EEM 607A

Solid and Hazardous Waste

Management
2015-16 II

L2 - Topic 1: Management of MSW

Instructor: Anubha Goel
anubha@iitk.ac.in, x7027
Lecture: T 10:30 - 12:00; Th 12:00 - 13:30; WL
237 LAB : null

Revision: Origin of Solid Waste

Domestic, Commercial, Industrial
Agricultural, Mining Activity

Waste Generation

Polluted Air
Wastewater

Treatment

Solid Waste Production

Sludge and Residue

2

Revision: Types of Solid Waste

Solid Waste

Hazardous Waste

Municipal Solid Waste

(Domestic, Commercial)

Hazardous Waste

Industrial, Agricultural
Mining Solid Waste

Revision

Life Cycle of Solid Waste

Generation
Collection
Transport
Treatment
Disposal

We do not consume materials; we merely use

them and ultimately return them to the
environment, often in an altered state.

SWM Fundamentals:
Handling: Non-hazardous solid waste must be
kept separate from hazardous solid waste.
Mixing of hazardous and non-hazardous
solid waste will result in the entire waste being
categorized as hazardous.
Management: must be managed as per the
relevant rules which are applicable
Non hazardous - Solid Waste Management
Rules
Hazardous -Hazardous Waste Management
Rules. These rules are generally more
stringent than solid waste management rules.

Examples of earliest known

Programs

SWM

India:
Indus valley: city of Mahenjodaro had houses
with rubbish chutes
Harappa houses with toilets and drains
China: By 200 BC, cities with sanitary police
whose job it was to enforce waste disposal laws.
Rome: in 14 AD: waste collection program
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L2 Content
Topic 1 Management of MSW
Characterization of components
Factors affecting nature and amount of SW
generated
Variation in % composition based on
location annual generation rate across
different countries, geographical locations
SWM in low / high income countries
A. MSW Generation and Collection
Calculation of amount generated in an area
Collection Systems

Characterization of
MSW

Characterization of MSW:

MSW (Commercial + Domestic) is heterogeneous in nature.

MSW can further be sub-divided into the following categories:
Standard MSW: Residential and commercial wastes excluding special
items, hazardous wastes and some others - (~65 percent by weight)
Bulky items (Furniture, mattress, consumer electronics, white
goods, yard waste collected separately, and tires)
(~ 5 percent by weight)
Hazardous wastes (Oil-based paint, solvents, pesticides, cleaners,
acids/bases, petroleum products, oils, batteries)
(~0.1 percent by weight)
Construction and demolition wastes (~14 percent by weight):
Municipal services waste (street sweeping, tree and landscaping, etc.)
(~10 percent by weight)
Water/wastewater treatment plant sludge (~6 percent by weight)

Components of Standard MSW:

Organic:
Food wastes
Paper
Cardboard
Plastics
Textiles
Rubber
Leather
Wood
Yard waste

Inorganic:
Glass
Tin cans
Aluminum
Other metals
Dirt, ash etc.

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Guiding Principle
For efficient management of MSW
it is essential that as far as possible waste collection involves
1. Source Segregation of different types of MSW and
2. Separate Collection
KEY Factor for SUCCESS: Cooperation of the waste generators, i.e.,
residential, commercial units, and others.
Collection Frequency:

Standard MSW:
Bulky items:
Hazardous waste:
Construction and
Demolition:
Municipal services:
Treatment Plant
sludge:

daily/alternate day/tri-weekly/bi-weekly
weekly/fortnightly
monthly
weekly/fortnightly
daily
weekly/fortnightly/other

Typical Distribution of Standard MSW Components:

(Excluding waste which is recycled: by percent weight)
Low Income

Medium Income

High Income

40-85

20-65

6-30

Organic
Food Wastes
Paper

20-45

Cardboard

1-10

8-30

5-15

Plastics

1-5

2-6

2-8

Textiles

1-5

2-10

2-6

Rubber
Leather

0-2
1-5

1-4

Yard wastes
Wood

0-2
10-20

1-5

1-10

1-4

1-10

1-10

4-12

Inorganic
Glass
Tin cans
Aluminum

2-8
1-5

1-5

Other metal
Dirt, Ash etc.

0-1
1-4

1-40

1-30

0-10

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Specific Weight of MSW Components:

Sp. Wt.
(kg/m3)

Moisture
Content
(% weight)

Organic

Sp. Wt.
(kg/m3)

Moisture
Content
(% weight)

Inorganic

Food Wastes

291

70

Glass

196

Paper

89

Tin cans

89

Cardboard

50

Aluminum

160

Plastics

65

Other Metals

320

Textiles

65

10

Dirt and Ash

481

Rubber

131

Others

Leather

160

10

Appliances

181

Yard wastes

101

60

Demolition

1421

Wood

237

20

Sludge

1000

80
13

Present Scenario

Production
Generation

Recycling

Prosperity

Per-capita MSW Production / Generation / Recycling

Per-capita MSW Production / Generation / Recycling

Scenario Analysis:

MSW generated =
produced recycled
Alternate Scenario

Production

Recycling

Generation

Prosperity

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Some Basic Facts about MSW Generation:

MSW mass balance
generated = produced recycled
Characteristics of MSW differs between
developing and developed countries.
Developing: Larger % of food waste, ash, dirt
Developed: Larger % of paper, plastic etc.
Due to low MSW production and efficient MSW
recycling in households / informal sector,
MSW generation is low in developing countries.
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Some Basic Facts about MSW Generation: contd.

With prosperity, MSW production increases and
MSW recycling in informal sector / households
decreases, resulting in rapid increase in MSW
generation.
With continued prosperity, and better
awareness, the increase in MSW production is
arrested, and formal recycling programs
become important, resulting in stabilization and
even decrease in MSW generation.
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MSW Management in
Low-Income Countries
Animal Feed

MSW Production

Separation by Producers

Producer Composting

Producer
Recycling
Sold to
Informal Recyclers

Producer Incineration

Storage by Producers

Storage in Community Bins

Recycling by
Rag-Pickers

Municipal Collection

Eaten by Animals

Collection Stations

Recycling by
Rag-Pickers

Informal Recycling

Eaten by Animals

Transfer
Uncontrolled
Incineration

Dumped in Low-Lying Land

Recycling by
Rag-Pickers
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MSW Management In
High Income Countries

MSW Production

Garbage Disposal
(Food Waste)
Separation by Producers

Storage by Producers
Hazardous Waste Disposal

Municipal Collection
of Recyclables
1. Paper
2. Plastic
3. Glass
4. Aluminum
5. Other Metals
6. Electronic Waste
7. Appliances
(see next page)

Municipal Collection

Collection Stations

Continued in Next Slide

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From Previous Slide

Transfer

from previous page

Municipal Collection
of Recyclables

Treatment Plant
Processing in
Transfer Stations

Disposal Options

Organic
Non-Biodegradable
Organic
Biodegradable

Recyclables

Inorganic

Formal Recycling Industry

Storage in
Transfer Stations

Filling LowLying Land

Sludge

MSW
Landfill
Composting

Biogas Production

Incineration

Ash
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Importance of solid waste

management in minds of
students in India
Importance of..
SW Issues = Water issues
Govt. efforts in increasing
awareness
Social messages on radio/
television
Involvement of celebrities
Encouragement to innovative
techniques
Upgrading existing facilities
Ban on use of plastic bags

Source: Gobar Times,

Down to Earth, Feb 1 -15 2012

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TOPIC 1. A.
MSW GENERATION
AND
COLLECTION

24

How to calculate the amount

and volume of MSW
generated for a certain area ?

25

Calculation of MSW Weight and Volume

Generated in a Certain Area
Information Required:
Population of the Area (based on Municipal Records)
Per capita MSW generation (by weight):
May be determined through direct measurements in the area, or a
value may be taken from published reports (~ 0.5 1.0 kg/capita/d
in low income countries)
Determination of MSW characteristics: Various components, e.g.,
Standard MSW, Bulky items, Hazardous Waste, Construction and
Demolition Waste, Waste from Municipal Services and Treatment
Plant Sludge.

May be determined through direct measurements in the

area, or values may be taken from published reports
(percent weight basis, as discussed earlier)

26

Information Required (Continued):

Determination of Standard MSW characteristics
May be determined through direct measurements in the
area, or values may be taken from published reports
(percent weight basis, as discussed earlier)
Total weight of MSW is determined as below,
Total MSW (weight basis) =
(Per capita MSW Generation) X (Population of the Area)

Weight of the Individual MSW Components are determined as

below,
Weight of a Component =
(Total MSW) X (Percent Weight of that Component)

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Home Assignment 1

28

Example Problem:
Given that the population of a certain area in a municipality is 10,500.
Per-capita MSW generation in this area was determined to be 0.73 kg per
capita per day. The percentages of various components of MSW in this
area (by weight) are as follows:
Standard MSW
Bulky Items
Hazardous Waste:
Construction Waste:
Municipal Services Waste:
Treatment Plant Sludge:

~ 70 percent
~ 5 percent
~ 0.25 percent
~ 12 percent
~ 8 percent
~ remaining amount

The percentages of various components of standard MSW are as follows:

Food Waste:
Paper and Cardboard:
Plastic:
Textile:
Rubber and Leather:
Wood and Yard Waste:
Glass:
Metals:
Dirt and Ash:

~ 45 percent
~ 8 percent
~ 2 percent
~ 2 percent
~ 3 percent
~ 3 percent
~ 5 percent
~ 5 percent
~ remaining amount

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 For the MSW generated in the area, Calculate on per day basis
1. total weight of MSW solid waste generated
2. weight of each MSW component generated
3. total volume of MSW generated, and the volume of each MSW
component, on a m3/day basis given the following information:
(Make appropriate assumptions, as required)
Given Specific Volumes of MSW Components:
Sp. Wt.
(kg/m3)

Moisture
Content
(% weight)

Organic

Sp. Wt.
(kg/m3)

Moisture
Content
(% weight)

Inorganic

Food Wastes

291

70

Glass

196

Paper

89

Tin cans

89

Cardboard

50

Aluminum

160

Plastics

65

Other Metals

320

Textiles

65

10

Dirt and Ash

481

Rubber

131

Others

Leather

160

10

Appliances

181

Yard wastes

101

60

Demolition

1421

Wood

237

20

Sludge

1000

80

Given Collection Frequency of MSW is as below:

Standard MSW:
Bulky items:
Hazardous waste:
Construction and Demolition:
Municipal services:
Treatment Plant sludge:

daily
weekly
monthly
weekly
daily
weekly

Calculate the weight and volume of various MSW components to be

collected on a daily/weekly/monthly basis, as appropriate.

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