Lecture8 Electrical Systems Notes 2016

Energy Management (EN 607/ EN 410)
2016
Santanu Bandyopadhyay
2016
Outline
Lecture 8
Topics
Number of
lectures
(approx)
Electrical Systems: Demand control, 2 (17, 19
power factor correction, load
Feb)
scheduling/shifting, Motor drivesmotor efficiency testing, energy
efficient motors, motor speed
control.
Electrical Systems
2016
2016
Electrical Energy Terms
Electrical Load
Direct Current
Alternating Current
Current
Voltage
Resistance
Ohm' Law
Frequency
Apparent power (kVA)
Reactive power
Active Power
4
Energy Management (EN 410/607) Notes
2016
2016
Analysis of System Load Curve
Load curve of a typical day MSEB

(8/11/2000 source: WREB annual report-2001)
10260 MW
11000
Demand, MW
A load curve defines power vs time

Load Factor = (Average Power)
Peak Power
System Load Factor
Capacity Factor (plant load factor)
=
Energy generated by a plant
Energy generated if operating at max capacity
9892 MW
10000
9000
8000
Evening
peak
morning
peak
7000
6000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time hours
2016
Loads and Demands
Electricity Tariff
Connected Load - sum of the continuous (or

nameplate )ratings of equipment.
Contract Demand: electric power that the
consumer agreed upon with the utility
Average Demand
Load Factor - ratio of the average demand to
the maximum demand
Demand factor- ratio of maximum demand
to connected load
Power Factor (PF) is the ratio of active
power (kW) to the apparent power (kVA)
7
2016
Residential - Block - Energy charge

Agricultural Horsepower
Industrial Two part Energy, Demand
Commercial Block
Public Works
2016
Electricity Tariff-Components
2016
Example (MSEB LT tariff-1/6/08)
Maximum demand Charges

Energy Charges
Power factor penalty or bonus rates
Fuel cost adjustment charges
Electricity duty charges levied w.r.t units consumed
Meter rentals
Time Of Day (TOD)
Penalty for exceeding contract demand
Surcharge if metering is at LT side in some of the utilities
LT Domestic
Less than 30 kWh/m Rs 0.40/kWh +Rs 3 service
0-100 kWh/month
Rs 2.05/kWh
101-300 kWh/month Rs 3.90/kWh
301-500 kWh/month Rs 5.30/kWh
>500 kWh/month
Rs 6.20/kWh
Service connection: Rs 30/single ph, Rs 100/3-ph
Additional Fixed charge of Rs. 100 per 10 kW load
or part thereof above 10 kW load shall be payable.
2016
Example (MSEB LT tariff-1/6/08)
2016
Example (MSEB HT Tariff-1/6/08)
LT Non-Domestic
Less than 20 kW
Rs 3.40/kWh +Rs 150 service
20-50 kW
Rs 5.50/kWh + Rs 150/kVA
>50 kW
LT Public Works
20-40 kW
LT Agriculture
Non-metered: Rs 2.41/kW
Metered: Rs 1.10/kWh + Rs 20/kW
11
10
HT Industrial
Demand charges Rs 150/kVA/month
Energy charge Rs 4.00-5.00/kWh
TOD Energy charge
2200 hrs 0600 hrs
(-0.85)
0600 hrs 0900 hrs
0
0900 hrs 1200 hrs
0.80
1200 hrs 1800 hrs
0
1800 hrs 2200 hrs
1.10
12
2016
Load curve of a typical day MSEB

TOD Tariff
2016
Impact of Load Factor on Price

8
10260 MW
Demand, MW
11000
9892 MW
10000
9000
8000
7000
Evening
peak
morning
peak
-0.85
0.80
1.10
Base tariff
6000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time hours
0
0
0.2
0.4
13
2016
Maximum Demand Control
0.8
14
2016
Maximum Demand Control
Typically, demand charges constitute a

considerable portion of the electricity bill
Integrated load management to effectively
control the maximum demand
Generate load curve
Analyse load curve for various demands
Identification of critical and re-schedulable
loads for maximum demand and TOD tariff
15
0.6
Load factor
Rescheduling of large electric loads and

equipment operations
prepare an operation flow chart and a process chart
Reduce the maximum demand by building up

storage capacity
Shedding of Non-Essential Loads
Operation of Captive Generation
Maintain the desired Power factor of system
16
2016
2016
Representation in Phasor diagram

Imaginary or j axis
e j cos j sin
Power Factor
V V
I I
Real Axis
18
2016
Basics of Power
2V cos(t ) 2 I cos(t )
2VI cos(t ) cos(t )
2 cos A cos B cos( A B ) cos( A B )
1
T
p ( t ) dt
VI cos( )
cos( )
P (t ) VI cos( ) VI cos( 2t )
Sinusoidally varying
w.r.t time
Basics of Power
P (t ) v (t )i (t )
Constant w.r.t time
2016

19
Power factor
Phase angle difference between V and I

power factor angle
20
2016
Power terms
P VI cos
kW
P(tan(1) tan( 2))kVar
= S1-S2
P Active Power
Q Reactive Power
2016
Q1
kVA
21
Power Factor Correction
22
2016
Cost Benefits
Reduced kVA (Maximum demand) charges in
utility bill
Reduced distribution losses (kWh) within the
plant network
Better voltage at motor terminals and improved
performance of motors
A high power factor eliminates penalty charges
imposed and may be reduction in utility bill
Capacity deferred costs
Static Capacitors (Fixed/ Switchable)

Automatic PF Correction
Reduced line current ( and I2R losses)
Improved Voltage
Reduced Maximum Demand
Capacity for expansion
Reduction in tariff
23
S1
Maximum Demand Saving
S Apparent Power
Q2
S2
kVAr
QVI sin
2
1
Capacitor rating =Q1-Q2
kVA
Power factor correction
S VI
2016
24
2016
2016
Delta connected load
Location of Capacitors
Ia
Maximum benefit of capacitors is derived by

locating them as close as possible to the load
The rating of the capacitor should not be greater
than the no-load magnetizing kVAr of the motor,
if connected directly (over voltage protection)
motor manufacturers specify maximum capacitor
ratings
A circuit breaker or switch will be required if a
capacitor is installed for many appliances
With high voltage breaker, capacitor bank to
feeder
Iab
Ica
Ib
Ibc
c
Ic
25
2016
26
2016
Y connected load
Ia
Power in 3-phase circuits
P 3VL I L cos( )
Delta connected
Ib
b
I L 3I P
VL VP
Y connected
VL 3VP
IL IP
Ic
27
28
2016
2016
Common LM Options (SEB)

Staggering of working hours of large
consumers
Staggering of holidays of large consumers
Specified energy and power quotas for major
consumers
Rostering of agricultural loads
Curtailment of demand - service interruptions
(load shedding)
Load Management
30
2016
2016
Load Management Options

Sample Industrial Load Profile (Mumbai)
Direct Load Control (DLC) Utility has

control of directly switching off customer
loads
Interruptible Load Control (ILC)- Utility
provides advance notice to customers to
switch off loads
Time of Use (TOU) Tariffs price signal
provided customer decides response
31
32
2016
2016
ILM Research Objective
Process Scheduling
Determine optimal response of industry for

a specified time varying tariff develop a
general model applicable for different
industries
Variable electricity cost normally not included

Flexibility in scheduling
Optimisation problem Min Annual operating
costs
Constraints Demand, Storage and equipment
Models developed for continuous and batch
processes (Illustrated for flour mill and mini steel
plant)
Viable for Industry
Process Scheduling- Continuous/ Batch

Cool Storage
Cogeneration
33
2016
34
2016
Process Scheduling
STEEL PLANT FLOW DIAGRAM
Batch processes- batch time, quantity,

charging, discharging, power demand
variation (load cycles)
Raw material constraints, Allocation
constraints, Storage constraints,
Sequential Constraints, maintenance
downtime
St. steel Scrap mix or

Alloy steel scrap mix
Ladle Arc
furnace
40 T Melting Arc
furnace
Open store
Convertor (only for

St Steel)
Alloy steel
scrap mix
Reheat furnace
Billet caster
Bloom mill
Open store
30 T MeltingArc furnace
Open store
Reheat furnace
Bar mill
ooo
ooo
Open store
Reheat
furnace
35
Bloom caster
VD or VOD
station
Wire products
for final finish
Wire mill
Rods, Bars for final

finish
36
2016
2016
Process Scheduling Summary
Steel Plant Optimal Response to TOU tariff
60
Example
Structure
Results
Saving
Flour Mill
Continuous
Linear, IP
120 variables
46 constraints
Flat- 2 shift 1%
- 25%store 6.4%
TOU-3 shift 75%peak
reduction
Mini Steel
Plant
Batch
Linear, IP
432 variables
630
constraints
Flat
8%
TOU
10%
Diff loading 50% peak
reduction
Optimal with TOU tariff

Optimal with flat tariff
50
Load MW
40
30
20
10
0
2
10
12
14
16
18
20
22 24
Time hours
37
2016
LM Options
2016
Cool Storage
Cool Storage Chilled water , Ice,

Phase change material storage- operate
compressor during off-peak
Water pumping systems
Cogeneration Operating strategy
Power pooling with other industries
Evaluate Process Storage possibilities
39
38
Cool Storage Chilled water operate compressor

during off-peak
Commercial case study (BSES MDC), Industrial case
study (German Remedies)
Part load characteristics compressor,pumps
Non- linear problem 96 variables, Quasi Newton
Method
MD reduces from 208 kVA to 129 kVA, 10%
reduction in peak co-incident demand, 6% bill saving
40
10
2016
Cool Storage of Commercial Complex

-under TOU tariff
Load following (without storage)
kVA
Analysis of Utilitys Load Profiles
Total substation (system)

Industrial feeders
Express feeders
208 kVA
200
150
100
2016
Utility :Taloja EHV (100kV/22kV) substation

Analysis of load profiles (before and after the
introduction of TOD tariff)
with optimal cool storage
250
191 log sheets are available

Hourly average demand (pf = 0.98)
129 kVA
50
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time hours
2016
41
42
2016
End Use (HT Industry)
Motors
Motor/Pump/Fan
Air Compressor
Air Conditioning/Refrig.
Melting
Electrical Heating
Lighting
Others
52 %
9%
5%
16 %
11 %
4%
4%
44
11
2016
2016
No of Motors in each Category for HT

Industries in Maharashtra
Source: Larson and Subbiah : ESD
2016
AC
Single phase
DC excited
slipring
3 phase
Induction
Synchronous
Non excited Permanent

magnet
5-10 hp
10-15 hp
15-20 hp
20-50 hp
>50
hp
Total
Percent of
motor
connected
load
15.3
10.8
11.1
9.9
13.8
39.1
100.0
Connected
287.2
MW 1989-90
202.7
208.3
185.8
259.0
733.9
1877.0
000s units
1989-90
128.3
36.2
22.3
14.2
9.9
9.8
220.7
000s units
1992-93
157.2
44.3
29.3
17.4
12.1
12.0
272.3
46
2016
Induction Motors
DC
Permanent
Magnet
1-5 hp
45
Electric Motors
Wound Field
Range
Squirrel
cage
Wound
Induced magnetic field of the stator

winding induces a current in the rotor
Induced rotor current produces a second
magnetic field, which tries to oppose the
stator magnetic field, and this causes the
rotor to rotate
By far the most common motor type used
in industry
rotor
47
48
12
2016
DC and Synchronous Motors

DC motors are used in special applications
where high starting torque or where smooth
acceleration over a broad speed range is
required
AC power is fed to the stator of the synchronous
motor. The rotor is fed by DC from a separate
source.
The rotor magnetic field locks onto the stator
rotating magnetic field and rotates at the same
speed.
2016
Motor Characteristics
Synchronous Speed (SS) = 120 f/p
Slip (s) = 1 - (Rated speed/SS)
Power Factor: lagging due to induction
At part load, the active current reduces.
However, no reduction in the magnetizing
current (proportional to supply voltage)
Reduction in power factor
49
2016
50
Losses
Motor Efficiency
Ratio of mechanical output to electrical input
May be determined directly or indirectly through
intrinsic losses
Efficiency is a function of operating temperature,
type of motor, speed, rating, etc.
Squirrel cage motors are normally more efficient
than slip-ring motors
Higher-speed motors are normally more efficient
than lower-speed motors
51
2016
Variable
Constant
Core/Iron loss
Mechanical loss
Hysteresis Eddy current

loss
Friction
loss
Copper loss
Stator copper
loss
Windage
loss
Stray
load loss
Rotor copper
loss
52
13
2016
Problem
Motor Specifications
Rated power: 34 kW
Voltage: 415 Volt
Current: 57 Amps
Speed: 1475 rpm
Connection: Delta
Stator copper loss at no-load:

Iron plus friction and windage loss:
Assume operating temperature of 120C
Stator resistance at 120C:
No load test Data

Voltage: 415 V
Current: 16.1 A
Frequency: 50 Hz
Rstator (30C): 0.264 /ph
No-load power: 1063.74 W
2016
Problem
53
2016
Motor Specifications
Rated power: 34 kW
Voltage: 415 Volt
Current: 57 Amps
Speed: 1475 rpm
Connection: Delta
Stator copper loss at full-load:

Full load slip:
Rotor power input:
Assume stray loss of 0.5% of rated output
Motor input:
Efficiency:
and Power factor:
No load test Data

Voltage: 415 V
Current: 16.1 A
Frequency: 50 Hz
Rstator (30C): 0.264 /ph
No-load power: 1063.74 W
2016
54
Typical Load Vs Loss curve for design B, 50-HP, 1800 RPM

induction motor
Losses
Core losses vary with the core material, core
geometry, and input voltage
Friction and windage losses are caused by
friction in the bearings of the motor,
aerodynamic losses associated with ventilation
fan, and other rotating parts
Copper losses are I2R losses
Stray losses arise from a variety of sources.
Typically, proportional to the square of the rotor
current
55
56
14
2016
2016
Typical performance curves for design B, 10-HP, 1800

RPM, 220-V, Three Phase, 60 HZ induction motor
Source: Larson and Subbiah : ESD
57
2016
ENERGY EFFICIENT MOTORS
59
2016
58
Technology Characteristics of Motors

Range
Typical
STD Motor
Rating hp Efficiency
(%)
EEM
Efficiency
(%)
Cost of
Standard
Motor
(Rs)
Cost of
EEM
(Rs)
1-5
3.0
79.7
86.8
7,500
9,750
5-10
7.5
84.4
88.6
13,300
17,290
10-15
12.5
87.3
91.0
24,100
31,330
15-20
17.5
88.4
92.0
28,500
37,050
20-50
35.0
90.6
92.0
56,200
73,060
>50
100.0
93.0
94.5
187,100
243,230
60
15
2016
Efficiency Testing Methods
2016
No Load Test
The motor is run at rated voltage and frequency without
any shaft load
Input power, current, frequency and voltage are noted
The no load P.F. is quite low and hence low PF wattmeters are required
From the input power, stator I2R losses under no load
are subtracted to give the sum of Friction and Windage
(F&W) and core losses
plot no-load input kW versus Voltage; the intercept is
Friction & Windage kW loss component
F&W and core losses = No load power (watts) - (No load
current)2 Stator resistance
Load Test No load test and six load

tests
Equivalent Circuit Test No load test,
Locked Rotor test , Variable voltage
(IEEE Std 112-1984, JEC 37, IEC 34-2,
ISI 4889)
61
2016
62
Stator and Rotor I2R Losses
Example
The stator winding resistance is directly

measured
The resistance must be corrected to the
operating temperature R1 235 t1
: t in C
R0 235 to
The rotor I2R losses are calculated
Rotor I2R losses = Slip (Stator Input
Stator I2R Losses Core Loss)
Stray Load Losses fixed at 0.5%
63
2016
Motor Specifications:
Rated power, Voltage, Current, Speed,
Connection
No load test Data:

Voltage V, Current I, Frequency F, Stator
phase resistance at 30C, No load power Pnl
Calculate:
Stator cu loss at 30, Iron and fw loss, stator
loss at 120, FL slip, rotor i/p [= Pr/(1-s)], total
i/p, FL efficiency, FL pf [=P/3 VI]
64
16
2016
Energy
Management
(EN 607/ EN 410)
Source:
BEE Manual
2016
Motor Loading
Part load = measured i/p to nameplate i/p
Part load = i/p load current to i/p rated
current
Current varies approximately linearly with
load up 75% of full load.
Below the 75% load, pf degrades and the
relation is non-linear
Part load = actual slip to rated slip

2
sop Vop
With voltage correction:
part load
2016
sr Vr 65
66
References/Further Reading
ECOs for motors
Replace with std motor of lower size

Replace with EE motor of lower size
Add capacitors to improve pf
Replace V belt drive by flat belt
Put timer/controller to switch off during
idling
Two-speed motor/ variable speed
(application specific)
67
2016
MSEB Tariffs, MSEB, Mumbai

S.Ashok, R.Banerjee,IEEE Trans on Power Systems, Nov 2001,
p879-884
S.Ashok, R.Banerjee,IEEE Trans on Power Systems, Vol 18, May
2003, p931-937
S.Ashok, R.Banerjee,Energy, 2003
Witte, Schmidt, Brown, Industrial Energy Management and
Utilisation, Hemisphere Publ,Washington,1988
WREB, Annual Report, 2001
O. I.Elgerd Electric Energy Systems Theory,TMH, 2001
Larson and Subbiah, Energy for Sustainable Development, Vol 1,
1994, p 36-38
J.C.Andreas, Energy Efficient Motors, Marcel Dekker, 1992, New
York
H.E.Jordan, Energy Efficient Motors & their application, 1983, Van
Nostrand
Nagrath, Kothari, Electric Machines, Tata Mc Graw Hill, 1996
BEE Guide Book (www.em-ea.org/gbook1.asp)
68
17

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Lecture8 Electrical Systems Notes 2016

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Energy Management (EN 607/ EN 410)

Energy Management (EN 607/ EN 410)

Energy Management (EN 607/ EN 410)

Energy Management (EN 607/ EN 410)

Electrical Energy Terms

Energy Management (EN 410/607) Notes

Energy Management (EN 607/ EN 410)

Energy Management (EN 607/ EN 410)

Analysis of System Load Curve

Load curve of a typical day MSEB

A load curve defines power vs time

Energy Management (EN 607/ EN 410)

Energy Management (EN 607/ EN 410)

Loads and Demands

Connected Load - sum of the continuous (or

Energy Management (EN 410/607) Notes

Residential - Block - Energy charge

Energy Management (EN 607/ EN 410)

Energy Management (EN 607/ EN 410)

Example (MSEB LT tariff-1/6/08)

Maximum demand Charges

Energy Management (EN 607/ EN 410)

Example (MSEB LT tariff-1/6/08)

Energy Management (EN 607/ EN 410)

Example (MSEB HT Tariff-1/6/08)

Energy Management (EN 410/607) Notes

Energy Management (EN 607/ EN 410)

Energy Management (EN 607/ EN 410)

Load curve of a typical day MSEB

Impact of Load Factor on Price

Energy Management (EN 607/ EN 410)

Maximum Demand Control

Maximum Demand Control

Typically, demand charges constitute a

Energy Management (EN 410/607) Notes

Energy Management (EN 607/ EN 410)

Rescheduling of large electric loads and

Reduce the maximum demand by building up

Energy Management (EN 607/ EN 410)

Energy Management (EN 607/ EN 410)

Representation in Phasor diagram

Energy Management (EN 607/ EN 410)

Energy Management (EN 607/ EN 410)

Energy Management (EN 410/607) Notes

Constant w.r.t time

Phase angle difference between V and I

Energy Management (EN 607/ EN 410)

Energy Management (EN 607/ EN 410)

P(tan(1) tan( 2))kVar

Energy Management (EN 607/ EN 410)

Power Factor Correction

Energy Management (EN 607/ EN 410)

Static Capacitors (Fixed/ Switchable)

Energy Management (EN 410/607) Notes

Maximum Demand Saving

Capacitor rating =Q1-Q2

Power factor correction

Energy Management (EN 607/ EN 410)

Energy Management (EN 607/ EN 410)

Delta connected load

Maximum benefit of capacitors is derived by

Energy Management (EN 607/ EN 410)

Energy Management (EN 607/ EN 410)

Power in 3-phase circuits