Turbo Charger

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com/fyp/
And How it Works
By: Anuj Vats

3rd Year
Mechanical Engg.
UPTU
2007-2011
www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.com/fyp/
Introduction
History
1970s first oil crisis and increasingly
stringent air emission regulations lead to

demands for higher power density as well as
higher air delivery. Outcome -> virtually all
current truck engines are turbocharged.
1978 Mercedes-Benz puts the 300 SD into
production marking the appearance of the

first turbocharged Diesel passenger car.
1994 VW introduces the variable geometry
turbo in their TDI Diesel engine significantly

improving the transient response of the Diesel
engine.
Av
Internal Combustion Engine
Av
Internal Combustion Engine
To further understand the true potential of a

turbocharger, we must understand what causes the
car to accelerate.
Process in the Engine:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Air taken into the engines cylinder.

Piston compresses the air.
Fuel is combined with the air in the carburetor.
Sparkplug ignites the fuel and air in cylinder.
Process repeats, creating a rotational motion.
Rotational motion turns the crank shaft which
spins the wheels.
Av
AIRFLOW REQUIREMENTS
Volumetric Efficiency
Volumetric efficiency is
a comparison of the actual
volume of airfuel mixture
drawn into an engine to
the theoretical maximum
volume that could be
drawn in.
Volumetric efficiency is
expressed as a
percentage, and changes
with engine speed.
Av
A supercharger on a Ford V-8
AIRFLOW REQUIREMENTS
Engine Compression
Higher compression increases the thermal efficiency of

the engine because it raises compression
temperatures, resulting in hotter, more complete
combustion.
However, a higher compression can cause an
increase in NOX emissions and would require the use
of high-octane gasoline with effective antiknock
additives.
Av
SUPERCHARGING PRINCIPLES
The amount of force an

airfuel charge produces
when it is ignited is largely
a function of the charge
density.
Density is the mass of a
substance in a given
amount of space.
Av
The more air and fuel that can

be packed in a cylinder, the
greater the density of the
airfuel charge
SUPERCHARGERS
A supercharger is an engine-driven air pump that

supplies more than the normal amount of air into the
intake manifold and boosts engine torque and power.
A supercharger provides an instantaneous increase in
power without the delay or lag often associated with
turbochargers.
However, a supercharger, because it is driven by the
engine, does require horsepower to operate and is
not as efficient as a turbocharger.
Av
SUPERCHARGERS
Usually compress the fuel/air mixture after it leaves

the carburetor.
A supercharger is driven directly from the engine.
Some of the power created is offset by the power
required to drive the supercharger.
The amount of supercharging done is limited by the
temperatures produced to avoid detonation problems.
Av
What a Turbocharger Is
Turbocharger - an engine upgrade bolted onto the exhaust

manifold that dramatically increases torque, power, and acceleration.
Common uses Turbochargers are usually found in diesel

manufactured cars such as the Mercedes-Benz, Pontiac, and Subaru.
A lot of race cars and street racers install turbochargers to gain an edge
over their opponent.
Av
What a Turbocharger Is
Why it is effective - Through the use of forced induction,

turbochargers compress the air entering the engine causing
it to be extremely dense; with more air in a small area,
more gasoline can be coupled with the air creating larger
explosions in the cylinder which help the car to progress
forward.
Av
Turbochargers
The vast majority of

turbochargers
consist of a
centrifugal
compressor and
centripetal turbine
mounted on a
common shaft
Turbine
Compressor
Av
Turbocharger Design
Workings of the Turbocharger:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Exhaust waste from the engine cylinder travels towards

the turbocharger.
Exhaust waste powers the turbine wheel which is
connected to the compressor wheel by the turbine shaft.
Turbine shaft rotates the compressor wheel drawing in
and compressing cool air.
Compressed air travels through an intercooler for further
cooling before reaching the engine cylinder.
Fuel mixes with the compressed air and is ignited by the
spark plug.
Exhaust waste is let out by the combustion and the
process repeats itself .
Av
Turbocharger Design
Process of the air
flow:
Av
The Turbine:
The turbine wheel begins the whole process of sending

compressed air to the engine cylinder.
Turbine wheels can be made of steel or ceramic blades,

but ceramic is preferred because it is lightweight meaning
it will spin faster and prevent turbo lag.
Turbo lag is the delay that comes from the engine not
responding to the boost acquired from the turbocharger.
Turbine wheels can rotate anywhere between 80,000 and

150,000 revolutions per minute (RPM).
Detailing Specific Parts

The Turbine:
Proper mounting and connection between the turbine
and turbine shaft is necessary because it operates at

such high speeds.
The waste gate releases excess exhaust waste from
the turbine.
Av

Compressor:
When the compressor wheel spins, it draws in air from the
ambient air inlet located on the opposite side of the turbine

exhaust gas inlet to retrieve cool air.
The compressor increases the density of incoming air by six to
eight pounds per square inch (psi).

At sea level, the density of air is 14.7 psi, so the compressor
yields about a fifty percent increase.

The highly compressed air leaves the compressor section
through the compressor air discharge as it travels towards the

intercooler.
Av

Compressor:
Av

Intercooler:
Also known as a charge air cooler, intercoolers decrease the
temperature of the incoming compressed air.

The intercooler is comprised of bars, louvers, passageways, and
fins that the compressed air travels through.

The engine fan keeps the intercooler cool as the hot compressed
air passes through.

Intercoolers are vital because hot air expands and if the
intercooler keeps the compressed air cool, the air becomes more
compact (providing more air to fuel ratio in the cylinder which
yields more power).
Av

Intercooler:
Av

Tachometer and Boost Gauge:
Tachometer
Allows the driver to monitor and measure how quickly the
engine is working in revolutions per minute.

By being able to monitor the speeds of the engine, the driver
can stop the vehicle when the engine begins to work harder
(faster rpm) than usual.
Helps make sure the turbocharger and engine are in sync
(Turbochargers: pickup for a price).
Boost Gauge
Displays the amount of pressure on the turbocharger in psi.
Since the turbocharger and engine work together, the amount
of air pressure going into the engine cylinder needs to stay

consistent and at a tolerable amount.
Av

Tachometer and Boost
Gauge:
Av
Challenges
Transient Response Turbo lag
Demands for higher pressure ratios
Higher exhaust temperatures
Cost
Av
Challenges Transient
Response
Methods to improve transient response
Reduce turbine and compressor wheel inertia

Reduce intake and exhaust system volume
Technologies to improve transient response
Waste gate
Variable geometry turbine
Electrical assist (e booster).
Av
Possible Side Effects
Knocking:
Knocking is when the air and fuel combination in the cylinder
combusts before the spark plug actually ignites it, throwing off the
synchronization between the turbocharger and the engine.
This is due to the extreme temperatures and highly compressed
air.
Knocking reduces the full rotation of the piston, limiting the cars
performance.
Solutions:
Waste gate assists in preventing knocking by monitoring how
much pressure is in the turbine.

When too much pressure is in the turbine section, the waste gate
releases extra exhaust to slow down the speed of the turbine
wheel.
Intercoolers prevent knocking as well by keeping the temperature
of the compressed air low. Av
Benefits
Fuel Economy
Reduces pumping work in spark ignition engines by
enabling engine downsizing

Major enabler of modern Diesel engines because of
increase in power density
Performance
Eliminates altitude power loss
Emissions
Increasing the air mass flow rate by turbo charging has
enabled significant reductions in particulates for Diesel
engines. When combined with intercooling, there is no
increase in NOx.
Av
Conclusions
Turbochargers are, and will continue to be, an

integral part of modern IC engines
They offer benefits in performance, fuel
economy, and emissions
New technologies are being applied to
turbochargers to mitigate or eliminate
transient performance issues
Av
References
howstuffworks.com
Wikipedia
PEARSON Automotive fuel and emissions control systems By James D.
Halderman and Jim Linder.
(1985). Turbochargers: pickup for a price. Changing times, 39, 63.
(2001). Fundamentals of the Four Stroke Internal Combustion Engine

Retrieved February 27, 2006, from
www.siu.edu/~autoclub/images/engine1.jpg
(2003). Turbochargers A Process Description. Retrieved February 25,

2006, from
www.angelfire.com/.../turbo_files/image003.jpg
(2005). ARE Cooling: Intercoolers: A must Read. Retrieved February 25,

2006, from
http://www.are.com.au/techtalk/intecoolersMR.htm#EN
GINE%20DESTRUCTION%20%20!%20!%20!%20!
(2005). Tachometer. Retrieved March 10, 2006, from

www.coolcats.net/media/7000tach_tbird.jpg
(2006). Boost Gauge. Retrieved March 10, 2006, from

images.amazon.com/images/P/B0006Q16UQ.01-A1T0

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www.final-yearprojects.co.cc | www.troubleshoot4free.

And How it Works

By: Anuj Vats

1970s first oil crisis and increasingly

stringent air emission regulations lead to

1978 Mercedes-Benz puts the 300 SD into

production marking the appearance of the

1994 VW introduces the variable geometry

turbo in their TDI Diesel engine significantly

Internal Combustion Engine

Internal Combustion Engine

To further understand the true potential of a

Process in the Engine:

Air taken into the engines cylinder.

A supercharger on a Ford V-8

Higher compression increases the thermal efficiency of

The amount of force an

The more air and fuel that can

A supercharger is an engine-driven air pump that

Usually compress the fuel/air mixture after it leaves

Turbocharger - an engine upgrade bolted onto the exhaust

Common uses Turbochargers are usually found in diesel

Why it is effective - Through the use of forced induction,

The vast majority of

Exhaust waste from the engine cylinder travels towards

The turbine wheel begins the whole process of sending

Turbine wheels can be made of steel or ceramic blades,

Turbine wheels can rotate anywhere between 80,000 and

Detailing Specific Parts

and turbine shaft is necessary because it operates at

Detailing Specific Parts

ambient air inlet located on the opposite side of the turbine

eight pounds per square inch (psi).

yields about a fifty percent increase.

through the compressor air discharge as it travels towards the

Detailing Specific Parts

Detailing Specific Parts

temperature of the incoming compressed air.

fins that the compressed air travels through.

air passes through.

Detailing Specific Parts

Detailing Specific Parts

engine is working in revolutions per minute.

of air pressure going into the engine cylinder needs to stay

Detailing Specific Parts

Transient Response Turbo lag

Demands for higher pressure ratios

Higher exhaust temperatures

Methods to improve transient response

Reduce turbine and compressor wheel inertia

Technologies to improve transient response

Possible Side Effects

much pressure is in the turbine.

enabling engine downsizing

Turbochargers are, and will continue to be, an

(2001). Fundamentals of the Four Stroke Internal Combustion Engine

(2003). Turbochargers A Process Description. Retrieved February 25,

(2005). ARE Cooling: Intercoolers: A must Read. Retrieved February 25,

(2005). Tachometer. Retrieved March 10, 2006, from

(2006). Boost Gauge. Retrieved March 10, 2006, from

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