Professional Documents
Culture Documents
chemistry
Dr.
Naila
Rasheed
Reference Books:
Lippincotts Illustrated reviews
Biochemistry (4th edition by Pamela
C.Champe, Richard A harvey, Denise R.
Ferrier).
Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry (Murray,
McGraw-Hill Medical).
1
Objec8ves
Dene
carbohydrates
(CHO).
Classify
them,
give
examples.
Men8on
their
nutri8onal
importance,
requirements.
Describe
CHO
diges8on
and
absorp8on.
Deni&on
of
Carbohydrate
Carbohydrates
are
organic
compounds
that
consist
of
carbon,
hydrogen
and
oxygen.
Structurally
it
is
more
accurate
to
view
them
as
polyhydroxy
aldehydes
(H-C=O)
or
ketones
(R-C=O).
Carbohydrates
have
the
empirical
formula
(CH2O)n.
Carbohydrate
Classica&on
On
the
basis
of
simple
sugar
units,
carbohydrates
are
classied
into
three
major
classes:
(1) Monosaccharides:
contain
a
single
sugar
unit.
(2) Diasaccharides:
contain
two
sugar
units.
(3) Oligosaccharides:
contain
two
to
ten
sugar
units.
(4) Polysaccharides:
contain
many
sugar
units.
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Glucose
Sucrose
Starch
Galactose
Maltose
Glycogen
Fructose
Lactose
Cellulose
Ribose
Glyceraldehyde
Aldoses
contain
an
Ketoses
contain
a
aldehyde
group
at
keto
group
at
C2.
one
end.
For
example
For
example
Fructose
Glucose
Classica&on
of
Important
monosaccharides
Maltose, (14)
Sucrose, (12)
(Glusose+ glucose)
(Glucose+Fructose)
Nutri&onal
importance,
requirements
of
carbohydrates
CHO
are
important
structurally
and
metabolically.
Main
source
of
energy:
body
8ssues
require
a
constant
daily
supply
of
CHO
in
the
form
of
glucose
in
all
metabolic
reac8ons.
Principle
source
of
energy;
45-65%
[4kcal/g].
CHO
exert
a
protein
sparing
ac8on.
A
person
must
eat
a
minimum
of
100-125gm/day
in
order
to
spare
the
protein.
The
presence
of
CHO
is
necessary
for
normal
fat
metabolism.
If
there
is
insucient
CHO,
large
amount
of
fat
is
used
for
energy,
which
is
dangerous
due
to
release
of
ketone
bodies
which
can
cause
acidosis
which
if
prolonged
can
result
in
brain
failure.
Glucose
is
sole
source
of
energy
for
the
brain
[It
uses-
120g
glucose/day].
Act
as
energy
storage
in
the
body
[glycogen].
Insoluble
polymers
form
connec8ve
8ssues.
10
Requirements:
CHO
are
non-
essen8al
nutrients
[glucose
comes
from
amino
acids,
but
ketone
bodies
are
produced
and
proteins
are
wasted
as
in
starva8on].
RDA
(Reference
Daily
Intake)
is
150-300g/
day,
45-65%
of
total
calories
should
come
from
CHO.
Simple
sugars
are
harmful
[dental
caries,
hyperglycemia],
so
use
complex
CHO
[high
bers].
CHO
intake
obesity,
hyperlipidemia,
DM.
CHO
intake
Marasmus
(malnutri8on),
ketoacidosis.
11
ATP
12
13
14