Analisa cadangan

Departemen Teknik Pertambangan - ITM

Modul 3
Istilah Istilah dalam Analisa Cadangan
The credibility of database and geological interpretations are more
important than the methodology used for estimates. Database credibility depends
on the sampling and sample preparation procedures and on the adequate and
reliable analyses as described in previous chapters. Geological interpretations
should include a credible evaluation of the database and adequate models derived
from the processing of data.
Three important principles should be realized:
1. All the phases of estimation must be transparently documented so
that the grounds for all choices and all conclusions are visible as well as the
methods of research and calculations. No 'black boxes' are to be accepted.
2. When something is outlined, the framework must be described as well.
So, when a mineral deposit is outlined, the criteria for separating the
deposit material from the geological frames, their structures, lithology, and
grades, must be presented. Also all information supporting shape, size and
structure interpretations should include a reference to a larger geological
framework.
3.
All estimate methods have their faults and shortcomings. For the best
result, at least three basically different methods should be applied for
each estimation. A reasonable sensitivity analysis of parameters should be
applied to each case.
1 Terms and definitions
BLOCK ESTIMATE METHODS
They base on block models of a mineral deposit, either on bench by bench (2D)
models or on real 3D models. The deposit space is subdivided into a
matrix of blocks whose dimensions are governed by the mining method
chosen as well as the geology and the sampling network of the deposit. If the
blocks are similar in size and shape, any 2D spatial statistics can be used to
interpolate blocks bench by bench while benches may be defined in three
different directions (XY, XZ, YZ). Real 3D models demand, respectively, 3D
statistics which is much more difficult to handle than the former. On the other
hand, when properly applied, they give better results.

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Analisa cadangan
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CORE LOSS ( / core recovery)
Soft, non-coherent rock may flow out from the hole leaving empty spaces in
between hard rock samples. These spaces are core loss. Core loss locations
should be marked accurately as if they were samples. Core loss data may lead
to important structural information. Statistical core loss is usually expressed in
percentages per meter or per hole. Sometimes core recovery is used instead
of core loss. It means the amount of core in percentages that has been
collected.
COUNTRY ROCK (wall rock, mother rock)
Country rock means the rock next to the ore and its host, or the rock enclosing
or traversed by a mineral deposit. Data of country rock is valuable since most
of the dilution comes from country rock.
CUTOFF GRADE (analytical cutoff, geological cutoff, economic cutoff,
monetary cutoff)

Economic cutoff grade means the lowest grade of mineralized

material that qualifies as ore. Analytical cutoff means the lowest
grade accepted to be processed or estimated. In a mine there may be a

general cutoff grade for an element but several subcutoffs for subprocesses like
one for blasting, one for loading, one for transporting further than 1 500 m,
etc. These are economic cutoffs. Simultaneously they are analytical cutoffs.
However, in a broad sense of this term, analytical cutoff may be a lower grade
limit on any other but economic ground as well.
Cutoff grades are normally expressed in percentages of metal for base metals
and in grams per metric tons or ounces per short ton for precious metals.
Cutoff grades may be simple or compound. In cases where the number
one metal (or rather the refinery) is clearly defined, all other metals can be
included in the compound cutoff grade. It is then called an equivalent grade,
for example (Wrigglesworth, 1995):
%Eq.Ni = %Ni + {(Cu price)* %Cu/(Ni price)}
%Eq.Zn = 1.6*Cu% + 0.1*Pb% + Ag/55 g/t - 2.5%.
The latter formula obviously contains some 'experience factors' (1.6, 0.1, 55
and 2.5). Normally the metal price referred cannot be a market price since very
few mines sell their product, the concentrate, anywhere else but to a certain
smelter or refinery. The real price for the product will be negotiated with the
buyer of concentrates.
Instead of grades, used in analytical cutoff expressions, other terms may be

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Analisa cadangan
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used. In some cases, the lithological or structural constraints of an ore body are
so clear that cutoff grades may be replaced by geological definitions. Mining or
process technical reasons may lead to similar solutions. Instead of grades,
monetary units may be used. However, simple cutoff grades for each
valuable metal or mineral should be the basis of resource and reserve
estimates. Fig. 36 illustrates problems in commanding drill core classification
problems with a given cutoff grade.
CUTTING FACTOR
Cutting factor is the highest metal assay accepted in resource/reserve
estimates. Any individual assay value above the cutting factor is reduced to the
latter. The cutting factor either base on the experience gained through the
mining and processing of the same or similar type material, as is the target ore,
or it is based on mathematical reasoning. Cutting factor is comparable to the
'nugget effect' and, similarly, used for gold ore estimates. There should not be
anything like that but, due to inadequate sampling or sample preparation,
measured values must be reduced.
DETAILED EXPLORATION (inventory drilling)
This includes the three dimensional delineation and sampling of a known target
from outcrops, trenches, a systematic set of boreholes, from shafts and
tunnels, including bulk sampling (pilot mining) for processing tests (pilot tests).
The sampling grid is spaced so closely that size, shape, grade and
other relevant characteristics of the target are established with a high
degree of accuracy and in sufficient detail for mine planning.
DILUTION (waste rock dilution)
Dilution may come from internal waste, planned waste (intentional
dilution), accidental waste or geologic waste. Internal waste, when
detected, is usually included at assay grade. Planned waste is what belongs to
the stopes to be mined. It can be foreseen and thus it can be added to the ore
reserve estimation at the assayed grade; it usually varies from 10 % to 40 %.
Accidental waste is a surprise caused by cavings, slough, etc. It may be caused
by the incomplete control on the rock mechanics of a mine or by unrecognized
zones of weakness. Geologic waste is caused by the incomplete knowledge on
the shape of ore bodies. Contacts are usually interpolated from drill hole to drill
hole. What happens between holes is not necessarily easy to predict: a problem
with sampling density! Technical reasons may lead to faulty conclusions. For
example the sample positions, due to the inadequate or badly documented hole
orientation, may not be true.
Waste dilution is normally expressed using the formula:
Waste dilution = the percentage of waste in the feed.

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Analisa cadangan
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EFFECTIVE GRADE
The apparent grade averaged to a deposit may be true but misleading.
The effective grade is generally lower than the apparent one, seldom higher.
The former is counted on the basis of the material that will be really enriched.
All calculations of ore loss, dilution and recovery derive from the known
effective grade. Since we usually concentrate minerals and not metals, we
should pay attention to the analytics (and sampling, of course). If the samples
are representative, they contain real ore material in quantities and ratios that
correspond to the material to be fed in the concentration plant. Respectively,
analyzing methods should be relevant. For example, Ni should be analyzed by
bromine methanol method to not include silicate nickel in the grade.
EQUIVALENT (cutoff)
See cutoff.
EXPLORATION INFORMATION (mineral potential)
Information that results from activities designed to locate mineral deposits. This
includes regional information and information of any non-minable mineral
occurrences. It may be also called mineral potential if it is considered worthy of
further investigation.
EXTRACTION RATIO (mine recovery)
The proportion of the total in situ reserve that is actually extracted during
stoping.
FEASIBILITY STUDY (pre-feasibility study, tentative F.B.)
A feasibility study forms the basis for the investment decision. See Figs. 7 and
44. The result must be reasonably accurate, with usually +- 10 % error.
A pre-feasibility study follows the structure of F.S. but may be based more on
default values and simulations than the former (error limits of less than +- 50
%). Respectively, tentative feasibility studies may be used at early project
phases to justify further investigations. See Geological study and Fig.4.
FEED
Feed is the mined material that is transported to the concentration plant for
enrichment. In practice an ore reserve estimate means a grade and tonnage
estimate of the average feed(s).
FINANCIAL MODEL (economic model)
Usually it includes DCF (discounted cash flow model), IRR (internal rate of returns
model) and
pay back time calculation with a sensitivity analysis.

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Analisa cadangan
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GANGUE (matrix)
The valueless rock in a ore body or in an ore sample.
GENERAL EXPLORATION (preliminary target investigation, screening)
It involves the initial delineation of an identified target mostly by surface mapping,
loose-grid sampling (drilling), and limited interpolation based on indirect methods
of investigation, to establish general geological features and to provide an initial
estimate of size, shape and grade. Results are adequate for deciding whether
detailed exploration is warranted (Figs. 4, 7).
GEOLOGICAL STUDY (pre-investment study, opportunity study, screening)
A G.S. forms a preliminary evaluation, and it is aimed at identifying a possible
mineral resource investment opportunity. Due to the preliminary character of this
investigation, the error limits are usually greater than +- 50 %. A geological study
is often connected with an economic model study that addresses the following
items:
- mineral
reserve/resource

- capital cost
estimate

- mining

- operating cost estimate

- processing

- financial analysis. See Figs.

4, 7.

HOST ROCK
The rock hosting an ore: especially with low-grade ores host rock and its
properties are important to know and to control.
MINERAL DEPOSIT
A general name for an outlinable and quantifiable natural mineral enrichment
possibly of economic value.
MINERAL OCCURRENCE (mineral showing)
Mineral enrichment not quantified nor otherwise evaluated. Also: a minor mineral
deposit of no or minimum value, though possibly prognostically interesting.
MINERAL RESOURCE (measured, indicated, inferred)
A mineral resource is an accumulation of material of intrinsic economic interest in
such form and quantity that economic exploration of a mineral from the deposit
may be feasible.
A measured mineral resource has been explored, sampled and tested (lab.
scale) through appropriate techniques with observations and samples spaced

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Analisa cadangan
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closely enough to confirm geological continuity. The data should allow
tonnage/volume, densities, size, shape, quality, mineral content and grades to be
estimated with a high level of certainty.
An indicated mineral resource is defined like above except that samples are
too widely spaced to confirm geological continuity but they are spaced closely
enough to assume geological continuity.
An inferred mineral resource is indirectly or, without systematic sampling,
assumed to be a part of a total mineral resource.
For different definitions, see Fig. 37. For a discussion see Appendix 1.
MINIMUM MINING DIMENSIONS (width, height)
Minimum dimensions depend on the mining technique chosen and they may vary
from deposit to deposit or even from body to body in a single deposit. They are
expressed as horizontal and vertical widths or heights. When expressing deposit
dimensions geologists often use true dimensions. However, if a deposit is not
horizontal or vertical but inclined, this may lead to different results in estimates. It
usually means ore loss and waste rock dilution to change the reference system
from that of the true deposit to the horizontal or vertical structures demanded by a
mining operation.
NUGGET
Technically, nugget is the name for the departing of the modeled variogram curve
from the origin (or the zero point). In practice it means a lowered reliability of
sample analyses due to the uneven or sparse distribution and/or large grain size of
minerals hosting assayed elements. Nugget was first recognized when analyzing
gold samples - and it was explained to be caused by the nuggety appearance of
gold in large and random grains. Nugget or 'the nugget effect' may give a measure
to optimize geological sampling or sample preparation.
ORE
Economically valuable enrichment of mineral(s). Also: mineralized rock type that is
typical to economic mineral deposits.
OREBODY
A three dimensional continuous mass of ore, either an ore deposit or an outlined
part of an ore deposit. Also: a technically definable unit of an ore deposit.
ORE LOSS
The part of an orebody (in percentages) that is not blasted or loaded during a
mining process. Usually this happens because of unexpected outlines of ore or as a
consequence of unsuccessful blasting. Instead of ore loss, ore recovery may be
used.

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Analisa cadangan
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ORE MINERAL
The essential, and usually smallest constituent of ore to be enriched.
ORE RESERVE (proved, probable)
The economically minable part of a mineral resource, inclusive of diluting materials
and allowing for losses.
A proved ore reserve is that part of measured mineral resource that can
be exploited.
A probable ore reserve is that part of measured or indicated mineral
resource that can be exploited under appropriate technical and economic
conditions.
ORE VALUE
Ore value is the value of mineral concentrate per ore ton. The price or value
of concentrate depends on the agreement between mine and refinery (smelter).
PARAMETER (factor, coefficient, 'experience factor')

'Quantity constant in case considered, but varying in different cases' (Fowler's,

1989).
Other terms related to 'parameter' are 'factor' and 'coefficient'. Parameter is
usually a mathematically derived number but in geology there are several
'experience factors'.

POLYGON ESTIMATE METHODS (triangulation)

The grade and thickness of each hole penetrating a plane can be assigned to an
irregular polygon. These are assumed to remain constant throughout the area of
the polygon that can be defined on the basis of perpendicular bisectors or angular
bisectors. Figs 22 - 23. Triangulation is a simplified (though a very powerful) type
of polygonal methods. Fig 21.
PROSPECTION (target identification)
It is the systematic process of searching for an unknown deposit based on geologic
inference and/or postulation of extensions of known deposits, by outcrop
identification and indirect methods. The objective is the discovery of a
prospect that will be the target for further exploration.
RECONNAISSANCE (identification of mineralized areas or zones)
The process of narrowing down areas of enhanced mineral potential on a regional
scale based primarily on airborne and indirect methods, preliminary field inspection
as well as geological inference and extrapolation. The objective is to identify
mineralized areas for further investigation towards prospect identification.

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RECOVERY (mining recovery, concentration recovery, metallurgical recovery)
The percentage of valuable minerals derived from an ore at a stage of mining:
blasting R, loading R, concentration R, smelter R, etc. Mining recovery usually
covers most of these phases and defines the recovery of a mineral derived
into a concentrate.
RESOLUTION (GIS, graphic presentations)
The level of object detail or sharpness determined by how many picture elements
compose an area of a display or corresponding raster. Ground resolution is the
limit of detail clarity in an image of the earth's surface.
SECTIONAL ESTIMATE METHODS (linear and standard sectional methods)
An estimation method based on the connection of representative points of a
delineated deposit on different cross sections. Resembles polygonal method but is
based on geological (or on equal value contours) rather than mathematical
outlining of polygons. In an ideal case sections are cut perpendicular to the long
axis of a deposit and the continuation of geologically identifiable bodies can be
demonstrated from a section to another. In linear sectional method blocks are
drawn perpendicular to the sections and ended in the middle of sections.
In standard sectional method blocks are formed by connecting respective
points with each other straight from section to section. While this is a more
'natural' method, it is more difficult for a manual estimate. On the other hand,
computer applications favor this method that leads straight to 3D solid modeling.
SPATIAL DATA
Spatial data is composed of data points with specific X, Y and Z coordinates and of
corresponding data values representing any (geological) feature: grade, density,
rock-type, etc.
TAILINGS
Sand, at the moment non-saleable product of concentration, usually stored for
possible future needs.
TONNAGE FACTORS (bulk density)
Specific gravity is one of the standard petrophysical measurements for drill core
samples. However, for large rock masses, specific gravity gives too high values. In
rock there is void space, cavities, open fractures, porosity, etc., that reduces its
overall density. Therefore, bulk density or tonnage factor should be estimated and
used in resource/reserve calculations. Bulk density or tonnage factor is
defined as 'mass per unit volume'. Geophysicists may make this revision
automatically.

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Analisa cadangan
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Tintaya Mine, BHP Billiton Tintaya S.A., 2000: Review the ore reserve
modelling methodology and design DDH patterns to prove the ore reserves at
several satellite deposits.
Diavik, Diavik Diamond Mines, NT, Canada, 1999: Implementation of
conditional simulation for the estimation of diamond resources.
Monywa, Ivanhoe Holdings, Myanmar, 1996-1997: Member of the MRDI
feasibility study team for a copper heap leach project.
Turquoise Ridge, First Miss Gold, NV, USA, 1995: Member of the MRDI
feasibility study team for vein gold.
Radomiro Tomic, Codelco Chile, 1998: Extensive review of the long term ore
reserve model for the purposes of improving prediction accuracy and increasing
confidence in the ore reserve model for expansion plans.
Chuquicamata, Codelco Chile, 1998: A study on the impact of variable bench
height on minable reserves as part of a larger engineering feasibility study for the
expansion of mining operations.
Chuquicamata, Codelco Chile, 2000: An extensive review of the Chuquicamata
long term ore reserve model for the purposes of improving local accuracy for long
term mine planning and expansion studies. Also updated the Moly model.
Chuquicamata, Codelco Chile, 1997: An extensive review of the transition
zone - low grade sulfide ore reserve model for the purposes of resolving a major
reconciliation problem between model predictions and production figures.
Confidential Acquisition Target, Codelco Chile, 1999: Due diligence study on
the geologic and mineral resource model for a possible acquisition target.
North Oxides, Chuquicamata, Codelco Chile, 1998: A review of the geologic
model using geostatistics and indicator kriging. The objective was to prepare a
geologic model with unbiased geologic units in terms of contained ore tonnages.

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Radomiro Tomic, Codelco Chile, 1997: The design of a mine plan for the
separation of three oxide ore types at the time of mining. The design was based
on a conditional simulation model of the oxide ore types at Radomiro Tomic.
Radomiro Tomic, Codelco Chile, 1998: Provided a geostatistical assessment of
the uncertainty associated with predicting minable reserves at Radomiro Tomic.
Radomiro Tomic, Codelco Chile, 2000: Review of the short term mine
planning ore reserve model for the purposes of resolving a reconciliation problem
between the model predictions and production.
San Antonio Project, Codelco Chile, 1997: Audit of copper resource models.
Agua Rica Deposit, BHP, Argentina 1998: Prepared the ore resource model
for a pre-feasibility study of the Agua Rica Copper and Molybdenum Deposit in
Argentina.
Robinson Copper-Gold Deposit, BHP, Nevada, 1996: Technical review of the
grade control procedure for the purposes of reconciling differences between the
short term model predictions and production figures.
San Manuel Copper Deposit, BHP, Arizona, 1996: Technical review of the
underground ore reserve model.
Florence copper deposit, BHP, Arizona, 1996: Technical review of the ore
resource model for a proposed in-situ leach project.
Sur Sur Deposit, Andina Mine, Codelco Chile, 1997: A Geostatistical review
of the Sur Sur copper ore reserve model for the purposes of reconciling production
figures with model grade estimates.
Mary-Drinkwater Deposit, Mineral Ridge Resources Inc.1995: Prepared
the pre-feasibility gold ore resource model for Mineral Ridge. This work was done
through MRDI.
Meikle Deposit, Barrick Goldstrike, Elko, Nevada 1998: Variography and
conditional simulation of the Meikle deposit to evaluate and confirm production
schedules.
RoseBud Mine, Hecla Mining, 1998: Technical review of the ore reserve model
(gold deposit), re-did the variography and implemented geostatistical methods for
ore reserve modelling and estimation.

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Lucky Friday Mine (poly-metallic), Hecla Mining, 1998: Design of a
diamond drill pattern for the purposes of enabling the classification of mining
reserves as proven and probable.
Gold Hunter South Vein, Hecla Mining, 1998: Technical Review of current
methodology used to prepare ore reserve model and implemented new estimation
methods.
Meridian Gold Project, Standard Bank of London, 1999: Due diligence
evaluation of a potential acquisition target by the Meridian Gold Project.
Ray Mine, Asarco Inc., 2000: Technical review and re-calculation of ore
reserves using conditional simulation.

Baseload
The minimum amount of electric
power delivered or required over a
given period of time at a steady
rate.

U3O8
Triuranium octoxide. At Cameco
operations, it is in the form of
concentrate, often called
yellowcake.

Candu
UF6
Uranium hexafluoride. Converted
Canada, Deuterium, Uranium.
from U03 at Cameco's Port Hope
Canadian designed and built
plant. Following enrichment, UF6 is
pressure-tube nuclear reactor
which uses natural uranium as fuel converted to enriched U02 suitable
and heavy water (deuterium oxide) for fabrication into fuel for lightwater reactors.
as the moderator.
Contango
The positive difference between the
spot market gold price and the
forward market gold price. It is
normally expressed as a per-annum
interest rate and is the difference
between London Inter Bank Offer
Rates (LIBOR) and the lease rate
charged by institutions that lend
gold.
Conversion Factors

Western World Uranium Market

Western world includes Argentina,
Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada,
Czech Republic, Finland, France,
Gabon, Germany, India, Indonesia,
Japan, Mexico, Namibia,
Netherlands, Niger, Pakistan,
Philippines, Portugal, Romania,
Slovenia, South Africa, South
Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, United

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Weights and measures are

indicated in the unit most
commonly used in specific areas of
the industry. These are noted with
* and conversion factors are
provided below.

Take
This:

Do This

*cm

2.54

*km

1.60

*oz

x 31.10

x 1.10

*T

x 0.90

Kingdom and the United States.

Reserves and Resources

Mineral Resource
A mineral resource is a
concentration or occurrence of
To Obtain natural, solid, inorganic or fossilized
organic material in or on the
This
Earth's crust in such form and
quantity
and of such a grade or
= inch
quality that it has reasonable
prospects for economic extraction.
= mile
The location, quantity, grade,
geological characteristics and
=g
continuity of a mineral resource are
known, estimated or interpreted
=T
from specific geological evidence
and knowledge.
=t

Inferred Mineral Resource

An inferred mineral resource is that
part of a mineral resource for which

= tU
*lb U3O8
quantity and grade or quality can
2599.8
be estimated on the basis of
geological evidence and limited
tU
x 2599.8 = lb U3O8 sampling and reasonably assumed,
but not verified, geological and
=%U
*% U3O8 1.18
grade continuity. The estimate is
based on limited information and
Dose
sampling gathered through
Term used to quantify the amount
appropriate techniques from
of energy absorbed from ionizing
locations such as outcrops,
radiation per unit mass.
trenches, pits, workings and drill
holes.
Electricity Measurements
1kW x 1000 = 1MW x 1000 =
Indicated Mineral Resource
1GW x 1000 = 1TW
An indicated mineral resource is
Kilowatt (kW): kilowatt-hour that part of a mineral resource for
which quantity, grade or quality,
(kWh)
*oz/T

x 34.28

= g/t

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A kilowatt is a unit of power

representing the rate at which
energy is used or produced. One
kilowatt-hour is a unit of energy,
and represents one hour of
electricity consumption at a
constant rate of 1kW.

Megawatt (MW): megawatthour (MWh)

A megawatt equals 1000 kW. One

megawatt-hour represents one
hour of electricity consumption at a
constant rate of 1MW.

Gigawatt (GW): gigawatt-hour

(GWh)
A gigawatt equals 1000 MW. One
gigawatt-hour represents one hour
of electricity consumed at a
constant rate of 1GW.

Terawatt (TW): terawatt-hour

(TWh)
One terawatt equals 1000 GW. One
terawatt-hour represents one hour
of electricity consumption at a
constant rate of 1TW
Enriched Uranium
Uranium in which the content of
the isotope uranium-235 has been
increased above its natural value of
0.7% by weight. Typical lowenriched uranium for commercial
power reactors is enriched in
uranium-235 to the range of 3% to
5%. In highly enriched uranium,
the uranium-235 has been
increased to 20% or more.

density, shape and physical

characteristics, can be estimated
with a level of confidence sufficient
to allow the appropriate application
of technical and economic
parameters, to support mine
planning and evaluation of the
economic viability of the deposit.
The estimate is based on detailed
and reliable exploration and testing
information gathered through
appropriate techniques from
locations such as outcrops,
trenches, pits, workings and drill
holes that are spaced closely
enough for geological and grade
continuity to be reasonably
assumed.
Measured Mineral Resource
A measured mineral resource is
that part of a mineral resource for
which quantity, grade or quality,
density, shape and physical
characteristics are so well
established that they can be
estimated with confidence sufficient
to allow the appropriate application
of technical and economic
parameters, to support production
planning and evaluation of the
economic viability of the deposit.
The estimate is based on detailed
and reliable exploration, sampling
and testing information gathered
through appropriate techniques
from locations such as outcrops,
trenches, pits, workings and drill
holes that are spaced closely
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In Situ Leaching
enough to confirm both geological
A process involving pumping a
and grade continuity.
solution down an injection well
Mineral Reserve
where it flows through the deposit,
A mineral reserve is the
dissolving uranium. The uraniumeconomically mineable part of a
bearing solution is pumped to
measured or indicated mineral
surface where the uranium is
resource demonstrated by at least
recovered from the solution.
a preliminary feasibility study. This
Light Water Reactor
study must include adequate
A thermal reactor using ordinary information on mining, processing,
water both as a moderator and as metallurgical, economic and other
a coolant with enriched uranium as relevant factors that demonstrate,
fuel.
at the time of reporting, that
economic extraction can be
Ounce (oz)
justified. A mineral reserve includes
All ounces in this report are troy
diluting materials and allowances
ounces.
for losses that may occur when the
material is mined.
Radiation
Radiation occurs naturally. It is a
Probable Mineral Reserve
type of energy that travels through A probable mineral reserve is the
space in the form of waves, or
economically mineable part of an
particles, which give up all or part
indicated, and in some
of their energy on contact with
circumstances a measured mineral
matter. Radiation can take the form resource demonstrated by at least
of alpha or beta particles, X-rays or a preliminary feasibility study. This
gamma rays, or neutrons.
study must include adequate
information on mining, processing,
Radiation Types
metallurgical, economic, and other
Alpha particles do not penetrate relevant factors that demonstrate,
matter deeply. They can be
at the time of reporting, that
stopped by a sheet of paper or a
economic extraction can be
few millimetres of air. The potential
justified.
hazard from alpha particles is
internal from possible inhalation or
Proven Mineral Reserve
ingestion.
A proven mineral reserve is the
economically mineable part of a
Beta particles penetrate further
measured mineral resource
than alpha particles but can be
demonstrated by at least a
stopped by aluminum foil or a few
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centimetres of wood.

preliminary feasibility study. This

study must include adequate
Gamma rays penetrate most deeply information on mining, processing,
and substances which emit gamma metallurgical, economic, and other
radiation can be hazardous inside relevant factors that demonstrate,
and outside the body. Protection
at the time of reporting, that
from gamma rays includes shielding economic extraction is justified.
by concrete, water and lead.
Notes
Neutrons are particles which also
penetrate matter deeply. They
In this mineral reserves and
come from outer space and also resources statement Cameco uses
occur inside nuclear reactors.
a definition of classes of
Water and concrete are used
mineralization taking into account
effectively as shielding in nuclear a maximum number of parameters
plants.
of various natures.
Radon
These parameters are:
Radon is a naturally occurring,
radioactive gas that is produced

the precision of the

from the radioactive decay of
estimate;
radium-226, one of the decay
the economic feasibility of
products of uranium-238. The
the project, which relates not only
primary hazard from radon is its to grades but to the volume of the
decay products, which are referred
reserves, the location, the
to as radon progeny. Radon
chemistry of the expected ore, the
progeny are short-lived radioactive
price of the product, etc.;
decay products of radon gas.

the legal status of the

project and its possible evolution in
Spot Market Price
the very near future.
Price for product sold or purchased
Cameco's mineral reserves include
in the spot market rather than
allowances for dilution and mining
under a long-term contract.
or in situ leaching recovery, except
for the McArthur River reserves
for electricity
The buying and selling of electricity where the high-grade ore requires
deliberate dilution to comply with
for immediate delivery.
licence conditions. No allowances
have been applied to mineral
for U3O8 and UF6 conversion
resources. Stated mineral reserves
services
and resources have been
The buying and selling of uranium
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Departemen Teknik Pertambangan - ITM

products for delivery within one

year.

calculated based on estimated

quantities of mineralized material
recoverable by established mining
t
methods. This includes only
Tonne (metric ton)
deposits with mineral values in
excess of cut-off grades used in
T
normal mining operations.
Ton (short ton)
Cameco's mineral reserves include
material in place and on stockpiles.
U02
Only mineral reserves have
Uranium dioxide. Converted from
U03 at Cameco's Port Hope plant, demonstrated economic viability.
then compressed to pellets and
sintered by fuel fabricators to make There are numerous uncertainties
inherent in estimating mineral
fuel for Candu reactors.
reserves and resources. The
accuracy of any reserve and
U03
Uranium trioxide. An intermediate resource estimation is the function
of the quality of available data and
product produced at Cameco's
of engineering and geological
Blind River refinery and used as
interpretation and judgment.
feed to produce U02 and UF6 at
Results
from drilling, testing and
Cameco's Port Hope conversion
production, as well as material
plants.
changes in uranium or gold prices,
subsequent to the date of the
estimate, may justify revision of
estimates.
Cameco's classification of mineral
reserves and resources and the
subcategories of each, conforms to
the definitions adopted by CIM
Council on August 20, 2000, which
are incorporated by reference into
the National Instrument 43-101
dated November 17, 2000, issued
by the Canadian Securities
Administrators. Cameco reports
reserves and resources separately,
the amount of reported resources
does not include those amounts

Edy Yasa Ardiansyah,Ir.MT 16

Analisa cadangan
Departemen Teknik Pertambangan - ITM

identified as reserves. Mineral

resources which are not mineral
reserves do not have
demonstrated economic viability

Edy Yasa Ardiansyah,Ir.MT 17