Unit V Measurement of Angles and Directions

SURV1 Elementary Surveying

Lecture

Engr. Angela Davis

Content
Unit I. Surveying Concepts

Unit II. Accuracy of Measurements

Topics:
a. Definition of Terms
Unit III. Measurement of Distances b. Types of Levelling Instruments
and Accessories
c. Care and Handling of Instrument
Unit IV. Levelling
d. Differential Levelling
e. Profile Levelling
f. Reciprocal Levelling
Unit V. Measurement of Angles and Directions
g. Double-Rodded Levelling
a. True and Magnetic Meridian
h. Three-Wire Levelling
b. Magnetic Declination
i. Curvature and Refraction
c. Local Attraction
j. Common Errors and Mistakes in
Levelling

FINAL EXAM SCHEDULE:

MARCH 18, MONDAY Study Day
8:30-9:30 AM 172T

COVERAGE: Measurement of Angles and Directions

Measurement of
Angles and Directions

True and Magnetic Meridian

MERIDIANS - a fixed reference line or direction
which lies in a vertical plane passing through a
fixed point of reference and through the
observers position.

True Meridian- sometimes known as the

astronomic or geographic meridian. It is the
generally adapted reference line in surveying
practice. This line passes through the
geographic north and south poles of the earth
and the observers position.

True and Magnetic Meridian

Magnetic Meridian- it is a fixed line of reference
which line parallel with the magnetic lines of
force of the earth. Its direction is defined by
freely suspended magnetic needle of a
compass held at the observers position.
Grid Meridian- a fixed line of reference which lies
parallel to the central meridian of a system of
plane rectangular coordinates. The use of
grid meridians is applicable only to plane
surveys
of limited extent.

True and Magnetic Meridian

Assumed Meridian- an arbitrarily chosen fixed
line of reference which is taken for
convenience.
This meridian is usually the
direction from a survey station to an
adjoining station or some well-defined
and
permanent point. It is used
only
on
plane surveys of limited extent since
they
are difficult or may be impossible to reestablish if the original reference points
are lost or obliterated.

Magnetic Declination
The magnetic poles are not points but oval areas located
about 2,000 km away from the actual location of the
geographic poles of the earth. These areas are not fixed and
may move to a different location everyday, perhaps as far as
50 km.
The horizontal angle and
direction by which the
needle of a compass deflects
from the true meridian at any
particular locality is called
the magnetic declination.

Local Attraction
Local Attraction- is any deviation of the
magnetic needle of a compass from
its normal pointing towards
magnetic north. In the field, the
compass user may not realize that
magnetic bearings read with the
compass have been affected by local
attraction.

Content
Unit I. Surveying Concepts
d. Bearing and Azimuth
e. Types of Compass and Uses
Unit II. Accuracy of Measurements f. Common Errors and Mistakes in
Compass Work
Unit III. Measurement of Distances

Unit IV. Levelling

Unit V. Measurement of Angles and Directions

a. True and Magnetic Meridian

b. Magnetic Declination
c. Local Attraction

INTERIOR AND DEFLECTION ANGLES

INTERIOR ANGLES
The angles between adjacent lines in a closed polygon
are called interior angles.

INTERIOR AND DEFLECTION ANGLES

DEFLECTION ANGLES
The angles between a line and the prolongation of the
preceding line is called deflection angle.

Bearing and Azimuth

BEARING
The direction of a line may be described by giving its
bearing. The bearing of a line is the acute horizontal angle
between the reference meridian and the line.

Bearing and Azimuth

Quadrant System for defining bearings.

0 N
NORTH-WEST
(NW)
QUADRANT

REFERENCE MERIDIAN
(N-S Line)

NORTH-EAST
(NE)
QUADRANT

90 E

90 W
SOUTH-WEST
(SW)
QUADRANT

SOUTH-EAST
(SE)
QUADRANT REFERENCE PARALLEL
(E-W Line)

0 S

Forward and Back Bearing

When the bearing of line is observed in the direction in
which the survey progresses it is referred to as forward
bearing.
If the bearing of the same line is observed in an opposite
direction it is called back bearing.

Forward and Back Azimuth

Bearing and Azimuth

AZIMUTH
The azimuth of the a line is its direction as given by the
angle between the meridian and the line measured in a
clockwise direction from either the north or south branch of
the meridian.

Illustrative Problems
Compute the angles APB, CPD, and EPF from the following
set of lines
whose azimuths are given.
a) AZIMN of line PA = 3948 ; AZIMN of line PB = 11529
b) AZIMS of line PC = 32022 ; AZIMN of line PD = 6216
c) AZIMN of line PE = 21902 ; AZIMN of line PF = 15416

Illustrative Problems
Convert the following bearings to equivalent azimuths.
a) AB, N 2525 W
b) BC, due EAST
c) CD, S 5010 E

Types of Compass and Uses

Types of Compass

Brunton Compassis one of the most versatile and widely used. It

combines the features of a prismatic compass,
sighting compass, hand level, and clinometer.

Uses

-this compass is suitable

and sufficiently accurate
for
preliminary
and
exploratory
surveys,
engineering-type surveys,
and topographic surveys
requiring only low degrees
of precision.

Types of Compass and Uses

Types of Compass

Lensatic Compass- it
consists of an aluminum
case containing a magnetic
dial balanced on a pivot, a
hinged cover with a
sighting wire, a hinged
eyepiece containing a
magnifying
glens
for
reading
the
dial
graduations, and a sighting
slot for viewing the distant
object.

Uses

-it is designed for military

use
such
as
in
reconnoitering,
determining directions,
orienting maps, artillery
fire directions control,
and other uses where
magnetic azimuths are
required.

Types of Compass and Uses

Types of Compass

Surveyors Compass- it
has a compass box
containing a graduated
circle, two sight vanes, a
magnetic needle, and two
clamping screws. A glass
cover protects the needle
and the graduated circle.

Uses

-was
popularly
used
earlier for running limited
plane
surveys
of
reasonable accuracy. Now
it is commonly used for
forest
surveys,
in
retracting
old
land
surveys, and in geological
explorations.

Types of Compass and Uses

Types of Compass

Plain Pocket Compass- it

is similar to the surveyors
compass, except that it has
no sight vanes. It is a small
hand instrument used for
obtaining roughly the
bearing of a line.

Uses

-It is used in
reconnaissance
and exploratory
surveys.

Types of Compass and Uses

Types of Compass

Prismatic

Compass-

the
graduations are found on a rotating
card instead of being on the
compass box. The card moves with
the needle since both are fastened
together. Two short sighting devices
are provided and magnetic bearing
are read by means of a prism at the
same instant that the compass is
sighted along the line.

Uses

-it is widely used

by sailors for
navigation at sea.

Types of Compass and Uses

Types of Compass

Foresters Compass- is
another type of pocket
compass which is usually
made of aluminum
or
some type of metal which
does not affect the free
movement and positioning
of the magnetic needle.

Uses

-it is widely usedin

forestry surveys as well as
for geological and other
similar
exploratory
surveys.

Types of Compass and Uses

Types of Compass

Transit Compass- it is
similar to the surveyors
compass,
only
it
is
mounted on the upper
plate of the transit.

Uses

-it is used to check

horizontal angles and
directions measured or
laid off during transit
surveys. It is also used for
orienting the transit with
the magnetic meridian.

Common Errors and Mistakes

in Compass Work
Sources of Error in Compass Work

Bent Needle - when a compass with bent needle is used, all

observed bearing will have a constant error.
Bent Pivot - the magnitude of the error will depend upon the
direction in which the sight is made.

Common Errors and Mistakes

in Compass Work
Sources of Error in Compass Work
Plane of Sight not vertical the line of sight may be steeply
inclined.
Local Attraction the correct pointing of the magnetic needle
toward
magnetic north is usually affected by different
forms of local
attraction.
Errors in Reading the Needle - due to the inability of the
observer to
determine exactly the point on the
graduated circle where the
needle comes to rest.

Common Errors and Mistakes

in Compass Work
Sources of Mistakes in Compass Work
Reading the wrong end of the magnetic needle.
Not releasing the needle completely and not allowing it to
swing freely about the pivot.
Mixing or interchanging the recording of azimuths from north
and south, magnetic and true bearings, clockwise and
counterclockwise angles or forward and back bearings.

Content
Unit I. Surveying Concepts

a. True and Magnetic Meridian

b. Magnetic Declination
c. Local Attraction

d. Bearing and Azimuth

e. Types of Compass and Uses
Unit II. Accuracy of Measurements f. Common Errors and Mistakes in
Compass Work
g. Compass Traverse
Unit III. Measurement of Distances h. Adjustment of Data
Unit IV. Levelling

Unit V. Measurement of Angles and Directions