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Formation Damage
Types, Mechanisms & Prevention
OUTLINE
FORMATION DAMAGE
a reduction of permeability around a
wellbore, which is the consequence of
drilling, completion, injection, stimulation,
or production of that well*
Flow Efficiency
Skin is an useful mathematical concept, but it does not
provide a correct idea of damage effect on production
rate
Fluid Efficiency is amore useful concept:
FE= Actual Production Rate( with skin) qr
ln ( re/rw )
ln ( re/rw) + s
7
7+s
Productivity Index
Measurement of production rate per each psi of
pressure drop.
TYPES OF FORMATION
DAMAGE
RELATIVE PERMEABILITY
REDUCTION
Water Coning
Condensate Banking
Fluid Saturation Change and Fluid
Blocking
Wettability Change
Emulsion Formation
Relative Permeability Change
Ph y s i cal Po re S i z e
Re d u cti o n
Re l ati v e
Pe rm e ab i li ty
Re d u cti o n
Fl ui d - R o ck
Int era ct i o n
W e ttab ility ch an g e d u e
to ad s o rp tio n o f s u rf ace
activ e co m p o u n d o r
re m o v al o f n ativ e
co m p o u n d s
Fl ui d - Fl ui d
Int era ct i o n
Fin e s m ig rati o n
Clay s w e llin g
S o lid s in v as io n
A d s o rp tio n .p re cip itatio n
larg e m o le cu le s
(p o ly m e ric)
Fo rm atio n s o f s cale s ,
Em u ls io n an d s lu d g e s
P res s ure/Tem p
C ha nge
S cale f o rm ati o n
W ax/A s p h alte n e Fo rm atio n
M echa ni ca l
P ro ces s es
S tre s s in d u ce d p e rm
ch an g e
Pe rf o ratio n p lu g g in g
INFLUENCE OF GEOLOGY-ROCK
TYPE
Porosity, Permeability and Pore Structure
Rock Type
Sandstone
Carbonate
Cementation, Cleanliness, Heterogeneity
Clay Content
Kaolinite (plate booklets prone to migrate)
Illite (fibers prone to catch moving fines)
Chloride (random platelets, often Fe rich)
Smectite (prone to swell & block pore throats)
CHARACTERIZATION OF
ROCK
CT Scanning/Core Photo
Geological Description
Thin Section, SEM Description, XRD
Vs. K, Other Data From Conventional Core
Analysis
Pore (Hg Injection) and/or Particle Size
Distribution
Capillary Pressure
Relative Permeability
FORMATION DAMAGE
DURING DRILLING
Solids Usually Invades More Permeable Sections of
Reservoir , Can Reduce Permeability Dramatically.
Mud Filtrate Invasion Can Cause Damage by
Swelling and dispersion of clays
Scale precipitation
Fluid saturation changes/blocking
Chemical adsorption/retention and emulsion
Natural Fractures Increase Well Productivity as long
as they are not Blocked by Mud Invasion.
Laboratory Tests Can be Utilized to Minimize
Formation Damage During Drilling
COMPLETIONS
Completion Types
Well design (vertical, high-angle or horizontal)
Completion design (Barefoot, uncemented
liner, cased & perforated)
Casing and Cement
Completion Fluids
Types
Cleanliness, compatibility
Displacement
Perforating (tunnel length, clean-up)
Sand Control (Gravel packs, Frac-Pack,
chemicals)
STIMULATIONS
Reasons for Stimulation
Very low native permeability
To by-pass Near-wellbore damage
Acidization
Hydraulic Fracturing
Formation Damage During Acidization
Corrosion and Iron Reprecipitation
Fluid incompatibilities
Fines mobilization
Liquid Blocking
Cement Bond Destruction
STIMULATIONS (cont.)
Prevention of Damage During Acidization
Perform acid compatibility tests with all fluids
to be used to eliminate potential problems
Carry out core tests at the reservoir conditions
with actual rock and fluids to assess benefit
On-site quality control on chemicals supplied
Clean all pipework to be used
Control wellhead pressure to prevent fractures
Throughout acid job, monitor and record all
parameters carefully to compare with the
expectations
STIMULATIONS (cont.)
Prevention of Damage During Fracturing
Perform compatibility tests with all fluids to be
used to eliminate potential problems
Carry out realistic tests with treating fluids to
determine breaking of crosslinked fluid
On-site quality control on proppant and
chemicals supplied and take frequent samples
Clean all pipework to be used
Throughout acid job, monitor and record all
parameters carefully to compare with the
expectations
PRODUCTION RELATED
DAMAGE
Precipitation
Scale Precipitation (carbonate and sulfates)
Asphaltenes
Waxes-very limited
Fines Migration
Phase Related Perm Reduction
Condensate banking
Water coning
Gas breakout
Stress Induced Perm Changes
Injection Well damage
FORMATION EVALUATION
BASED ON FORMATION DAMAGE
IDENTIFICATION
FLUIDS
ROCK
X-Ray Diffraction
Mineralogical
Information
(Drilling Cuttings)
SEM
Petrographic Analysis
Youngs Modulus
Poissons Ratio
Formation Fluids
Characterization
( fluid samples)
Oil
Bo
API
Rock Properties
( core samples)
RESERVOIR
Water
Physical &
Chemical
Analysis
Permeability
Porosity
Paraffins,
Asphaltens
Electrical Logs
K.h
Resistivity
Drainage
Radius
S
P*
Sonic Logs
Viscosity
PBU / DST
Resistivity
Sonic
min
Density
Lithology
min
CBL,
CAST-V
MRIL
WORKOVERS
An Operation Upon an Existing Well
Types
Scale treatment
Wax and asphaltene cleanout
Recompletions (repair of existing design,
sidetracking, reperforation, etc),
Stimulations (acid and fracturing).
Water shut-off
A combination of the above
Follow Best Practices, Especially the ones
Worked Before
SUMMARY
Know your Reservoir
Be Aware of the Problems
Apply/Develop Solutions to Prevent Damage
Think in Terms of the Life of the Well, Not Very
Immediate Future
Communicate/Work with Others-Teamwork
Employ Best Practices
Data Adquisition
TREATMENT SELECTION
Reservoir pressure
Flowing Pressure
Skin
NO
Productivity
S>0 (+)
YES
YES
Damage identification
Depth Damage
Frac
NO
Low K
NO
YES