Mauro Giuliani

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Mauro Giuseppe Sergio Pantaleo Giuliani (July 27, 1781

May 8, 1829) was an Italian guitarist, cellist and
composer, and is considered by many to be one of the
leading guitar virtuosi of the early 19th century.

Contents
1 Biography
1.1 Quotes
2 Works
2.1 Theme and variations
2.2 Original Sources of Themes
2.2.1 Themes in Giuliani's Le
Rossiniane
3 List of compositions
4 Instruments used by Giuliani
5 Books about Mauro Giuliani
5.1 Biographies
5.2 Analysis
6 References
7 External links
7.1 Sheetmusic
7.2 Images of Giuliani

Biography
Although born in Bisceglie, Giuliani's center of study was in Barletta where he moved with his brother
Nicola in the first years of his life. His first instrumental training was on the celloan instrument which he
never completely abandonedand he probably also studied the violin. Subsequently he devoted himself to
the guitar, becoming a very skilled performer on it in a short time. The names of his teachers are unknown,
and we cannot be sure of his exact movements in Italy.
He married Maria Giuseppe del Monaco, and they had a child, Michael, born in Barletta in 1801. After that
he was probably in Bologna and Trieste for a brief stay; by the summer of 1806, fresh from his studies of
counterpoint, cello and guitar in Italy, he had moved to Vienna without his family. Here he began a
relationship with a certain Frulein Willmuth, with whom he had a daughter, Maria, in 1807.
In Vienna he became acquainted with the classical instrumental style. In 1807 Giuliani began to publish
compositions in the classical style. His concert tours took him all over Europe. Everywhere he went he was
acclaimed for his virtuosity and musical taste. He achieved great success and became a musical celebrity,
equal to the best of the many instrumentalists and composers who were active in the Austrian capital city at
the beginning of the 19th century.
Giuliani defined a new role for the guitar in the context of European music. He was acquainted with the
highest figures of Austrian society and with notable composers such as Rossini and Beethoven, and
cooperated with the best active concert musicians in Vienna. In 1815 he appeared with Johann Nepomuk
Hummel (followed later by Ignaz Moscheles), the violinist Joseph Mayseder and the cellist Joseph Merk, in
a series of chamber concerts in the botanical gardens of Schnbrunn Palace, concerts that were called the
"Dukaten Concerte", [1] after the price of the ticket, which was a ducat. This exposure gave Giuliani
prominence in the musical environment of the city. Also in 1815, he was the official concert artist for the
celebrations of the Congress in Vienna. Two years earlier, on the 8th of December, 1813, he had played
(probably cello) in an orchestra for the first performance of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony.
In Vienna, Giuliani had minor success as a composer. He worked mostly with the publisher Artaria, who
published the large part of his works for guitar, but he had dealings with all the other local publishers, who
spread his compositions all over Europe. He developed here a teaching reputation as well; among his
numerous students were Bobrowicz and Horetzky.
In 1819 Giuliani left Vienna, mainly for financial reasons: his property and bank accounts were confiscated
to pay his debtors. He returned to Italy, spending time in Trieste and Venice, and finally settling in Rome.
He brought with him his daughter Emilia, who was born in 1813. She was educated at the nunnery
L'adorazione del Ges from 1821 to 1826, together with Giuliani's illegitimate daughter Maria. In Rome he
did not have much success; he published a few compositions and gave only one concert.
In July 1823 he began a series of frequent trips to Naples to be with his father, who was seriously ill. In the
Bourbon city of Naples Giuliani would find a better reception to his guitar artistry, and there he was able to
publish other works for guitar with local publishers.
In 1826 he performed in Portici before Francesco I and the Bourbon court. In this time, which we could call
Giuliani's Neapolitan period, he appeared frequently in duo concert with his daughter Emilia, who had
become a skilled performer on the guitar. Toward the end of 1827 the health of the musician began to fail;
he died in Naples on 8 May 1829. The news of his death created much of a stir in the Neapolitan musical
environment.

Quotes

Giuliani's expression and tone in guitar playing were astonishing, and a

competent critic said of him: "He vocalized his adagios to a degree
impossible to be imagined by those who never heard him; his melody in
slow movements was no longer like the short, unavoidable staccato of
the piano, requiring profusion of harmony to cover the deficient
sustension of notes, but it was invested with a character, not only
sustained and penetrating, but of so earnest [2] and pathetic[3] a
description as to make it appear the natural characteristic of the
instrument. In a word, he made the instrument sing."

Philip James Bone, The guitar and mandolin, 1914 (page 127)[4]

Works
Theme and variations
As a guitar composer he was very fond of the theme and variations an extremely popular form in
Vienna. He had a remarkable ability to weave a melody into a passage with musical effect while remaining
true to the idiom of the instrument.
One example of this ability is to be found in his Variations on a theme of Handel, Op. 107. This
popular theme, known as "The Harmonious Blacksmith", appears in the Aria from Handel's Suite no.
5 in E for harpsichord.
Another example is Giuliani's Sei variazioni sull'aria "A Schisserl und a Reindl", op. 38, which is a
set of variations on the Austrian Folkslied A Schisserl und a Reindl, is ll mein Kuchlg'schirr, used in
the play Der Kaufmannsbude (1796), with music by Johann Baptist Henneberg (17681822) and text
by Schikaneder; and in the play Der Marktschreyer (1799), with music by Franz Xaver Sssmayr
(17661803) and text by Friedrich Karl Lippert. [5] (Beethoven used the same theme in his work
op.105, number 3 for flute and piano.)
Giuliani's achievements as a composer were numerous. Giuliani's 150 compositions for guitar with opus
number constitute the nucleus of the nineteenth-century guitar repertory. He composed extremely
challenging pieces for solo guitar as well as works for orchestra and Guitar-Violin and Guitar-Flute duos.
Outstanding pieces by Giuliani include his three guitar concertos (op. 30-36 and 70); a series of six
fantasias for guitar solo, op. 119-124, based on airs from Rossini operas and entitled the "Rossiniane";
several sonatas for violin and guitar and flute and guitar; a quintet, op. 65, for strings and guitar; some
collections for voice and guitar, and a Grand Overture written in the Italian style. He also transcribed many
symphonic works, both for solo guitar and guitar duo. One such transcription arranges the overture to The
Barber of Seville by Rossini, for two guitars. There are further numerous didactic works, among which is a
method for guitar that is used frequently by teachers to this day.
Today, Giuliani's concertos and solo pieces are performed by professionals and still demonstrate the ability
of the guitarist to play the piece, as well as Giuliani's natural ability as a composer for the classical guitar.

Original Sources of Themes

Giuliani arranged many 19th century opera themes for the guitar, e.g. from the opera Semiramide by
Gioachino Rossini. His work Le Rossiniane, also include numerous themes from the operas of Rossini.
Themes in Giuliani's Le Rossiniane
Rossiniana I, op. 119
Introduction (Andantino)
Assisa a pi dun salice
(Otello)
Languir per una bella,
Andante grazioso (LItalienne
Alger)
Con gran piacer, ben mio,
Maestoso (LItalienne Alger)
Caro, caro ti parlo in petto,
Moderato (LItalienne Alger)
Cara, per te questanima,
Allegro Vivace (Armida)
Rossiniana II, op. 120
Introduction (Sostenuto)
Deh ! Calma, o ciel,
Andantino sostenuto (Otello)
Arditi allire, Allegretto
innocente (Armida)
Non pi mesta accanto al
fuoco, Maestoso (Cendrillon)
Di piacer mi balza il cor, (La
pie voleuse)
Fertilissima Regina,
Allegretto (Cendrillon)
Rossiniana III, op. 121
Introduction (Maestoso

Sostenuto)
Un soave non so che
(Cendrillon)
Oh mattutini albori!,
Andantino (La dame du lac)
Questo vecchio maledetto, (Le Turc en Italie)
Sorte! Secondami, Allegro (Zelmira)
Cinto di nuovi allori, Maestoso (Ricciardo et Zorade)
Rossiniana IV, op. 122
Introduction (Sostenuto-Allegro Maestoso)
Forse un d conoscerete, Andante (La pie voleuse)
Mi cadono le lagrime (La pie voleuse)
Ah se puoi cos lasciarmi, Allegro Maestoso (Mose en Egypte)
Piacer egual gli dei, Maestoso (Mathilde de Shabran)
Voglio ascoltar (La pierre de touche)
Rossiniana V, op. 123
Introduction (Allegro con brio)
E tu quando tornerai, Andantino mosso (Tancrde)
Una voce poco fa (Le Barbier de Sville)
Questo un nodo avviluppato, Andante sostenuto (Cendrillon)
L seduto lamato Giannetto, Allegro (La pie voleuse)
Zitti zitti, piano piano, Allegro (Le Barbier de Sville)
Rossiniana VI, op. 124
Introduction (Maestoso)
Qual mesto gemito, Larghetto (Smiramis)
Oh quante lagrime finor versai, Maestoso (La dame du lac)
Questo nome che suona vittoria, Allegro brillante (Le sige de Corinthe)

List of compositions
Main article: List of compositions by Mauro Giuliani

Instruments used by Giuliani

Of the instruments used by Giuliani, there are known, guitars made by
possibly: Gennaro Fabricatore, (Naples 1809) [6] (now in the collection of Gianni Accornero)
At the bottom of the guitar, one can see the initials M G. The guitarcase also has the initials M G.
briefly: Pons l'An (Joseph Pons), (Paris 1812)
This Pons guitar was made for Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria in Paris 1812, and later given to
Giuliani: is known to have been in Giuliani's possession only briefly.[7] Giuliani later gave it to the
amateur guitarist Christopher Bilderbeck de Monte as a present. However, Giuliani did not often play
this 1812 guitar: it hardly shows signs of use. [7]
unlikely: Pons l'An (Joseph Pons), (Paris 1825) (now in the collection of Gianni Accornero)
The back cover of a CD claims "Giuliani's original Guitar Pons l'An 1825".[8] . Though this is
probably a deceptive and possibly intentionally ambiguous claim. Gianni Accornero wrote the CD's
liner notes about the guitar, and claims: "This instrument is in actual fact identical to the one which
Joseph had made for Empress Marie-Louise of Habsburg, the wife of Napoleon, who later gave it to
Giuliani. This instrument became one of his favourites. Not only the model is the same, but also are
the different types of wood used for its construction.[8] "
However Paul Pleijsier is critical of these claims; and has found flaws and inconsistencies in
Accornero's claims.[9] Pleijsier states that there is no evidence that Giuliani ever played the 1825
Pons. [9]
Eduardo Catemario (the performer on the CD) has insinuated "E' interessante notare che questa Pons
molto simile (per non dire identica) a quella di Giuliani",[10] .
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Mauro_Giuliani&action=edit) .

Books about Mauro Giuliani

Biographies
Nicola Giuliani (http://associazionegiuliani.org/biografia/item/2.html) : Mauro Giuliani, Ascesa e
declino del virtuoso della chitarra (Guitar virtuoso: his hearly life and final decline)
(http://www.ilsalabue.com/lang1/mauro_giuliani_ascesa_e_declino_del_virtuoso_dell.html) 2005,
ISBN 8887618062
Nicola Giuliani (http://associazionegiuliani.org/biografia/item/2.html) : La sesta corda. Vita narrata
di Mauro Giuliani (http://www.levantebari.com/pug12mis.htm) , Bari, Levante, 2008 ("La Puglia nei
documenti", 12). ISBN 9788879494953
Thomas F Heck (http://www.insightsconsulting.biz/InsightsCV.html) : Mauro Giuliani : virtuoso
guitarist and composer. (http://www.editionsorphee.com/books.htm#heck) Publisher: Columbus :
Editions Orphe, 1995. (English) ISBN 0-936186-87-9 OCLC 32394767 / Publisher: New Haven,
1970. OCLC: 125002
Nicola Giuliani (http://associazionegiuliani.org/biografia/item/2.html) : Omaggio a Mauro Giuliani :
l'Orfeo della Puglia Type: Italian : Book Book Publisher: [S.l. : s.n.], 1999. OCLC: 45035045
Marco Riboni (http://www.marcoriboni.it/) : Mauro Giuliani (1782-1829) : profilo biografico-critico
ed analisi delle trascrizioni per chitarra (http://dissexpress.umi.com/dxweb#search?

&query=AU%28Marco%20Riboni%29) Type: Italian : Book Book : Thesis/dissertation/manuscript

Publisher: Anno accademico 1990-1991. OCLC: 32930581
Marco Riboni: Mauro Giuliani (17811829) : profilo biografico-critico ed analisi delle trascrizioni
per chitarra Type: English : Book Book Publisher: [S.l. : s.n.], 1992. OCLC: 69237592
Brian Jeffery: Introduction and indexes Type: English : Book Book Publisher: London : Tecla
Editions, 1988. OCLC: 24958769
Filippo E Araniti: Nuove acquisizioni sull'opera e sulla vita di Mauro Giuliani : gli anni del soggiorno
napoletano (18241829) Type: Italian : Book Book Publisher: Barletta-Trani : Regione PugliaAssessorato Pubblica Istruzione, 1993. OCLC: 42716282
Thomas Fitzsimons Heck (http://www.insightsconsulting.biz/InsightsCV.html) : The birth of the
classic guitar and its cultivation in Vienna, reflected in the career and compositions of Mauro
Giuliani (d.1829) ; Thematic catalogue of the complete works of Mauro Giuliani
(http://dissexpress.umi.com/dxweb#search?&query=AU%28Thomas%20Fitzsimons%20Heck%29)
.Type: English : Book Book Publisher: New Haven, Conn. : Yale University, 1970. OCLC: 53726031
Brian Jeffery: Introductions and indexes by Mauro Giuliani. Type: English : Book Book.Publisher:
Penderyn, South Wales : Tecla Editions, 1988. OCLC: 52613698
Antonio Lasada: The butterfly, op. 30 by Mauro Giuliani. Type: English : Book Book. Publisher:
Sydney : J. Albert & Son, 1976. ISBN 0-909700-90-7 OCLC: 27600649
Thomas Fitz / Simons Heck: The birth of the classic guitar and its cultivation in Vienna reflected in
the career and compositions of Mauro Giuliani (d. 1829) Type: English : Book Book. Publisher:
[S.l. : s.n.], 1970. OCLC: 65932060
Eduardo Caliendo: Metodo per chitarra by Mauro Giuliani. Type: Italian : Book Book. Publisher:
Ancona ; Milano : Edizioni musicali Brben, [1978], 1964.OCLC: 23479377
Mauro Giuliani: 25 etudes [Mscia]. Type: Spanish : Book Book.Publisher: Japon : Zen-On music,
[19--]. OCLC: 70134885
Gaspare Spontini; Mauro Giuliani; Brian Jeffery; Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart; Vincenzo Bellini:
Three operatic overtures arranged for two guitars : Spontini's La Vestale, Mozart's La Clemenza di
Tito, and Bellini's Il Pirata : Wo0, 2G-1, 2, 4. Type: English : Book Book. Publisher: London : Tecla
Editions, 1986. ISBN 0-906953-83-9 OCLC: 38002311
Tomasina Soto Michel: Survey of program music in early romantic guitarists, 1800-1850. Type:
English : Book Book : Thesis/dissertation/manuscript Publisher: 1994. OCLC: 30986316
Joseph Zuth: 24 [i.e. Vierundzwanzig] Studien fr Gitarre, op. 100 by Mauro Giuliani; Type:
German : Book Book Publisher: Mainz : B. Schott's Shne ; New York : Schott Music Corp., 1929.
OCLC: 41699112
Joseph J Gonzales; Johann Sebastian Bach: Recital document. Type: English : Book Book :
Thesis/dissertation/manuscript. Publisher: 1995. OCLC: 33850916
Hans Ritter: 24 [i.e. Vierundzwanzig] Etden fr Gitarre, op. 48 by Mauro Giuliani; Type: German :
Book Book Publisher: Mainz : B. Schott's Shne ; New York : Schott Music Corp., [19--] OCLC:
41699167
Ludwig van Beethoven: Beethoven-Festnummer der Oesterreichischen Gitarre-Zeitschrift Type:
German : Book Book Publisher: Wien : Kunstdruckerie Frisch & Co., 1927. OCLC: 40961302
Antonio Francesco Gori; Liuba Giuliani: Type: Italian : Book Book Publisher: Roma : Consiglio
nazionale delle ricerche, 1987. OCLC: 20634181

Analysis
Yvonne Regina Chavez: The flute and guitar duos of Mauro Giuliani Book:
Thesis/dissertation/manuscript Publisher: 1991. (English) OCLC: 24571012
Roger West Hudson: The orchestration of the guitar concerto : a comparison of the Concerto in A
major, op. 30, by Mauro Giuliani and the Concierto del sol by Manuel Ponce. Type: English : Book
Book : Thesis/dissertation/manuscript. Publisher: 1992.OCLC: 31118635
Heike Vajen Rossiniana no. 6 op. 124 by Mauro Giuliani.Type: German : Book Book. Publisher:
Celle : Moeck, (1986). OCLC: 46051295
Volker Hh: Sonata op. 15 : Fingersatz by Mauro Giuliani. Type: Book Book Publisher: Celle :
Moeck, 1989. OCLC: 46095695
Horacio Ceballos: Sonata Op. 15 [Msica] by Mauro Giuliani. Type: Spanish : Book Book. Publisher:
Buenos Aires, Argentina : RICORDI, 1977. OCLC: 70134745
Kurt L Schuster: Performing Joseph Haydn's Divertimento a quattro, opus 2, no. 2 and Mauro
Giuliani's Grand sonata eroica, opus 150. Type: English : Book Book :
Thesis/dissertation/manuscript. Publisher: 1989.: 20402277

References
1. ^ sterreichisch-ungarische Revue (http://books.google.com/books?id=MOqzAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1PA165&dq=%22Mauro+Giuliani%22+%22Ducatenconcerte%22&lr=&as_brr=3) . 1864.
http://books.google.com/books?id=MOqzAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1PA165&dq=%22Mauro+Giuliani%22+%22Ducatenconcerte%22&lr=&as_brr=3.
2. ^ "earnest: zealous with sincerity; with hearty endeavor; heartfelt; fervent; hearty" (http://machaut.uchicago.edu/?

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.
8.

9.
10.

resource=Webster%27s&word=earnest&use1913=on) . Websters Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C.

Merriam, 1913. http://machaut.uchicago.edu/?resource=Webster%27s&word=earnest&use1913=on.
^ "pathetic: Affecting or moving the tender emotions, esp. pity or grief; full of pathos"
(http://machaut.uchicago.edu/?resource=Webster%27s&word=pathetic&use1913=on) . Websters Revised
Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913. http://machaut.uchicago.edu/?
resource=Webster%27s&word=pathetic&use1913=on.
^ Philip James Bone. "The guitar and mandolin, 1914"
(http://www.archive.org/stream/guitarmandolinbi00bone#page/127/mode/1up) .
http://www.archive.org/stream/guitarmandolinbi00bone#page/127/mode/1up.
^ Lisa Feurzeig, John Sienicki, Friedrich Satzenhoven, Franz Volkert (2007). Quodlibets of the Viennese theater
(http://books.google.com/books?
id=GkESElZF25EC&pg=PA297&dq=%22a+sch%C3%BCsserl+und+a+reindl%22&as_brr=3) . A-R Editions, Inc..
ISBN 9780895796233. http://books.google.com/books?
id=GkESElZF25EC&pg=PA297&dq=%22a+sch%C3%BCsserl+und+a+reindl%22&as_brr=3.
^ Giuliani's Fabricatore guitar (http://www.maccaripugliese.com/Duo_Maccari-Pugliese/N-giulguitar.html) 2
(http://www.maccaripugliese.com/Duo_Maccari-Pugliese/Album.html) image
(http://maurogiuliani.free.fr/en/guitar_giuliani.php)
^ a b Found: A Giuliani Guitar, Kept In A London Bank Since 1816
(http://www.paulpleijsier.nl/assets/pdf/soundboard_2001.pdf) by Paul Pleijsier, 2001
^ a b CD back cover image
(http://www.paulpleijsier.nl/assets/images/uploaded/PerformedwithGiulianisoriginalguitar.jpg) ; Giuliani Concerto
CD1
(http://artsmusic.de/Concertos_Nos1_2_for_Guitar_and_Orchestra/topic/sacd/shop_art_id/468/tpl/artsmusic_article_detail)
(also available: Giuliani Concerto CD2
(http://artsmusic.de/Concerto_for_Guitar_and_Orchestra_No3Gran_Quintetto_for_Guitar_and_StringsVariations_for_Guita/topic/blueline/shop_art_id/307/tpl/artsmusic_article_detail)
, or double CD (http://artsmusic.de/Concertos_for_Guitar_and_Orchestra_Nos_1__3/topic/blueline/shop_art_id/324/tpl/artsmusic_article_detail) ) Liner notes about the instrument, written by Gianni
Accornero.
^ a b Duimzuigerij over een Pons-gitaar (http://www.paulpleijsier.nl/blog/?p=17)
^ Catemario on the 1825 Pons guitar (http://www.catemario.com/core/e107_plugins/forum/forum_viewtopic.php?
826.4#post_839) (see also (http://www.catemario.com/core/e107_plugins/content/content.php?content.25) )

External links
Biography (http://www.archive.org/stream/guitarmandolinbi00bone#page/124/mode/1up) (The guitar
and mandolin (http://www.archive.org/details/guitarmandolinbi00bone) by Philip James Bone, 1914)
Associazione Giuliani (http://associazionegiuliani.org/)
Found: A Giuliani Guitar, Kept In A London Bank Since 1816
(http://www.paulpleijsier.nl/assets/pdf/soundboard_2001.pdf) by Paul Pleijsier, 2001
Information (http://www.tecla.com/authors/giuliani.htm) (Tecla Editions)

Sheetmusic

Rischel & Birket-Smith's Collection of guitar music

(http://rex.kb.dk/primo_library/libweb/action/preferences.do?
fn=change_lang&vid=KGL&prefLang=en_US&prefBackUrl=http:%2F%2Frex.kb.dk%2Fprimo_library%2Flibweb%2Faction%2Fsearch.do?
dscnt=0%26fctN=facet_tlevel%26vl(1UI0)=contains%26vl(61142532UI2)=sub%26scp.scps=scope%3A%28KGL%29%26fctV=online_resource%26vl(1UI2)=contains%26t
1 (https://rex.kb.dk/F?func=findc&ccl_term=(WRD=Giuliani%20AND%20WWW=http%20NOT%20WWW=sheetmusicnow%20NOT%20WWW=freehandmusic%20NOT%20WWW=hebeonline)&local_
Det Kongelige Bibliotek, Denmark
Boije Collection (http://www.muslib.se/ebibliotek/boije/Boije_g.htm) The Music Library of Sweden
George C. Krick Collection of Guitar Music (http://catalog.wustl.edu/search/X?
(George%20C.%20Krick%20Collection%20of%20Guitar%20Music)+and+(Giuliani)&SORT=D)
Washington University
GFA Archive (http://www.guitarfoundation.org/gfaa/?
t=Giuliani&s=a&f=listScores&submitbtn=Search)
maurogiuliani.free.fr (http://maurogiuliani.free.fr/en/)
creativeguitar.org (http://creativeguitar.org/sheet-music/giuliani-mauro) (sheetmusic largely compiled
from the above primary sources)
Free scores by Mauro Giuliani in the International Music Score Library Project
Free scores (http://icking-music-archive.org/ByComposer/Giuliani.php) by Mauro Giuliani in the
Werner Icking Music Archive (WIMA)
Free scores (http://www.mutopiaproject.org/cgibin/make-table.cgi?Composer=GiulianiM) at the
Mutopia Project

Images of Giuliani
Image (http://www.beethoven-haus-bonn.de/sixcms/detail.php?
id=&template=dokseite_digitales_archiv_en&_dokid=i2069&_seite=1) (www.beethoven-hausbonn.de)
Images (http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchresult.cfm?keyword=mauro+giuliani)
(NYPL Digital Gallery)
Image (http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b7720958f.r=mauro+giuliani.langEN) (Gallica)
image (http://www.tabulatura.com/giuliani.jpg) (ref.
(http://www.tabulatura.com/GITBIBL.htm#Guitar) )
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauro_Giuliani"
Categories: 1781 births | 1828 deaths | Italian composers | Romantic composers | Composers for the
classical guitar | Italian classical guitarists
This page was last modified on 8 May 2011 at 19:54.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may
apply. See Terms of Use for details.
Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.