Equilibrium of Particles F2F Notes

Chapter 1
Statics of Particles
EG1109
Statics and Mechanics of Materials
1
Overview
Concept of Force
Principle of Transmissibility
Free Body Diagram
Parallelogram Law
Cartesian Components
What is a Particle?
Equilibrium of a Particle
EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials
Force is a vector magnitude and direction

F
Effect of force when applied to a body, it has

the effect of tending to translate the body in a
direction along its line of action
EG1109 STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Effect of a Force Same Along Line

of Action
F F F F F F F F F FF
A free-body diagram is a sketch of an object or a connected group of

objects, modeled as a single particle/rigid body that is completely
isolated from its environment or surrounding bodies and represents
the interactions of its environment by appropriate external forces (and
moments).
Drawing a free-body diagram is an art, and can be learned only by
practice. If a correct free-body diagram is constructed, then the
balance of the forces can be carried out in a very systematic manner.
No equilibrium problem should be solved without first drawing the

free-body diagram, so as to account for all the forces and couple
moments that act on the free-body.
FB
FA
40o
A
W = 500 N
Drawing Free Body Diagram

Draw Outlined Shape
Isolate the object from its surroundings; supports, cables, etc.
Show All Forces

Indicate all forces acting on the isolated body. Forces usually consists
of active forces (applied load, self weight) and passive forces (support
reactions, cable tension, spring force).
Label Loads and Dimensions

Label the known forces with their magnitude. For the unknown forces,
we typically use letters followed by their directions, for example Ax, Ay.
Show the relevant dimensions as well.
External and Internal Forces

W
W
T3
T3
T1
T1
T2
T2
W
Example 1.1
Draw the free body diagram of a moving trolley system as shown in
the figure.
Idealized Model
x
Start with sketching the idealized model.
Next, isolate the trolley system from the supporting beam.

x
Since the problem is

symmetrical, the two
reaction forces will be
the same.
Ry
Ry
P
On the supporting beam, the reaction forces will go in the opposite

direction.
Ry
Ry
10
Example 1.2
The figure below shows a floating crane in operation. Draw a free
body diagram of the crane boom. Assume frictionless pulley.
Crane boom
www.shipspotting.com
11
Idealized Model
From the idealized model, we can start by isolating the load and the
cables attached to it.
T2
T1
The magnitude of T1 and T2 depends on
the location of the loads C.G.
W
12
Transfer the cable forces to the crane boom free body diagram.
Since we assume that the pulleys are

frictionless, cable forces will remain the
same after going through pulleys.
T1
Axial force P acts on the supporting brace

member.
T2
Finally, the reaction forces of the pinned

connection.
T2
T1
Ry
Rx
W
13
Example 1.3
Draw a free body diagram of the crane boom and main body of the
mobile crane. Use the idealized model given and assume frictionless
pulley.
Idealized Model
14
Example 1.3
Solution
Idealized Model
Crane boom FBD

T1
Ry
T2
Wcrane
T1
Rx
Load to cable FBD
Crane main body FBD

T1
T1
Ry
T2
Rx
Wcrane
N
15
Example 1.4
A car is making turn with a constant speed. Draw the free body diagram
of the car.
Additional Info
Notice that the turning road is not
horizontal. In road design, the gentle
slope is called super elevation.
It is provided to overcome the
centrifugal force associated with the
moving car.
The super elevation design is based
on the cars free body diagram,
assuming a constant design turning
speed.
16
Example 1.4
Solution
R (Turn radius)
*e = super elevation
Top View
Section View
Isolate the car and identify all acting forces,

Wv 2
Centrifugal Force
gR
17
Example 1.5
Below is a picture of a cantilever beam supporting a staircase landing
at E1 building, NUS. Draw the free body diagram of the beam.
Close up view at the support
18
Example 1.6
Below is a picture of frames supporting walkway cover at Utown,
NUS. Draw the free body diagram of one typical frame.
19
Parallelogram Law
Sine rule
R
b
a
Sin Sin Sin
Cosine rule
R a 2 b2 2abCos
Does this method work if we have more than two vectors?

e
c
d
R =?
a
Yes, but we can only work on two

vectors at a time.
So we need to apply this method a few
times before getting the resultant.
20
Cartesian Components
Introduce a Cartesian coordinate
system.
Find the x and y components of
each vector
by
b
R
c
d
bx
X-axis direction
: ax, bx, cx, dx, ex
Y-axis direction
: ay, by, cy, dy, ey
Sum algebraically the x and y

components
Rx a x bx cx d x ex
R y a y by c y d y e y
R R R
2
x
2
y
Ry
tan
Rx
21
Example 1.7
Find the magnitude and direction (measured from horizontal axis) of the
resultant using parallelogram law.
30
30
22
Example 1.7
Solution
30
30
180 (30 30) 120

360 2( 30)
30
2
Sketch the parallelogram and the resultant

Find the necessary angles, in this case and
23
Example 1.7
30
30
R 3002 3502 2(300)(350)Cos
180 (30 30) 120

360 2( 30)
30
R 175.02 N
R
350
;
sin sin
89.13
For clarity, redraw the half portion of the parallelogram. Use

cosine rule to obtain R, and sine rule to obtain
24
Example 1.7
120
30
89.13
30.87
Resultant direction measured from the horizontal axis is equal
to -
25
Example 1.8
Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant using parallelogram law.
30
30
40
26
Example 1.8
Solution
30
30
40
Find F2 + F3. Use the same procedure as

in example 1.1
Find the final resultant; R = (F2 + F3) + F1
You can start other forces as well, different
sequence will not affect the final resultant.
27
Example 1.9
An eyebolt is connected to a heavy object. Three workers are trying to
move the object by attaching ropes and pulling it. Each worker exerts
force with different magnitude and direction.
Determine the force resultant and predict the direction of the object
movement.
Use the summation of
Cartesian components.
y
F3 = 50 N
30
x
25 45
F1 = 80 N
F2 = 120 N
28
Example 1.9
Solution
Calculate the Cartesian components of each force
F1x F1 sin 25 33.81 N
F1 y F1 cos 25 72.50 N
Sign Convention!!
(+) ;
(+) ;
(+)
F2 x F2 sin 45 84.85 N
F2 y F2 cos 45 84.85 N
F3 x F3 cos 30 43.30 N
F3 y F3 sin 30 25 N
F3 = 50 N
F3y
30
F1x
F3x
F2x
25 45
Sum each components accordingly

Rx F1x F2 x F3 x 94.34 N
F1y
F1 = 80 N
F2y
F2 = 120 N
Ry F1 y F2 y F3 y 132.35 N
29
Example 1.9
Calculate the resultants magnitude and direction
R Rx 2 Ry 2 162.53 N
R
tan 1 y
Rx
Sign Convention!!
(+) ;
1 132.35
tan
54.52
94.34
(+) ;
(+)
54.52
Ry 1352.35 N
Rx 94.34 N162.53 N
30
Example 1.10
A trolley is subjected to two forces as shown.
Given that = 30, determine by parallelogram law the magnitude of P

such that the resultant force exerted on the trolley is vertical.
Also, determine the corresponding resultant force.
20
1400 N
P
Example 1.10
Solution
Key Information: Direction of the resultant is required to be vertical. So
we can start by sketching the parallelogram.
20
20
30
1400
P
R
sin 30 sin sin
R=?
R=?
30
P =.
R=.
Try using the concept of

summation of Cartesian
components to solve
this problem.
Once we have determined the angles and , obtaining P and R would

be very straight forward.
32
A Body Acted By Concurrent Forces May Be

Treated As A Particle (Dimensions Not Important)
y
n
Fn
F2
R Fi
i 1
0
z
F1
x
zero the particle is

If the resultant force on a particle is ______,
equilibrium
said to be in _______________.
Rx Fx ,i 0
n
i 1
R Fi 0
i 1
R y F y ,i 0
i 1
Example 1.11
If the weight of the beam is 3000 N and rope AB and BC can only sustain
6500 N, determine the shortest total rope length for this lifting.
C.G.
3m
36
Example 1.11
Solution
B
Draw a free body diagram of point B
Force in the chain must be

equal to the beam weight
3m
Equations of equilibrium
+
+
F
F
0;
TAB cos TBC cos 0
0;
TAB sin TBC sin 3000 0
Solving the equations, we obtain

TAB TBC T
3000
= ?
sin
T= ?
2T
W = 3000 N
TAB
TBC
Free body diagram
Smaller angles require shorter rope yet produce higher rope forces
37
Therefore substituting the ropes capacity into T will give us the

smallest angle and the shortest rope length possible.
3000
sin
;
2(6500)
3000
sin
13.34
2(6500)
1.5
3.08 m
cos13.34
Shortest rope length = 2
If AB is only 1.4 m while BC is 1.8 m,

what will happen?
A
3m
Can you calculate the tension forces

in AB and BC?
38
Example 1.12
A 100kg tank is to be lifted using rope and pulley system as shown below.
You are given a 2m rope to be attached to two lifting points. Decide which
lifting points to use in order to minimize the rope force (A-B or C-D). Also,
determine the magnitude of the rope force. (assume frictionless pulley)
The pulley is located exactly

above the tanks C.G.
0.3 m
0.3 m
0.6 m
0.6 m
39
Example 1.12
Hint
Note that for a frictionless pulley, the rope forces on either side are equal.
Therefore, by applying Fx = 0 we will prove that the angle must be the
same on both sides.
Next, you can apply Fy = 0 to obtain the relationship
between T and .
T = .
You can obtain for each lifting configurations and

check their corresponding T.
T
Free body diagram
40
Example 1.12
Solution
W
+
+
F
F
0;
T cos left T cos right 0;
0;
W T sin left T sin left 0;
Solving the equations, we obtain
left right
left
right
W
T
2sin
Free body diagram
41
Example 1.12
For lifting points A-B,
0.6
cos
53.13
1
(100*9.81)
T
613.13 N
2sin 53.13
1
For lifting points C-D,
0.3
cos
72.54
1
(100*9.81)
T
514.19 N
2sin 72.54
0.6 m
0.6 m
0.3 m
0.3 m
42
Example 1.13
If the total length of cable ABC is 2.5m, determine x and tension in the
cable when the system is in equilibrium. Neglect the pulley dimension and
assume a frictionless pulley.
1.5 m
C
0.3 m
25 kg
43
Example 1.13
Hint
T
Frictionless pulley
Total length of cable ABC is 2.5m, therefore;
x
(1.5 x)
2.5 = ., T = .
cos
cos
1.5 m
C
0.3 m
After is known, x can be easily

calculated from triangle geometry.
25 kg
44
Solution
Find , T :
+
+
0;
left right
0;
F
F
left
(25*9.81)
2sin
25 kg
Total length of cable ABC is 2.5m,
x
(1.5 x)
2.5
cos
cos
1.5
cos
2.5
53.13
right
1.5 m
C
0.3 m
(25*9.81)
153.28 N
Therefore, T
2sin 53.13
25 kg
45
Find x :
1.5 m
1.5-2x
C
0.3 m
B
1.5-x
53.13
tan 53.13
1.5-x
25 kg
0.3
1.33
1.5 2 x
x 0.64 m
46

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Chapter 1

Force is a vector magnitude and direction

Effect of force when applied to a body, it has

EG1109 STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Effect of a Force Same Along Line

EG1109 STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

A free-body diagram is a sketch of an object or a connected group of

No equilibrium problem should be solved without first drawing the

EG1109 STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Drawing Free Body Diagram

Show All Forces

Label Loads and Dimensions

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

External and Internal Forces

Start with sketching the idealized model.

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

Next, isolate the trolley system from the supporting beam.

Since the problem is

On the supporting beam, the reaction forces will go in the opposite

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

Since we assume that the pulleys are

Axial force P acts on the supporting brace

Finally, the reaction forces of the pinned

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

Crane boom FBD

Load to cable FBD

Crane main body FBD

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

Isolate the car and identify all acting forces,

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

Close up view at the support

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

Sin Sin Sin

Does this method work if we have more than two vectors?

Yes, but we can only work on two

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

: ax, bx, cx, dx, ex

: ay, by, cy, dy, ey

Sum algebraically the x and y

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

180 (30 30) 120

Sketch the parallelogram and the resultant

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

R 3002 3502 2(300)(350)Cos

180 (30 30) 120

For clarity, redraw the half portion of the parallelogram. Use

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

Find F2 + F3. Use the same procedure as

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

Sum each components accordingly

EG1109 Statics and Mechanics of Materials

Given that = 30, determine by parallelogram law the magnitude of P

sin 30 sin sin

Try using the concept of

Once we have determined the angles and , obtaining P and R would

A Body Acted By Concurrent Forces May Be

EG1109 STATICS AND MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

zero the particle is