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UNCERTAINTY
Manuel Salazar
Maria Vega
CONTENTS
Ley de Gay-Lussac
IDEAL GAS LAW
Ley de Boyle
Elemento
Proporcin
Proporcin
en volumen
en peso
Nitrgeno
78,14
75,6
Oxigeno
20,92
23,1
0,94
0,3
Argn
-3
1 10
-4
0,7 10
-4
3 10
-5
0,35 10
-5
4 10
Nen
1,5 10
Helio
5 10
Criptn
1 10
Hidrogeno
5 10
Xenn
1 10
-3
-4
-4
-5
-5
P.V = n . R . T
n = m/Mr
As function of altitude
Using a refractometer
Air buoyancy artefacts methods
Equation CIPM /81
Approximate equation
H = geopotencial altitude
Z = geometrical altitude
To = Temperature K
Po = Atmospheric Pressure
vacio
n=
aire
vacio
laser frequency locked to one transmission peak of the interferometer under vacuum
aire
the frequency locked to the same peak of the interferometer placed in air.
maire = I 1 I 2 + (Vm1 Vm 2 )
I1 e I2 balance readings in air mass 1 and mass2
Vm1 e Vm2 volume of m 1 y m 2
air density
m
=I I
vaco
I 3 I 4 ( I 1 I 2 S )
Vm1 Vm 2
Where
x v = hf ( p, t )
p sv (t )
p
P pressure
T thermodynamic temperature 273,15 + t
Mv molar mass of the water
Z compressibility factor
R molar gases constant
METHOD
psychrometer
Thermodynamic
hygrometer of hair or
others materials
Hygroscopic
Hygrometer of dew
point
Condensation
Hygrometer of Chemist
absorption
Gravimetric
Hygrometer digital
Variation of
electrical
properties
.8
a( 19, 40 %, p)
0.8
1.2
0.79
0.78
1.2
1.16
1.12
a( 19 , 50% , p )
1.08
0.77
a( 20, 40 %, p) 0.76
a( 24, 40 %, p) 0.73
a( 20 , 50% , p ) 1.04
1
a( 21 , 50% , p )
0.96
a( 24 , 50% , p ) 0.92
0.72
0.88
a( 21, 40 %, p)
0.75
0.74
0.71
0.7 0.7
600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700
600
700
0.84
0.8 0.8
660 694 728 762 796 830 864 898 932 966 1000
660
1000
CHART
1.2
1.15
1.1
a 20 , h r , 1000
1.05
(
)
a( 20 , h r , 800)
1
0.95
a( 20 , h r , 700)
0.9
a( 20 , h r , 600) 0.85
0.8
0.75
0.7 0.7
40
42
44
46
48
40
50
52
hr
Relative humidity 40 % - 60 %,
temperature 20 C ,
pressure 600 mbar 1000 mbar
54
56
58
60
60
1.2
1.17
1.14
1.11
a( t , 40 , 1000) 1.08
1.05
a( t , 40 , 800)
1.02
0.99
0.96
0.93
0.929 0.9
25
pM a
ZRT
Where:
p
Ma
Z
R
T
Xv
Mv
M v
1 x v 1
M a
Compressibility factor, Z
p
p2
2
2
Z = 1 a 0 + a1t + a 2 t + (b0 + b1t )x v + (c 0 + c1t )x v + 2 d + ex v2
T
T
Where:
p
Air pressure in Pa
T
Air temperature in K
t
Environmental temperature in oC
a0
1, 581 23 X 10-6 K Pa-1
a1
-2,9331 x 10-8 Pa-1
a2
1,1043 x 10-10 K-1 Pa-1
b0
5,707 x 10-6 K Pa-1
b1
-2,051 X 10-8 Pa-1
C0
1.9898 x 10-4 K Pa-1
C1
- 2,376 x 10-6 Pa-1
d
1,83 x 10-11K2Pa-2
e
-0,765 x 10-8 K2Pa-2
p sv (t )
x v = hf ( p, t )
p
p sv
p sv (t r )
X v = f ( p, t r )
p
Where:
Relative humidity
h
p sv
Pressure of saturated steam
f ( p, tr ) Fugacity factor
f = + p + t 2
Where:
1,000 62
Air pressure in Pa
p sv = 1Pax exp AT 2 + BT + C +
T
Where:
dew point
up = u 2p1 + u 2p 2 + u 2p 3
Calibration of barometric
u p1 =
Resolution of barometric
u p2 =
Variation of
atmospheric pressure
during calibration
up3 =
UB
k
dB
12
p+ p
24
Environmental conditions
Resolution of instrument
Variation of temperature
during calibration
Ut
u t1 =
k
ut 2 =
ut 3 =
dt
12
t+ t
24
Uh
u h1 =
k
Resolution of hygrometer
uh2 =
u h3 =
dh
12
h+ h
24
Sensitivity Coefficient
Pressure
a a Z a Z X v f a Z X v a X v f a Xv
+
+
+
+
cp =
+
p Z p Z X v f p Z X v p X v f p Xv p
Temperature
a Z T a Z a Z Xv f a Z Xv Psv T
+
+
Z T t Z t Z Xv f t Z Xv Psv T t
ct =
T
X
f
X
P
T
a
a
v
a
v
sv
+
+
T t Xv f t Xv Psv T t
Relative humidity.
a Z Xv a Xv
Ch =
v
v
Where:
T
=1
t
Psv
D
D
= exp AT 2 + BT + C + 2 AT + B 2
T
T
T
f
= = 3,14 x10 8 Pa 1
p
f
= 2t
t
X v
fPsv
=
h
p
x v hPsv
=
f
p
xv hfPsv
=
p
p2
X v hf
=
p
Psv
2p
Z 1
2
2
a0 + a1t + a2t + (b0 + b1t )X v + (C0 + C1t ) X v + 2 d + exv2
=
p T
T
2
2
p
Z p
= 2 a0 + a1t + a2t 2 +(b0 +b1t)Xv +(Co +C1t)Xv2 3 d +ex2v
T T
T
Z p
=
a1 + 2a 2 t + b1 X v + c1X v2
T
t
2 p 2 eX v
Z
p
(b 0 + b1t + 2 c o x v + 2 c1tx v ) +
=
X v
T
T2
Mv
Ma
=
1 Xv1
p ZRT
Ma
pM a
= 2
Z
Z RT
M v
x
1
v 1
M
a
pM a
=
T
ZRT 2
M v
X
1
v 1
M a
pM a M v
1
=
ZRT M a
X v
pM a
=
R
ZR 2T
M v
Xv1
M a
Constant R
a
CR =
C ec = 1
Equation
Uncertainty evalation
up =
[c u(x )]
i
Degrees of freedom
vef =
u4
n
4
xt
u
t v
t
u 4
u 4p
ut4 u h4 u R4 uec4
+ + +
+
v p vt vh vR vec
Expanded uncertainty
U = k up
up =
(c u(x ))
i
N 1
+ 2
c c u (x )u (x )r (x , x )
( )
N
i =1 j i +1
Where :
( )(
()( )
( )(
()( )
n
1
t k t pk p
n(n 1) k =1
r (t , p ) =
st s p
n
1
t k t hk h
n(n 1) k =1
r (t , h ) =
st sh
(
)(
( )( )
n
1
p k p hk h
n(n 1) k =1
r ( p, h ) =
s psh
Reference