
16(24)***
3(18)*
11(44)
VECTORS AND 3-D GEOMETRY
3(3)
2(8)
1(6)*
6(17)
LINEAR PROGRAMMING
----
-----
1(6)
1(6)
PROBABLITY
----
1(4)
1(6)
2(10)
TOTAL
6(6)
13(52)
7(42)
26(100)
TOTAL
Unit
4(13)
*:-Internal choices are given
Sample question paper CLASS XII 2015-16

SUB: MATHEMATICS
TIME:3Hrs
MM:100
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:
2(10)
109
All questions are compulsory.
The question paper consist of 26 questions divided into three

sections A,B and C-section A comprises of 6 questions of 1 marks
each ,section B comprises of 13 questions of 4 marks each and
section C comprises of 7 questions of 6 marks each .
All questions in section A are to be answered in one word
There is no overall choice. However internal choice has been

provided
Section A
1 If
2 Find
x +1
x3
| |
x1
x+ 2
4 1
1 3
sec 2 (74 x)dx
find the value of x.
3 Find the slope of the tangent to the curve y=3 x 4 -4x at x=4.
^
^j+7 k^
4 Find a unit vector in the direction of sum of vectors a =i2
b=2 i+2
^ ^j3 k^
^ ^j+ k^ and i2
^
^j+3 k^
5 For what value of , are the vectors 2 i+
perpendicular to each other
^j+2 k^ find |a +2 b|
6. If a =3 i^ 2 ^jb=
Section B
and
8
31 )
7. If 0<x<1, solve
1
tan
8. A school wants to award its students for the values of honesty, regularity
and hard work with a total cash award of Rs.6, 000.Three times the award
money for hard work added to that given for honesty amounts to Rs.11,
000.The award money given for honesty and hard work together is double
the one given for regularity .Represent the above situation algebraically
and find the award money for each using matrix method.
9. Using elementary transformation find the inverse of the following matrix
x+1
) + tan 1 (x1) =
tan 1
A=
[ ]
0 1 2
1 2 3
3 1 1
110
10.
1+a
1
1
1
1+b
1
1
1
1+ c
Using properties of determinants prove that
=ab+bc+ca+abc
OR
b+ c
a
a
b c +a
b
c
c
a+b
11.
If
x y = e(x y )
then show that
=4abc
dy
logx
=
dx (logxe)2
OR
sin x x
Differentiate with respect to x
)+
,
show that (1-x2)
12.
If y= sin1 x
13.
Solve the differential equation
d2 y
d x2
-x
sec x
x
cos
dy
=0
dx
dy
-y=
dx
sin x
3x
( 5 x2 ) dx
( 2+2 x+1)
14.
sinx dx
(1cosx)( 2)
15. A man is known to speak truth 3 out of 4 times. He throws a die and
reports that it is a six. Find the probability that it is actually a six.
dy
16 . Solve the following D.E ( x 2 +1)
+2xy = x2 + 4.
dx
17.Form the differential equation representing the family of ellipses
having foci on x-axis and centre at the origin.
^ ^j+ 4 k^
2 i+3
) and
r =i^ +2 ^j +3 k^ +
^
^j+5 k^ + (3 i+4
^
^j+5 k^ )
r =2 i+4
19. Find a unit vector perpendicular to the plane of triangle ABC where the
vertices are A(3,-1,2) B(1,-1,-3) and C(4,-3,1)
111
Section C
20.
Let f:N->R be a function defined as f(x)=4x2+12x+15.Show that f:N>s where S is the range of f is invertible .Find the inverse of f.
21.
Prove that the volume of the largest cone that can be inscribed in a
8
sphere of radius R is
of the volume of the sphere.
27
OR
If the sum of hypotenuse and a side of a right angled triangle is
given .show
that the area of triangle is maximum when angle between
them is
.
3
22.
Using properties of definite integral ,evaluate
log ( 1+cosx ) dx
0
OR
4
Evaluate as limit of sums
( x +e 2 x ) dx
0
23.
Find the area of the region {(x,y):y2 4x,4x2+4y2 9}
24.
Two cards are drawn successively without replacement from a well
shuffled
pack of 52 cards. Find the mean,varianceand standard deviation of the
number of Kings?.
x +2
2 y +3
25.
Find the distance of the point (-2,3,-4) from the line
=
3
4
3 z +4
=
measured parallel to the plane 4x+12y- 3z+1=0
5
OR
Find the equation of the plane through the intersection of the planes
^ 3 ^j ) 6 =0 and r .( 3 i
^ ^j4 k^ ) = 0,whose
r .( i+
perpendicular
distance from the origin is unity.
26. An aero plane can carry a maximum of two hundred passengers. A
profit of Rs. 1000 is made on each executive class ticket and a profit of
Rs 600 is made on each economic class ticket. the airline reserves at least
20 seats for executive class . However, at least four times as many
passengers prefer to travel by economy class, than by executive class.
Determine how many tickets of each type must be sold in order to
maximize the profit for the airline? what is the profit? Form a LPP and
solve graphically?
Aero plane is the fastest means of transportation
and reduces travelling time, so what is the importance of time?
112
SCORING KEY
SECTION A
1. x=2
(1)
1
2.
tan(7-4x)+c
4
(1)
3. 764
(1)
3
4
i^ + k^
4. r^ =
5
5
(1)
5
5.
2
(1)
6. 5
(1)
SECTION B
x +1+ x1
7. 1( x +1)(x1) )
tan1
(1)
2x
= 8/31
2
2x
( 1)
4x2 +31x-8=0
(1)
X=1/4 x=-8(not possible)
(1)
8. let x,y and z be the awarded money for honesty ,regularity and
hardwork
A.T.Q the system of equations are:
X+y+z =6000 , x+3z =11000, x-2y+z=0
(1)
Wkt
AX = B
1 1 1
x
6000
Where A = 1 0 3 , X = y
, B = 11000
1 2 1
z
0
(1/2)
6 3 3
1
-1
Getting A =
2
0 2
6
2 3 1
1
(1
)
2
Applying X = A-1B to getting x=500,y=2000,z=3500
0 1 2
1 0 0
9. Write A = IA
=
A
1 2 3
0 1 0
3 1 1
0 0 1
-----------------------------1/2
[ ]
[]
[ ]
[ ]
113
For R1 R2
----------------------------------------------------------
For R3 R3 - 3R1
--------------------------------------- 1/2
1 2 2
0 1 1
=
A
0 1 2
1 0 0
3 1 1
0 3 1
R1 R1 - 2R2
1 0 1
2 1 0
=
A -------------------------------------------------1/2
0 1
2
1
0 0
0 5 8
0 3 1
R3 R3 + 5R2
1 0 1
2 1 0
=
A
0 1 2
1
0 0
0 0 2
5 3 1
1
For R3
R3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1/2
2
For R1 R1 + R3 ---------------------------------------------------------1 /2
R2 R2 - 2R3
1
1
1
1 0 0
2
2
2
=
A --------------------------------------------------1/2
4 3 1
0 1 0
0 0 1
5 3 1
2
2
2
[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
A-1 =
1
1
1
2
2
2
4 3 1
5 3 1
2
2
2
--------------------------------------------------1/2
10.Taking out a,b,cfrom R1, R2, R3

1
+1 1 /a 1/a
a
1
+1 1/b
abc 1 /b
b
1
1/c 1/c
+1
c
(1)
Applying R1 R1+R2+R3
(1)
Applying C2 C2-C1 ,C3 C3 C1
(1)
Expand along R1 to get the answer
(1)
OR
Applying R1 R1+ R2+ R3
(1)
114
Taking 2 as common factor from R1

(1)
Apply R2 R2 R1 , R3 R3- R1
(1)
Apply R1
R1+R2+R3
(1/2)
Expand along R1 to get the answer
(1/2)
11.
Taking log on both sides
y logx=( x y ) log e
1
x+ loge
(loge=1)
log =xloge
y
x
y=
logx+1
Differentiating w.r.t x, using quotient form

dy
logx
=
dx (logx +1)2
2
But loge =1
dy
logx
=
dx (logx +loge)2
logx
=
2
(logex )
OR
u= . sinx x v=cosx sinx
y= u+v
dy du dv
= +
dx dx dx
u=sinx x
Taking log on both sides
log u=xlog sinx
Differentiating & simplifying
sinx
du
= xcotx+ log
dx
sinx x
1
1
2
Similarly
cosx
sinx tanx+cosx log
dv
sinx
=cosx
dx
1
2
sinx
xcotx+log
cosx
sinx tanx+cosx log
dy
Hence =sinx x
dx
12.
y= sin 1 x
dy
1
=
dx 1x 2
1
1x 2 dy
=1
dx
Differentiating w.r.t x
2
dy x
=0
1x 2 d y2 dx
dx
1x 2
2
d2 y
dy
2
x =0
Hence ( 1x )
2
dx
dx
1
13 Solution
P = - cos x
Q = sin x cos x
I.F = esin x
sin x
Solution is y esin x = sin x cos x e
dx
t
= t e
dt
x +1
=- esin x (
+c
sin
Y=- sin x - 1 + c e sin x
14.. 5 x2= A ( 6 x +2 ) +B
equating & finding value of A & B

A = 5/6 , B = -11/3
1
5
6 x +2
11
1
2
dx 2
dx
6 3 x + 2 x +1
3 3 x + 2 x +1
Integrating ,
= 5/6 log |3 x 2+2 x +1|
11 /3 2
1+ 1
put
1
cos x=u
, differentiating ,
tan 1 (
3 x+1
)
2
115
sin x
+c
OR
sin x dx=du ,
1
A
B
+
,
(1u)(2u)
(1U )
(2U )
Solving & getting the value of A & B , A = -1 , B = 1 ,
1
integrating ,
=t
116
x
2cos
( 1cosx )
+c
sinx
15. A : He report that it is 6
1+1
E1 : Getting Head
E1 :Not getting Head
for each
For P(E1 ), P( E2 ), P(A/E1), P(A/E2)
For final answer
16,Solution
2 xy
P= 2
x +1
Q=
X 2+4
Mark
2 Marks
Mark
I.F = 1+ x 2
X +1
Solution is y(1+
)=
=
x 2+ 4
x +1
x 2+ 4
1+ x 2
dx
x 2
x 4 2 log x x 2 4 c
2
(2)
17.Equation of the family of ellipses,
X2/a2+y2/b2 =1
(1)
y
dy
Differentiating and get,
(
) = -b2/a2
x
dx
(1)
Diff ertiate and simplify
(1+1)
^
^ k^
18.
a2
a1=i+2 i+2
( 1/2)
i^ ^j k^
^ ^j k^
b1 X
b2 = 2 3 4 = i+2
3 4 5
(1)
|b1 x b 2| = 6
(1/2)
| |
Shortest distance =
(1)
= 1/
(1)
a2
a1 ) .(
b1 x
b 2)
(
b1 x
b 2|
|
dx
117
19.Getting the equation of the plane ABC

(2)
Getting perpendicular vector
(1)
Getting the required unit vector
(1)
SECTION C
20 Let y be an arbitrary element of range f .
then y =4x2 + 12x +15 , for some x in N
x=
y 63
2
, as y 6
Let us define g: S -> N by g(y) =
y 63
2
(1)
gof(x)=g(f(x) = g(4x2 + 12x + 15) = g((2x+3)2 + 6)
(1)
(2 x +3)2+ 663
2
(1)
Similarly getting
(2)
2 x +33
2
=x
fog(y) = y
Hence gof = IN and fog =IS => f is invertible with f-1 = g

(1)
R2 = x2 + r2
21.
(1)
V=
=
1
3
r2h
1
3
(1)
dV/dx =
(R2 x2)(R+x)
1
3
(R2 2R x 3X2)
(1)
dV/dx = 0 => x = R/3
d2 v
<0
for x= R/3
dx 2
So V is maximum for x = R/3
(1)
(1)
V=
1
27
4
(
3
118
r3)
(1)
OR
let h and x be the length of the hypotenuse and one side of a right
triangle and y be the length of the third side,
Let A be the area of the triangle
1
1
A=
X.Y =
X. h2x 2
2
2
(1)
1
Z = A2 =
( k2x2 2kx3)
4
(1)
dz
1
=
(2k2x 6kx2)
dx
4
(1)
dz
k
=0= x=
dx
3
(1)
d2 z
< 0 for x = k/3
dx 2
(1)
Z is maxima at x = k/3 and h = 2k/3
22. Ans: -
So Cos =
= /3
- log2
(1)
OR
15+ e
2
23. to draw the correct graph
(1)
To get the point of intersection
to get the area in terms of integration
1
9
9
ans =
+
sin-1(1/3)
8
4
3 2
(2)
. 24 P(X=0) = 188/221
P(X=1) = 32/221
P(X=2) = 1/221
Mean = 34/221
Variance = 6800/2212
Standard deviation = 0.37
.25 Getting the equation of the line
(1)
Getting the general point
Ans:-
Getting the value of

(2)
B(4,5/2,2)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
=2
(1)
119
AB = 17/2
(1)
.26 Value points
marks
Let the number of executive class tickets be x

Let the number of economic class tickets be y
Now the LPP is given by
Maximize : Z = 1000x + 600y
Subject to constraints : x+y 200
x 20 , y 4x , x,y 0
1
the required feasible region is given below
y
240
200
160
120
80
40
(2)
0
40 80
120
160 200
240
Hence ABC is the feasible region. The corner points of the

region are A(20,180) , B(40,160) and C(20,80)
Now we can find the profit Z at the various corner points
Corner points
A(20,180)
Z = 1000x + 600y
Rs 128000
B(40,160)
Rs 136000 (Maximum)
C(20,80)
Rs 68000
(1)
Conclusion the maximum profit is Rs 136000 and is

achieved when 40 tickets of executive class and 160 tickets of
economic class is sold.
(1)
Time is important as it does not wait for anyone.it is
commonly said that time and tide waits for none .we can never get
back the lost time.
(1)
(for any other points related to importance of time )
120
-------------------------------------------------------
Tips for scoring well in the exam

Pre-exam preparations
Create a positive attitude. You may ask "how does creating a good
attitude supposed to boost up my mark?" Well, if you create a good
attitude in studying and think positive things about studying, it's likely
that you will start liking a subject that you were really not fond of before.
You may also get marks for having a good attitude and for not disrupting a
class.
121
Attend your classes regularly. If you attend classes daily instead of

skipping them, you will be there to listen to all the lessons the teachers
are teaching and won't miss important days. It's likely that you will
remember or learn more if you are in class when the teacher is teaching
than if you skipped class and then take notes later on.
Set goals for yourself. Set goals like 'get good marks in math, science
etc' for yourself and then try your hardest to achieve those goals. If you
fail once, don't give up, keep trying.
Do your homework daily. When you get homework, do it, don't leave it.
If you're tempted to watch your favourite TV show instead of do
homework, think about it this way: Is your favourite TV show going to help
you get to a good university and possibly help you achieve the job of your
dreams? If the answer is yes, then by all means watch the show.
Homework is important because it gives you practice on the subject that
you are learning. Always do your homework.
Ask for help when you need it. If you have a question on something,
ask for help, don't just leave it behind. You can ask anybody who has
knowledge on the subject that you need help with like your parents,
teacher, brother or sister. It will most definitely help you in tests and
quizzes.
Manage your time effectively. It will help you reduce anxiety and focus
on studying. If you have a test next week, start studying now. Try not to
study at the last minute and cram the night before. Try studying 1 or 2
hours daily and leave a half hour for homework. If you study before you do
homework, it will help you do your homework faster and help you
understand the subject better.
Always review. After school, review what you learned that day
Develop test smarts. This will really help and increase your confidence
when taking exams if you're familiar with the typical exam format,
common errors to avoid, and know how the concepts in a subject area
usually tested.
Know your personal learning style. It will help you maximize your
learning by using effective study techniques, developing meaningful
notes, and making the most efficient use of your study time.
Linguistic learner: learns best by saying, hearing and seeing

words; is good at memorizing things such as dates, places, names and
facts.
Logical/mathematical learner: learns best by categorizing,

classifying and working with abstract relationships; is good at
mathematics, problem solving and reasoning.
122
Spatial learner: learns best by visualizing, seeing, working with

pictures, is good at puzzles, imaging things, and reading maps and
charts.
Musical learner: learns best by hearing, rhythm, melody, and

music; is good at remembering tones, rhythms and melodies, picking
up sounds.
Bodily/kinesthetic learner: learns best by touching, moving, and

processing knowledge through bodily sensations; is good at physical
activity.
Interpersonal learner: learns best by sharing, comparing, relating,

cooperating; is good at organizing, communicating, leading, and
understanding others.
Intrapersonal learner: learns best by working alone,

individualized projects, and self-paced instruction.
During Exams;
Have food in time and sleep in time
Focus on the question paper and identify which questions can be answered
thoroughly
Attempt all the questions
Answer the questions as per your knowledge and skills.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Solved questions with value points

Tips for scoring well

MARKING SCHEME OF CLASS XII MATHEMATICS

Relations and Functions

Vectors and 3-D Geometry

Unit I: Relations and Functions

Unit III: Calculus

Definite integrals as a limit of a sum, Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (without proof).

Unit IV: Vectors and Three-Dimensional Geometry

Horizontal line test:

Composition of Functions and Invertible Function

Inverse of a Bijective Function

Inverse of an element, if it exists, is unique.

Chapter 2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions

0 < y < 180

(mk)A = m(kA) =k(mA)

Note: AxB is not equal to BxA

Symmetric matrix. For a symmetric matrix A = AT i.e. aij = aji

Skew -symmetric matrix. For a skew-symmetric matrix AT = - A i.e. aji = - aij.

A - AT is a skew - symmetric matrix.

Every square matrix A can be expressed as a sum of a symmetric P and skew

Elementary transformation - Following elementary row or column transformations can be

Interchange of any two rows or columns.

Multiplication of any row or column by any non-zero number(scalar)

Working rule to find A-1 by elementary transformations

Write A = AIn, apply elementary column transformations to both the matrices A on

(ii) Second Order Determinant

Evaluation of Determinant of Square Matrix of Order 3 by Sarrus Rule

then determinant can be formed by enlarging the matrix by adjoining

(x) If each element of row (column) of a determinant is expressed as a sum of two

Important Results on Determinants

|AB| = |A||B| , where A and B are square matrices of the

(ix) In general, |B + C| |B| + |C|

Adjoint of a Matrix - Adjoint of a matrix is the transpose of the matrix of cofactors of

Properties of Minors and Cofactors

= 1 / 2 [x1 (y2 y3) + x2 (y3 y1) + x3 (y1 y2)]

SOLVING SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS USING INVERSE MATRIX METHOD

The unknowns are denoted by x1,x2,...xn and the

which can be expressed in matrix equation as

A-1 (AX) = A-1 B

Evaluate . Refer the note given below.

Evaluate the cofactors of elements of A.

Form the adjoint of A as the matrix of cofactors

Calculate inverse of A and X.

For homogeneous system of linear equations, AX = 0 (B = 0)

Chapter 5 Continuity and Differentiability

A function f is differentiable if it is continuous.

Parametric differentiation: if y =f(t), x= g(t) then,

MEAN VALUE THEOREMS

GEOMETRICAL INTERPRETATION OF ROLLES THEOREM

1. We first check whether f(x) satisfies conditions of Rolles Theorem or not.

Chapter 6 Application of Derivatives

APPROXIMATIONS, DIFFERENTIALS AND ERRORS

Percentage error - Approximation -

1. Take the quantity given in the question as y +k = f(x + h)

Tangents and normals

INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTION

STRICTLY DECREASING FUNCTION: A function f(x) is said to be a strictly increasing function on

NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT CONDITION FOR MONOTONICITY OF FUNCTION

LOCAL MAXIMA AND LOCAL MINIMA

First Derivatives Test for finding the Local Extremum