Scribd

Scribd /skrbd/ is a digital library and e-book,

audiobook and comic book subscription service that includes one million titles.[2][3][4][5] In addition, Scribd
hosts 60 million documents on its open publishing
platform.[6]

writers to easily upload and sell digital copies of their

work online.[21] That same month, the site partnered with
Simon & Schuster to sell e-books on Scribd.[22] The deal
made digital editions of 5,000 titles available for purchase
on Scribd, including books from bestselling authors like
[23]
Founded in 2007 by Trip Adler, Jared Friedman and Stephen King, Dan Brown, and Mary Higgins Clark.
Tikhon Bernstam and headquartered in San Francisco, In October 2009, Scribd launched its branded reader for
California, the company is backed by Khosla Ventures, Y media companies including The New York Times, Los
Combinator, Charles River Ventures, and Redpoint Ven- Angeles Times, Chicago Tribune, The Hungton Post,
tures. [7] Scribds e-book subscription service is avail- TechCrunch, and MediaBistro.[24] ProQuest began pubable on Android and iOS smartphones and tablets, as lishing dissertations and theses on Scribd in Decemwell as the Kindle Fire, Nook, and personal comput- ber 2009.[25] In August 2010, many notable documents
ers. Subscribers can access unlimited books from 1,000 hosted on Scribd began to go viral, including the Calipublishers, including HarperCollins, Simon & Schus- fornia Proposition 8 ruling, which received 6,000 views
ter, Harlequin, Houghton Miin Harcourt, Macmillan, per second, and HPs lawsuit against Mark Hurds move
Bloomsbury, Workman, Lonely Planet, Perseus Book to Oracle.[26] [27]
Group and Wiley. [8][9]
Scribd added audiobooks to their subscription ser- 1.2
vice in November 2014 and comic books in February
2015.[10][11] Scribd has 80 million users, and has been
referred to as the Netix for books.[12][13][14]

1
1.1

Subscription service (2013-present)

History
Founding (2007-2013)

Scribd began as a site to host and share documents.[13]

While at Harvard, Trip Adler was inspired to start Scribd
after learning about the lengthy process required to publish academic papers. [15] His father, a doctor at Stanford,
was told it would take 18 months to have his medical research published. [15] Adler wanted to create a simple way
to publish and share written content online. [16] He cofounded Scribd with Jared Friedman and attended the inaugural class of Y Combinator in the summer of 2006.[17]
There, Scribd received its initial $12,000 in seed funding
and then launched in a San Francisco apartment in March
2007.[6]

In October 2013, Scribd ocially launched its unlimited

subscription service for e-books.[28] This gave users unlimited access to Scribds library of digital books for a
at monthly fee.[29] The company also announced a partnership with HarperCollins which made the entire backlist of HarperCollins catalog available on the subscription
service.[30] According to Chantal Restivo-Alessi, chief
digital ocer at HarperCollins, this marked the rst time
that the publisher has released such a large portion of
its catalog.[31] In March 2014, Scribd announced a deal
with Lonely Planet, oering the travel publishers entire
library on its subscription service.[32]

Scribd was called the Youtube for documents, allowing anyone to self-publish on the site using its document
reader. [15] The document reader turns PDFs, Word documents, and PowerPoints into Web documents that can
be shared on any website that allows embeds. [18] In its
rst year, Scribd grew 218 percent with 23.5 million visitors as of November 2008. [19] It also ranked as one of In May 2014, Scribd further increased its subscription
the top 20 social media sites according to Comscore.[20] oering with 10,000 titles from Simon & Schuster. [33]
In June 2009, Scribd launched the Scribd Store, enabling These titles included works from authors such as: Stephen
1

4 TECHNOLOGY

King, Doris Kearns Goodwin, Ray Bradbury, Mary Hig- 3 Financials

gins Clark, Walter Isaacson, Chuck Klosterman, David
McCullough, and Ernest Hemingway. [34]
The company was initially funded with US$12,000 from
In February 2016, it was announced that only titles from Y Combinator in 2006, and received over US$3.7 mila rotating selection of the library would be available for lion in June 2007 from Redpoint Ventures and The Kin[49][50]
In December 2008, the company
unlimited reading, and in addition a subscriber will have a sey Hills Group.
credits to read three books and one audiobook per month raised US$9 million in a second round of funding led
from the entire library; unused credits roll over to the next by Charles River Ventures with re-investment from Redpoint Ventures and Kinsey Hills Group.[51] David O.
month.[35]
Sacks, former PayPal COO and founder of Yammer and
Geni, joined Scribds board of directors in January 2010.
[52]

1.3

Audiobooks

In January 2011, Scribd raised an additional US$13 million in a round led by MLC Investments of Australia and
SVB Capital.[53] In January 2015, the company raised
US$22 million in new funding from Khosla Ventures
with partner Keith Rabois joining the Scribd board of
directors.[54]

In November 2014, Scribd added audiobooks to its subscription library. [36] Wired noted that this was the rst
subscription service to oer unlimited access to audiobooks, and it represents a much larger shift in the way
digital content is consumed over the net. [37] In April
2015, the company expanded its audiobook catalog in a
deal with Penguin Random House.[38] This added 9,000 4 Technology
audiobooks to its platform including titles from authors
like Lena Dunham, John Grisham, Gillian Flynn, and In July 2008, Scribd began using iPaper, a rich document
George R.R. Martin.[39]
format similar to PDF built for the web, which allows
users to embed documents into a web page.[55] iPaper
was built with Adobe Flash, allowing it to be viewed the
same across dierent operating systems (Windows, Mac
1.4 Comics
OS, and Linux) without conversion, as long as the reader
has Flash installed (although Scribd has announced non[56]
All major document
In February 2015, Scribd introduced comics to its sub- Flash support for the iPhone).
[40]
scription service. The company added 10,000 comics types can be formatted into iPaper including Word docs,
and graphic novels from publishers including Marvel, PowerPoint presentations, PDFs, OpenDocument docuArchie, Boom! Studios, Dynamite, IDW, and Valiant.[11] ments, OpenOce.org XML documents, and PostScript
Through the service, subscribers now had access to se- les.
ries such as Guardians of the Galaxy, Daredevil, X-O All iPaper documents are hosted on Scribd. Scribd allows
Manowar, and The Avengers.[41][42]
published documents to either be private or open to the
larger Scribd community. The iPaper document viewer is
also embeddable in any website or blog, making it simple
to embed documents in their original layout regardless of
le format. Scribd iPaper required Flash cookies to be
2 Timeline
enabled, which is the default setting in Flash.[57]
On May 5, 2010, Scribd announced that they would be
converting the entire site to HTML5 at the Web 2.0 Conference in San Francisco.[58] TechCrunch reported that
Scribd is migrating away from Flash to HTML5. Scribd
co-founder and chief technology ocer Jared Friedman
tells me: 'We are scrapping three years of Flash development and betting the company on HTML5 because
we believe HTML5 is a dramatically better reading exScribd rolled out a redesign on September 13, 2010 to perience than Flash. Now any document can become
become, according to TechCrunch, the social network a Web page.'"[59] In July 2010 Publishers Weekly wrote
a cover story on Scribd entitled Betting the House on
for reading.[47]
[60]
In October 2013, Scribd launched its e-book subscrip- HTML5.
tion service, allowing readers to pay a at monthly fee Scribd has its own API to integrate external/thirdin exchange for unlimited access to all of Scribds book party applications,[61] but is no longer oering new API
accounts.[62]
titles.[48]
In February 2010, Scribd unveiled its rst mobile plans
for e-readers and smartphones.[43] In April 2010 Scribd
launched a new feature called Readcast,[44] which allows automatic sharing of documents on Facebook and
Twitter.[45] Also in April 2010, Scribd announced its integration of Facebook social plug-ins at the Facebook f8
Developer Conference.[46]

5.3

BookID

Since 2010, Scribd has been available on mobile phones

and e-readers, in addition to personal computers. As of
December 2013, Scribd is available through the various
app stores on iOS and Android smartphones and tablets,
as well as the Kindle Fire and Nook tablets.

removed when the news was published by The New York

Times.[78][79][80]

Following a decision of the Istanbul 12th Criminal Court

of Peace, dated 8 March 2013, access to Scribd is blocked
for Internet users in Turkey.[82]

Reception

Scribd has been praised by several newspapers and magazines, including The New York Times, Fast Company,
Forbes, and The Wall Street Journal.[63] The company has
been dubbed the Netix for e-books[28] by Wired, and is
a known pioneer of the all-you-can-read model for ebooks.[64] Its founders, Trip Adler and Jared Friedman,
have been named to Forbes 30 Under 30 and Inc. 35 Under 35.[65][66]
In April 2015, Los Angeles favorably reviewed Scribds
subscription service by saying, Subscribing to Scribd is
sort of like shopping at Trader Joes: you may not nd every product you want, but it sure as hell is convenient,
inexpensive, and downright delectable. [67] Scribd has
grown to more than 100 million users in 75 countries who
use the site on a monthly basis.[68] As of June 2015, the
Scribd app has been downloaded 5.7 million times on Android and 3.3 million times on iOS.[69]

In July 2010, GigaOM reported that the script of The Social Network (2010) movie was uploaded and leaked on
Scribd; it was promptly taken down per Sonys DMCA
request.[81]

5.3 BookID
To counteract the uploading of unauthorized content,
Scribd created BookID, an automated copyright protection system that helps authors and publishers identify
unauthorized use of their works on Scribd. [83] This proprietary technology works by analyzing documents for semantic data, meta data, images, and other elements and
creates an encoded ngerprint of the copyrighted work.
[84]
BookID is available for free for authors and publishers
whether or not they choose to make their content available
through the Scribd platform. [85]

6 Supported le formats

Notable users of Scribd include Virginia senator Mark

[86]
Warner,[70] former California gubernatorial candidate Supported formats include:
Meg Whitman, New York Times DealBook reporter
Microsoft Excel (.xls, .xlsx)
Andrew Ross Sorkin, All Things D Reporter Kara
Swisher, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission
Microsoft PowerPoint (.ppt, .pps, .pptx, .ppsx)
(FCC), Red Cross, UNICEF, World Economic Forum,
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, The
Microsoft Word (.doc, .docx)
World Bank, Ford Motor Company, Hewlett-Packard,
OpenDocument (.odt, .odp, .ods, .odf, .odg)
Samsung and the Hasmonean High School Living Torah.
OpenOce.org XML (.sxw, .sxi, .sxc, .sxd)

5.1

Accusations of copyright infringement

Scribd has been accused of copyright infringement. In

September 2009, American author Elaine Scott alleged
that Scribd shamelessly prots from the stolen copyrighted works of innumerable authors.[71] Her attorneys
sought class action status in their eorts to win damages
from Scribd for allegedly egregious copyright infringement and accused it of calculated copyright infringement
for prot.[72][73][74] The suit was dropped in July 2010.
[75][76]

Plain text (.txt)

Portable Document Format (.pdf)
PostScript (.ps)
Rich text format (.rtf)
Tagged image le format (.tif, .ti)

7 See also

In 2007, one year after its inception, Scribd was served

with 25 Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) takedown notices.[77]

Amazon Lending Library and Kindle Unlimited

5.2

Oyster (company)

Controversies

In March 2009, the passwords of several Comcast customers were leaked on Scribd. The passwords were later

Document collaboration

Wayback Machine
Webcite

References

[1] Scribd.com Site Info. Alexa Internet. Retrieved 201412-02.

[2] Alexandra Alter (April 16, 2015). Scribd Expands Audiobook Catalog in Deal With Penguin Random House.
The New York Times.

REFERENCES

[22] Brad Stone (11 July 2009). Simon & Schuster to Sell
Digital Books on Scribd.com. The New York Times.
Retrieved 11 October 2010.
[23] Brad Stone (June 12, 2009). Simon & Schuster to Sell
Digital Books on Scribd.com. The New York Times.
[24] From The Desk Of Your News Outlet And Scribd.
Reuters. 2009-10-07. Retrieved 2009-10-07.

[3] Zoran Basich (January 5, 2015). The Daily Startup. The

Wall Street Journal.

[25] Scribd to publish dissertations and theses. TeleRead.

November 17, 2009.

[4] Scribd Adds Audiobooks To All-You-Read Library, Piling Pressure On Amazon. Forbes. November 6, 2014.

[26] Liz Gannes (August 4, 2010). Prop 8 Ruling Is Scribds

Most Viral Doc Ever. Gigaom.

[5] Jacob Kastrenakes (April 16, 2015). Scribd adds over

9,000 more audiobooks to better take on Audible. The
Verge.

[27] MG Siegler (September 7, 2010). HP Conrms It Is Suing Mark Hurd For Potential Leakage Of Trade Secrets
To Oracle. Techcrunch.

[6] Scribd | Interview with its Co-Founder & CEO Trip

Adler. Cleverism. December 10, 2014.

[28] Metz, Cade. Scribd Challenges Amazon and Apple With

'Netix for Books". Wired. Retrieved 2013-12-30.

[7] Crunchbase. Crunchbase. January 2, 2015.

[29] Cade Metz (October 1, 2013). Scribd Challenges Amazon and Apple with Netix for Books". Wired.

[8] David Carnoy (January 29, 2014). Scribd extends ebook subscription app to Kindle Fire. CNet.
[9] Carolyn Kellogg (January 5, 2015). Scribd brings in
$22 million to expand e-book subscription service. LA
Times.
[10] Ryan Mac (November 6, 2014). Scribd Adds Audiobooks To All-You-Read Library, Piling Pressure On
Amazon. Forbes.
[11] Anthony Ha (February 10, 2015). Scribd Adds Comics
From Marvel, IDW, And Others To Its Subscription EBook Service. TechCrunch.
[12] Cade Metz (October 1, 2013). Scribd Challenges Amazon and Apple With Netix for Books". Wired.
[13] Andy Orin (June 11, 2014). Behind the App: The Story
of Scribd. Lifehacker.
[14] Jenna Schnuer (November 8, 2013). We Test It: Scribds
All-You-Can Read Digital Buet. Entrepreneur.
[15] Jill Kransy (June 24, 2014). Scribd: The Library of the
Future?". Inc.
[16] Best Young Tech Entrepreneurs 2010. Bloomberg.
[17] Scribd. Y Combinator.
[18] Robert MacMillan (October 7, 2009). From the desk of
[your news outlet] and Scribd. Reuters.
[19] Erick Schonfeld (December 31, 2008). Scribd Had
A Blowout Year, And So Did the Web Document.
Techcrunch.
[20] Scribd had a blowout year and so did the web document.
[21] Brad Stone (17 May 2009). Site Lets Writers Sell Digital
Copies. The New York Times. Retrieved 11 October
2010.

[30] Julie Bosman (October 1, 2013). HarperCollins Joins

Scribd in E-Book Subscription Plan. The New York
Times.
[31] Anthony Ha (1 October 2013). With HarperCollins
Deal, Scribd Unveils Its Bid To Become The Netix For
Books. TechCrunch. AOL Inc. Retrieved 1 October
2013.
[32] Anthony Ha (March 26, 2014). Scribds Subscription EBook Service Moves Into Travel With The Full Lonely
Planet Library. Techcrunch.
[33] Jerey A. Trachtenberg (March 21, 2014). Simon &
Schuster, E-Book Services Strike Deal. The Wall Street
Journal.
[34] Laura Hazard Owen (May 21, 2014). Simon & Schuster adds its books to ebook subscription sites Scribd and
Oyster. Gigaom.
[35] Scribd will change its subscription service from unlimited
to semi-unlimited Retrieved February 16, 2016
[36] Jacob Kastrenakes (November 6, 2014). Scribd expands its subscription library to include audiobooks. The
Verge.
[37] Cade Metz (November 6, 2014). Scribd Rolls Out the
Internets First All-You-Can-Listen Audiobooks Service.
Wired.
[38] Mic Wright (April 16, 2015). Scribd adds 9,000 Penguin Random House audiobooks including Game of
Thrones". The Next Web.
[39] Alexandra Alter (April 16, 2015). Scribd Expands Audiobook Catalog in Deal With Penguin Random House.
The New York Times.
[40] Davey Alba (February 10, 2015). Scribd Unveils Netix
for Comics". Wired.

[41] Seth Fiegerman (February 10, 2015). Scribd gains the

superpower of an unlimited comic book subscription.
Mashable.

[64] Schnuer, Jenna (2013-11-08). We Test It: Scribds AllYou-Can Read Digital Buet. Entrepreneur.com. Retrieved 2013-12-31.

[42] Sarah Mitro (February 10, 2015). Scribd serves up all

the comics you can read, for $9 per month. CNet.

[65] Je Bercovici, Emily Inverso. 30 Under 30. Forbes.

[43] Fowler, Georey A. (2010-02-10). Scribd Plans Mobile

Application. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
[44] Scribd gets 'Readcasting': Autosharing made easy.
CNet. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
[45] Scribd launches readcast. Marketwire. Retrieved 201004-15.

[66] Jill Krasny. Scribd: The Library of the Future?". Inc.

[67] Thomas Harlander (April 16, 2015). E-Book Throwdown: Which Digital Library Service is Right for You?".
LA Mag.
[68] J.E. Cooper (June 1, 2015). Authors, readers explore the
digital world. SF Gate.
[69] Scribd. XYO. June 29, 2015.

[46] Scribds bet on the Facebook Eect. CNN. 2010-04-21.

Retrieved 2010-04-21.

[70] Mark Warner. scribd.com. 29 March 2009. Retrieved

1 January 2010.

[47] Scribd Redesign Is An Attempt To Become A Social

Network For Reading"". TechCrunch. Retrieved 201009-13.

[71] Johnson, Bobbie (2009-09-21). Book sharing site Scribd

rejects claims of copyright infringement. The Guardian
(London).

[48] Carr, Austin (2013-10-01). Scribd, HarperCollins

Launch $8.99 Subscription Book Service. Fast Company. Retrieved 2013-12-30.

[72] Class Action Copyright Suit Filed Against Scribd... By

Jammie Thomas Lawyers?". TechDirt. 2009-09-21. Retrieved 2009-09-21.

[49] Scribd Banks $3.5 Million from Redpoint.

[73] Greg Sandoval (September 19, 2009). Jammie Thomas

lawyers le suit against Scribd. Retrieved October 11,
2010.

[50] Scribd CrunchBase Company Prole.

[51] Scribd raises $9 million, hires new president for social
publishing.

[74] Motoko Rich (2009-09-19). Jammie Thomas lawyers

le suit against Scribd. CNET News.com. Retrieved
2009-09-19.

[52] David Sacks. AngelList.

[53] David Kaplan (January 18, 2011). Scribd Raises $13
Million To Support Mobile Moves, Product Expansion.
Gigaom.

[75] Lawsuit Saying Scribds Copyright-Protection Filters

Infringe On Copyrights Has Been Dumped. Scribd.
TechDirt. 19 July 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2010.

[54] http://techcrunch.com/2015/01/02/
scribd-khosla-funding/

[76] Kravets, David (2010-07-19).

Lawsuit Dropped;
Claimed That Copyright-Filtering Violates Copyright.
Wired. Retrieved 2013-02-21.

[55] iPaper: a Simple Way to View and Share Documents on

the Web. Wired. 2008-02-20. Retrieved 2014-08-28.

[77] Scribd looks like a winner. Scribd. TechCrunch. 29

March 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2010.

[56] Scribd on your iPhone.

[78] Stone, Brad (29 March 2009). passwords of comcast

customers exposed. nytimes.com. Retrieved 1 January
2010.

[57] Global Storage Settings panel. Macromedia.com. Retrieved 2009-02-01.

[58] HTML5 and The Future of Publishing. Web 2.0 Expo.
Retrieved 2010-05-06.
[59] Erick Schonfeld (May 5, 2010). Scribd CTO: We Are
Scrapping Flash And Betting The Company On HTML5.
Retrieved October 11, 2010.

[79] Comcast passwords leaked onto the web. cnet.com. 29

March 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
[80] Comcast passwords exposed. hothardware.com. 29
March 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
[81] Gannes, Liz. Leaked Facebook Movie Script Paints
Zuckerberg as Vindictive and Naive. Gigaom.

[60] Betting the House on HTML 5. Publishers Weekly. Retrieved 2010-07-26.

[82] Freedom on the Net Turkey 2013. Freedom House.

Retrieved October 3, 2013.

[61] Scribd SAP Largest API Integration Press Release.

Scribd. 2009-03-10. Retrieved 22 September 2010.

[83] BookID. Scribd. June 29, 2015.

[62] Scribd Developer Documentation. Archived from the

original on 2015-07-28.
[63] Press. Scribd. Retrieved 2013-12-30.

[84] Michael Kozlowski (October 13, 2014). French Watchdog Accuses Scribd of eBook Piracy. Good eReader.
[85] BookID for Authors and Publishers. Scribd. June 29,
2015.

[86] Jason (February 26, 2009). Info, FAQs, and Forums/FAQ: Writing, Uploading and Managing Documents. Retrieved October 11, 2010.

External links
Ocial website

EXTERNAL LINKS

10
10.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Scribd Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribd?oldid=705441589 Contributors: Jimbo Wales, Mjb, Lfh, Chrisjj, Dale Arnett, Psychonaut, HaeB, Alan Liefting, Yama, Edcolins, Beland, Billposer, Halo, Tastiles, Mike Rosoft, ArnoldReinhold, YUL89YYZ, Spoon!,
Stesmo, Mike Schwartz, R. S. Shaw, Gary, Geo Swan, Apoc2400, Fritzpoll, DreamGuy, BD2412, Josh Parris, Rjwilmsi, Nightscream,
Ground Zero, Nihiltres, Bgwhite, Adoniscik, ErkDemon, Thnidu, 3en, SmackBot, InverseHypercube, Rojomoke, Mcld, Chris the speller,
Thumperward, Snori, Timneu22, Gyrobo, BullRangifer, DMacks, Lambiam, Attys, Gobonobo, CartesianAngst, Meco, Ric, WilliamJE,
Agent007bond, Cydebot, Doug Weller, Scarpy, Andosmith, PKT, Jm3, Mack2, WWB, Deective, MER-C, Ph.eyes, Gavia immer, Magioladitis, Mathematrucker, Froid, Andrewnpeters, Fallschirmjger, Kxmsf, Keith D, Rob Burbidge, Leecolinharvey, Ineedspeed2007, Philip
Trueman, Perohanych, Metaed, Natg 19, Rcasati, Urbanrenewal, Falcon8765, Agentq314, RISCfuture, Alexbrn, Colfer2, OKBot, Fuddle, Motyka, ClueBot, SummerWithMorons, Fadesga, Frmorrison, Aidar24, Niceguyedc, StigBot, Ottawahitech, Trivialist, 718 Bot, LeoFrank, Alexbot, Totie, Alejandrocaro35, Thesupermat, DumZiBoT, Badmachine, Paulmnguyen, Feministo, Tinyrock, Sgpsaros, Addbot,
Aakash.goenka, Melab-1, Prairieplant, Zorrobot, Balabiot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, TaBOT-zerem, AnomieBOT, , Materialscientist,
DSisyphBot, Almabot, Novonium, ChrisSquire99, Slipslide, Ute in DC, Omnipaedista, LimeHat, Batmandk, Masrudin, FrescoBot, Anna
Roy, Alarics, Ajnnadeau, MarB4, LittleWink, Stoelsz, Michael herr, Full-date unlinking bot, Treyharris1, Sylye, 3dh3m, Lotje, Coercorash, Dskrvk, Reach Out to the Truth, RjwilmsiBot, SimonRM, VernoWhitney, QuipQuotch, GoingBatty, Ida Shaw, KuduIO, Cappert,
Theyann PentaGram, AndyAgr, L Kensington, Philafrenzy, Donner60, MainFrame, AndyTheGrump, Rudymoman, EdoBot, Anita5192,
ClueBot NG, Goalloverhere, JimDustyRhodes, BG19bot, Petrarchan47, Wikiedit555, Pbeltranl, Mananshah15, DPL bot, WikiHannibal,
Proxyma, Soulparadox, Vecto Rerso, Rezonansowy, Mogism, Manojranaweera, Youngblood20, Tslancaster, Tubeyak, Ekips39, Mreasons, Bluelight999, Ugog Nizdast, Xrt6L, Bjorn.wastvedt, Prasidpathak1, JaconaFrere, BeccaCory, Wesalius, Satyam263, Madmike111,
Usmanaslam30, Zaixar, Ayeletshacar, Daylenca, Thesampsonator, AdamG and Anonymous: 103

10.2

Images

File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

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File:Scribd_Books.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Scribd_Books.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Thesampsonator
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Original artist: Own work
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10.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0