Understanding the Intricacies of

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LTE and LTE-Advanced

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LTE Major Features

TDD Frame Structures

FDD Frame Structures

FDD Downlink Frame Structure

DL, UL, and Special Subframe

Feature

Capability

Access modes

FDD and TDD with a common 10 ms frame timing but different frame structures

Variable channel bandwidth

1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 MHz All bandwidths apply for FDD and TDD

160

2048

144

2048

144

2048

144

2048

144

2048

144

2048

144

Baseline UE capability

20 MHz UL and DL, two Rx antennas, one Tx antenna

CP

CP

CP

CP

CP

CP

CP

User data rates

DL: 172.8 Mbps (2x2 single user MIMO, 64QAM); UL: 86.4 Mbps (single link 64QAM)

Downlink transmission

OFDMA using QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

Uplink transmission

Single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) using QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

DL spatial diversity

Open loop Tx diversity Single-user MIMO up to 4x4 supportable

UL spatial diversity

Optional open loop Tx diversity, 2x2 multi-user MIMO, optional 2x2 single user MIMO

Transmission time interval

1 ms

H-ARQ retransmission time

8 ms

Frequency hopping

Intra-TTI: UL once per 0.5 ms slot, DL once per 66 s symbol

Inter-TTI across retransmissions

Bearer services

Packet only no circuit switched voice or data services are supported voice must use VoIP

Unicast scheduling schemes

Frequency selective (partial band); Frequency diversity by frequency hopping

Multicasting

Enhanced multimedia broadcast/multicast service (eMBMS) supporting

multicast/broadcast over single frequency network (MBSFN) Release 9

One radio frame, Tf = 307200 x Ts = 10 ms

2048 (x Ts)

One half-frame, 153600 x Ts = 5 ms

etc.
The cyclic prefix is created by prepending each symbol
with a copy of the end of the symbol

One subframe (1 ms)

1 slot
= 15360 x Ts
= 0.5 ms
Ts = 1/(15000 x 2048) = 32.6 ns

01 2 3 45 6 01 2 3 45 6

#0

1 sub-frame
= 2 slots
= 1ms

#1

#2

#3

#4

#5

#6

#7

#8

#9

#10

#11

#12

#13

#14

#15

#16

#17

#18

#1

DwPTS

1 frame
= 10 sub-frames
= 10 ms
#0

Ts = 1/(15000 x 2048) = 32.552 nsec

Ts = Time clock unit for definitions

For 5 ms switch-point periodicity

DL
Nsymb
OFDM symbols (= 7 OFDM symbols at normal CP)

#2

GP

One slot (0.5 ms)

#3

#4

#5

Special subframe (1 ms)

UpPTS

#6

DwPTS

#7

GP

#0

#1

DwPTS

#2

GP

#3

#4

#5

#6

#7

64QAM

DL
Nsymb
OFDM symbols (= 7 OFDM symbols at normal CP)

QPSK
160

2048

144

2048

144

2048

144

2048

144

2048

144

2048

144

CP

CP

CP

CP

CP

CP

CP

The relay method is the use of a repeater, which

receives, amplies, and then retransmits the downlink
and uplink signals to overcome areas of poor coverage.

0123456 0123456

0123456 0123456

0123456 0123456

Component Carrier (CC)

Up to 20 MHz BW

P-SS Primary synchronization signal is transmitted

on symbol 6 of slots 0 and 10 of each radio frame
S-SS Secondary synchronization signal is transmitted
on symbol 5 of slots 0 and 10 of each radio frame
PBCH Physical broadcast channel is located in 4 symbols
of sub-frame 0 only on symbols 0 to 3 of slot 1

Relay node

Band A

64QAM

QPSK

Zadoff-Chu
PUSCH 3 RB

BPSK (1a)

QPSK (1b)

PUSCH

1,1

1, 1

fc

1,1

1, 1

1, 1

1,1

1, 1

1, 1

1, 1

Sequence of QPSK data symbols to be transmitted

1, 1

QPSK modulating
data symbols
V

Coordinated multipoint (CoMP) is an advanced variant

of MIMO. The difference between the two systems is
that with coordinated multipoint, the transmitters do
not have to be physically co-located, although they are
linked by some type of high speed data connection and
can share payload data.

The network includes a mixture of different base

station classes such as local area BS (picocell), home
BS (femtocell) and relay node, all occupying the same
frequency. This scenario has been termed het-net
for short.

PUCCH

1, 1

5. Coordinated multipoint

6. Heterogeneous network
support
Frequency

1, 1

QPSK
PUSCH < 3 RB
or PUCCH

A
DM bol
F
O ym
s
CP
A
DM ol
OF ymb
s

Frequency

15 kHz
OFDMA

r
nt owe DMA
a
t
ns r p C-F d
Co arrie h S erio
bc ac l p
su ng e mbo
ri y
du s

Tim
e

16QAM

Downlink: 8 antennas, 8 streams

Uplink: 4 antennas, 4 streams

Tim
e

Different scenarios

Reference signal
(Demodulation)
PUCCH
UpPTS Uplink
pilot time slot
DL/UL subframe

Comparing OFDMA and SC-FDMA

4. Enhanced multiple
antenna transmission

Tim
e

For the uplink, clustered SC-FDMA is similar to SC-FDMA but has

the advantage that it allows non-contiguous (clustered) groups of
subcarriers to be allocated for transmission by a single UE, enabling
uplink frequency-selective scheduling. In addition, there can be
simultaneous transmission of control and data channels by allowing
the PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel) and the PUCCH
(Physical Uplink Control Channel) to be transmitted simultaneously.

GP
(1-10 symbols)

PDCCH Physical downlink control channel

exists on all sub-carriers at the start of the first slot
PDSCH Physical downlink shared channel
carries the payload data for multiple users
Reference signal (Pilot) Reference signals are
located at symbol 0 and symbol 4 of every slot

P-SS
S-SS
PBCH
PDCCH
PDSCH

FDD Uplink Physical Mapping

Relay node

Band B

1 slot
= 15360 x Ts
= 0.5 ms
Ts = 1/(15000 x 2048) = 32.6 ns

UpPTS
(1-2 symbols)

Frequency

Relay node

(x Ts)

Carrier Aggregation is the creation of wider bandwidths through the

aggregation of 20 MHz contiguous and non-contiguous component
carriers to achieve up to 100 MHz of spectrum.

DwPTS
(3-12 symbols)

2048

Tim

3. Relaying

2. Clustered SC-FDMA
with simultaneous PUSCH/PUCCH

#9

Special subframe (1 ms)

UpPTS

etc.
The cyclic prefix is created by prepending each symbol
with a copy of the end of the symbol

1. Carrier Aggregation

Band A

#8

UpPTS

TDD 5 ms Switch Periodicity Mapping

LTE-Advanced Features

#9

For 10 ms switch-point periodicity

#19

FDD Downlink Physical Mapping

16QAM

#8

fc

A
M
FD bol
SC sym

A
M
FD bol
SC sym
CP

Frequency

60 kHz
SC-FDMA

LTE downlink: Uses OFDMA multi-carrier modulation scheme with closely-spaced

orthogonal sub-carriers.

Frequency
Physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH)

Physical uplink control channel (PUCCH)

Demodulation reference signal for PUSCH

Demodulation reference signal for

PUCCH format 1a/1b

The graph shows an example

sequence of eight QPSK symbols with
four sub-carriers. For OFDMA, four
symbols are taken in parallel, each
modulating its own sub-carrier at the
appropriate QPSK phase. After one
OFDMA symbol period, a guard period
called the cyclic prex (CP) is inserted
before the next OFDMA symbol period.
For SC-FDMA each symbol is
transmitted sequentially and the four
data symbols are transmitted in one
SC-FDMA symbol period. The higher
rate data symbols require four times
the spectrum bandwidth. Note the
OFDMA and SC-FDMA symbol periods
are the same.

LTE uplink: Uses single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) to
reduce peak to average ratio and power consumption.

Keysight Covers the LTE and LTE-Advanced Lifecycle

Simulation

Signal Creation UL/DL

Baseband Analysis

Signal Analysis UL/DL

UE Integration and Verication

Conformance Test

Manufacturing

Install/Maintenance

N6070A Series
Signaling
Conformance
Test System
PXB Baseband Generator
and Channel Emulator

SystemVue

M9381A
PXIe Vector
Signal Generator

89600 VSA for

FDD and TDD
with MIMO

Inniium 90000 X-Series

Oscilloscope

6607B EXT Wireless Communications

Test Set and E6617A Multi-port
Adapter

E6621A
PXT Wireless
Communications
Test Set

16800 Series Portable Logic

Analyzer

LTE Measurement Application

N7109A Multi-Channel Signal

Signal Studio
Software

89600 WLA
Wireless Link Analysis Software

Wireless Design Library

MXG Signal Generator

RDX DigRF Test Environment

X-Series Signal Analyzers

FieldFox
RF Handheld Analyzer

Handheld
Spectrum Analyzer

Interactive
Functional Test
(IFT) Software
N6781A
2-Quadrant
Battery
Drain Analysis

HARDWARE + SOFTWARE + PEOPLE = LTE-A INSIGHTS

T4010S LTE RF
Conformance Test System
MXA Signal Analyzer with
MXG Signal Generator

www.keysight.com/nd/lte

Handheld RF Cable
and Antenna Tester

www.keysight.com/nd/lte-a

Product specications and descriptions in this document subject to change without notice.
Keysight Technologies, 2008-2014
Printed in USA., August 11, 2014 5989-7646EN