Distribution

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Approx. 50,000 species of vertebrates,

Approx. 25,988 species of fish: 483
families and 57 orders

Approx. 58% (about 13,630) of all

species of bony fishes live in marine
environments
Approx. 42% (about 9,870) of fish
species live in freshwater environments

Only about 3% of earth's water is

freshwater

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Distribution

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Facts.....

Found all over the globe

Vertical distribution - ocean abyss to
high altitude mountain streams (5200 m in
hot springs in Tibet; 3812 m Lake
Titicaca to 8000 m deep (cusk eels
Brotulotaenia sp.) - spans almost 13 km

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cusk eels Brotulotaenia

sp.
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Facts.....

Temperature - Physiologically cope with

hot soda lakes (43oC) to sub-freezing
waters of Antarctica (-2 oC). How do
they survive?? Antifreeze in blood.

Stunning range of morphologies and

adaptations: adaptation vs. phylogenetic
constraint

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Facts.....
Vast and diverse assemblage of organisms consider variation in life history traits:
Fish populations vary in size from 400 1000 individuals (Cyprinodon diabolis - the
devil's hole pupfish actually 125), to 10
to the 15 (for some mesopelagic stomiatids
- Cyclothone spp. no other vertebrate
populations approach this number).

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Facts.....

Devil's Hole Pupfish

(Cyprinodon diabolis)

Messopelagic Stomatidae
(Cyclothone spp)
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Facts.....
Vast and diverse assemblage of organisms consider variation in life history traits:

Adult body size: Small as 7.5 mm (tropical

gobies, cyprinodonts, and cyprinids vie for
title of smallest living vertebrate).
Largest fish is Whale shark (Rhincodon) reaches lengths of up to 12 m, Ocean
sunfish (Mola mola) = weight of two tons,
etc. tunas, swordfish, giant sea basses and
catfish reach lengths of 2-4 m and weigh
half a ton.
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Facts.....

Biggest shark
(Rhincodon typus)

Sunfish
(Mola mola)
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Facts.....
Vast and diverse assemblage of organisms consider variation in life history traits:
Life span ranges from less than one year
(annual fishes) to 150 years (halibut, carp).

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Facts.....
Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus sp.)

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Facts.....
Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus sp.)

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Facts.....
Vast and diverse assemblage of organisms consider variation in life history traits:

Reproduction = open water spawning;

spawning in nests, true viviparity,
ovoviviparity, or internal fertilization
followed by egg deposition.

Sex changes, parental care etc.

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Facts.....
Vast and diverse assemblage of organisms consider variation in life history traits:
Secondary sexual dimorphism absent in
herrings and anchovies; highly developed in
ceratoid Anglerfish
Parental care ranges from non-existent to
highly developed.

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Facts.....
Vast and diverse assemblage of organisms consider variation in life history traits:

Fecundity = number of eggs shed in a single

spawning varies

From one (Tomeurus sp.)

Hundreds of thousands in fish like cod

(many eggs fail to be fertilized).
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Facts.....
Vast and diverse assemblage of organisms consider variation in life history traits:
Individuals may have onads of one sex only
or of both sexes.

Hermaphroditism may be protandrous,

protogynous or simultaneous. At least one
species (Rivulus marmoratus) capable of
fertilizing own eggs.

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Facts.....

Mangrove rivulus
(Rivulus marmoratus)

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Facts.....
Vast and diverse assemblage of organisms consider variation in life history traits:

Asexual reproduction occurs in Mollienesia

formosa, a hybrid species consisting solely
of females, which mate with males of
either M. sphenops or M. latipinna.
Offspring = all female M. formosa.

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Facts.....
Vast and diverse assemblage of organisms consider variation in life history traits:
Some young miniature replicas of adults
(e.g. viviparous surf perches),

Others - young very different existence

and are completely different in appearance
(e.g. Some pelagic larvae of flatfishes).

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Fish Shapes: Form is Function

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Fish vary in morphological

cross-section drastically.
REM: Form & function
go hand in hand here.

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