BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

A
Minor Project Report
ON

Building Construction Technology

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
OF
MATS UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR (C.G.)
Session (2015-2016)

<

SHRIVASTAVA

H.O.D
MR. N.K.

Department of Civil Engg.

Submitted by:

BADAL SHRIVASTAVA
B.E. - 7th SEM
CIVIL
ID NO.MU12BECVE081

Page 1

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

MATS UNIVERSITY,
(Recognized by AICTE)

ARANG, RAIPUR (C.G.)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Mr. Badal Shrivastava student of B.E. 7 th Sem
Civil has submitted the Minor Project report on Building Construction
Technology submitted to MATS UNIVERSITY Raipur in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Bachelor of
Engineering is a bonafide work carried out under the guidance
Mr. Hanish Verma my supervision and guidance.

Sign:

Sign:

Mr. N.K. Shrivastava

MR. HANISH VERMA

HOD

GUIDED BY

Page 2

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

INTERNAL EXAMINER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I have taken efforts in this Assignment. However, it would not have been possible without the
kind support and help of many individuals. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of
them.
We take this opportunity to thank all those who have assisted to us and guided, encouraged in
numerous ways in our course and Assignment Department of Quantity surveying of the British
College of Applied Studies., for helping us to obtain the information to carry out this Assignment
Successfully.
I extend my most grateful and sincere to thanks to our lecturer Mr. Hanish Verma for guiding us
throughout our Subject Duration and for all valuable suggestions given to us during the Subject
time to complete the Assignment.
I would like to express my gratitude towards my family of for their kind co-operation and
encouragement which help me in completion of this project.

Page 3

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..1
CONTENTS2
TASK 1.1.3
TASK 1.2.6
TASK 1.3.9
TASK 1.4.11
TASK 1.5.15
CONCLUSION20
REFERENCE...21

Page 4

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

1.1 Propose a suitable concrete grade for the columns, slab and beams and
discuss in brief the factors increases the strength of the concrete.

GRADE OF CONCRETE
The desired properties of concrete are its compressive strength, tensile strength, shear strength,
bond strength, density, impermeability, durability, etc. Among these, the property that can be
easily tested, and is perhaps the most valuable is the compressive strength. This is measured by
standard tests on concrete cube specimens. Many of the other important properties of concrete
can be inferred from the compressive strength, using correlations that have been experimentally
established. The Quality or Grade of concrete is designated in terms of a number, which denotes
its characteristic compressive strength, expressed in MPa. The number is usually preceded by the
letter M, which refers to mix. Thus, for example, M 25 grade concrete denotes a concrete
whose mix is so designed as to generate a characteristic strength of 25MPa; the meaning of this
term is explained in the next section.
Adverse environmental exposure conditions, higher grades of concrete are called for. For
moderate, severe, very severe and extreme exposure conditions, the minimum grades
prescribed are M 25, M 30, M 35 and M 40 respectively, for reinforced concrete work. It should
be noted that the higher grades specified here are dictated, not by the need for higher
compressive strength, but by the need for improved durability. The need is for high
performance concrete, and it is only incidental that this high performance is correlated with high
strength. In practice, although M 25 is the minimum grade specified for reinforced concrete, it is
prudent to adopt a higher grade. However, there are specific applications that may call for the
grade of concrete to be decided on the basis of considerations of strength, rather than durability.
For example, the use of high strength is desirable in the columns of very tall buildings, in order
to reduce their cross-sectional dimensions; this is desirable even under mild environmental
exposure. The definition of the term high strength has been changing over the years, with
technological advancements resulting in the development of higher strengths. The present Code
describes grades of concrete above M 60 as high strength concrete. Concrete grades in the
range M 25 to M 55 are described as standard strength concrete, and grades in the range M 10
to M 20 are termed ordinary concrete.
A two storied office building constructed nominal mix of 1:11/2:3 (12.5mm) (cement: sand:
coarse aggregate), which used to columns, slab and beam conform approximately to M 25 grade
of concrete is presently found to yield higher grades , which are now commonly available in the
market conditions.

Page 5

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Factors Affecting Strength

Water/Cement (w/c) Ratio -- The capillary porosity of a properly compacted concrete is

determined by the w/c ratio. If concrete is not properly compacted it may contain voids
which will contribute to its porosity. At low w/c ratios where full compaction is difficult
to achieve, the relationship between w/c and strength is invalid.
There are some problems associated with using the w/c ratio as the primary indicator of
strength. For example, if finer cements and admixtures are used, 7- and 28-day strengths
may not represent the true quality of the cement. However, until some other field test is
available, w/c ratio remains the best indicator of strength and durability.

Time -- The rate of strength gain depends

of the w/c ratio, low w/c ratio mixes gain
strength faster than high w/c ratio mixes. As
a general rule the ratio of 28-day to 7-day
compressive strengths lies between 1.3 and
1.7, and is generally less than 1.5. These
ratios are not valid if accelerators or
extreme curing temperatures are used.

Figure 1.11 Moist Curing Time and Compressive Strength Gain

The Maturity Concept -- The hydration of cement is greatly affected by both the time
and the temperature of hydration, therefore, strength gain is controlled by these two
factors. The concept of "maturity" is a function of the product of curing time and
temperature. The assumption is that concrete of different mixes, curing times, and curing
temperatures will have about the same strength at the same level of maturity. A datum or
reference point below which no concrete will gain strength is commonly a value of
-100C. The general trend is that as maturity increases compressive strength increases,
especially at low maturity values.

Cement -- From our previous study we known that the chemical composition and
fineness of cement affect the strength of concrete. Early strength comes from C3S and
later strength from C2S. Cement that hydrates more slowly will have lower initial
strength but higher ultimate strength. The degree of fineness also affects the strength; the
rate of hydration increases with the increase of fineness.

Aggregate -- Second to w/c ratio, aggregate is an important factor affecting concrete

strength. The most important properties of aggregate are shape and texture and the
maximum aggregate size. Since aggregate is generally much stronger than cement paste
the strength of the aggregate is less important. Texture affects both the bond and the stress

Page 6

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

level at micro-cracks. This type of behavior will affect the tensile strength but will not
affect the compressive strength. Compressive strength depends on the strength of the
aggregate itself.

CuringProper curing is very important in achieving strength of concrete.

Figure:- 1.13 curing

Page 7

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

1.2 Propose different types of floor finishes for office room and conference
room and brief their advantages and disadvantages.
Office Room Floor Finishes
An office is generally a room or other area in which people work, but may also denote a position
within an organization with specific duties attached to it the latter is in fact an earlier usage,
office as place originally referring to the location of one's duty. Office Room is a place where
flooring should be beautiful as well as comfortable. Propose are

Terrazzo Flooring

This flooring is durable, easy to wash, but requires periodic polishing to maintain shining. The
choice is limited to natural colors and color of the chips. It is slippery when wet.

Marble Flooring

This flooring is also good choice for bedroom as this is easy to clean and wipe. This flooring is
hard and durable, stain free and fire resistant.

Figure:- 1.21 Office Room

Page 8

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Conference Floor Finishes
Conference is a place where you spend most of your time. So the flooring should be durable and
comfortable. The following floorings are laid in a Conference room. Conference room floor
finishes are

Ceramic Tile Flooring

This flooring is also a good choice for living room/lobby. Tile flooring is strong, stain free,
scratch resistant, bacteria free, fire proof, anti-slip and easy to wash. Ceramic tile flooring does
not require any polishing. It has very long life and provides various combinations in terms of
designs, colors and finishes.

Wooden flooring

This type of flooring is also ideal flooring for living room/lobby. It is noise less and provides
good insulation to room. This flooring does not get heated during summer and also does not get
cool during winter like other floorings. The occupants can use the room bare footed.
Conference room Suitable floor finishes is Ceramic Tile.

Figure:- 1.22 Conference room.

Page 9

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Ceramic
Advantages of Ceramic

There is a huge variety of shapes, sizes, patterns and colors to choose from when it comes
to ceramic.
Ceramic is less expensive than most hard-surface materials, and is water- and stainresistant and easy to clean.
Ceramic tiles are easy and affordable for do-it-yourselfers to install, and they also provide
a myriad of creative decorating options.

Disadvantages of Ceramic

Glossy ceramic tile can be quite slippery when wet, grout lines are labor-intensive to keep
clean and ceramic is cold and hard on the feet.
Low-quality ceramic tiles can chip, and tiles that have been laid on a less than perfectly
flat and smooth underlay can crack.

Page 10

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

1.3 What type of wall you prefer for external wall discuss the advantages
and disadvantages on the proposed method
A wall has two basic functions:

To support the loads of suspended floors and roof

Environmental protection

In order to satisfactorily fulfils these functions there are a number of requirements for an
external load bearing wall. These are:

Strength and stability

Weather protection
Good thermal insulation
Fire protection
Durability
Materials
The two most common materials used nowadays for walling in domestic construction are
brickwork and block work. Stone or artificial stone (a mixture of stone dust and cement) may be
used for new buildings but they are very expensive forms of construction and are unlikely
to be found on new estates unless there are specific planning requirements.

Brickwork
The majority of bricks are made from clay which is usually prepared by grinding and
mixing with water. This plastic compound is formed into the required brick shape and then
dried and fired in a kiln. Different clays have different characteristics and, by using special
manufacturing techniques, bricks of various colours and strengths can be produced.
Bricks can broadly be classified in three types:

Common bricks
Facing bricks
Engineering bricks
Bricks can also be classified by their resistance to frost attack and their soluble salt content,
both of which affect their long term durability.

Page 11

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Advantages of bricks
(i) Suitable for light ornamental work
(ii) Cheap
(iii) Afford great facility in maintaining proper bond in the masonry.
(iv) Result in quick construction.
(v) For construction of jambs of doors and windows, for the walls meeting at abate/acute angle,
bricks offer greater facility.
(vi) Defects of careless brick layer can be canceled by plastering.
(vii) Can be built in small thickness of 10 cm.
(viii) More fire resisting.
(ix) Durable

Disadvantages of bricks
(i) Less strength
(ii) Less weather resisting qualities
(iii) Plastering or pointing is necessary
(iv) Gets damp.
(v) Salts present in the sewage react chemically with exposed brick.

Page 12

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

1.4 Propose a suitable roof with roof frame and discuss

Below are some common roof designs that are used when considering an architectural drawing
for a house. The most common, because of their flexibility and ease of use in home design are
gable roofs and hip roofs.

Gable Roof
Hip Roof

Gable Roof
A gable is a triangle formed by the 2 sloping planes of roof of a building, meeting at the ridge
beam in the middle. Gable roof dormers project at right angle to the roof. In a gabled dormer, the
side walls take the load of roof rafters and shift the load on to the rafters in the main roof.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Gable Dormers

Gable dormers have a universal appeal. These are traditional in style, simple in design,
easy and inexpensive to construct. The gable design uses the force of gravity for stability
of its elements. They provide extra space for living, by allowing 1/2 story space at the top
of your house.
Because of their steep sloping sides, the gable dormers allow easier flow of water down
the roof. They can withstand most climates, and particularly heavy snowfalls. As the
snow slides off easily on the steep slope of roof, there is no danger to the roof for damage
on caving in.
These roofs suitable for places where there is ban for storied houses, like in some
communities.
A gable roof will also not shade the walls at its gables.

I propose is Gable Roof.

Page 13

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Figure:- 1.41 Gable Roof

Hip Roof Dormer
In a hipped dormer, the hip roof slopes upward on all 3 sides of its structure. There are no
vertical ends. The external angle at which 3 adjacent sloping sides of the roof meet is called a
hip. The degree of such a slope is denoted as the hip bevel. There is a triangular sloping surface
created by hips, which meets at the ridge of a roof. This is known as a hip end.
A square hipped roof has a single point at the top from where its sides slope down. In the same
manner, the rectangular hipped roof makes an edge on top of the projected length. Hip dormers
are very sturdy. The hipped dormers are commonly built in ranch homes and cottages.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Hipped Roofs

Hipped roof dormers provide comfort, utility and sturdiness. It is easier to construct their
walls, which are at 1 level, and carry the load of roof. The hip roofs are symmetrical
about their middle line. The hip roofs at the top of the house reveal all the sides, and
present a clean aesthetic look.
As this type of roofs have a steady, level fascia, it is easier to fit a gutter all around.
Moreover, there are eaves all round, which also protect the building walls from severe
weather conditions, and provide the shade on walls from the sun. You need less energy
for cooling the house in warm weather.
A hip roof is much stronger in withstanding the wind pressure in a hurricane, and more
suitable for regions of Northern Australia and Gulf Coast in Southeastern United States,
to comply with the strict construction codes.
The disadvantage with the hipped dormers is that they provide less space, because of the
slanting plane on their front side.
Hip roof dormers are more complex to construct than a gabled dormer, as they involve
more use of more intricate systems of trusses, and thus cost more.

Page 14

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Figure:- 1.42 Hip Roof Dormer

Roof Truss
Less skilled carpenters can be utilized to erect the trusses resulting in lower labor costs. These
cost savings should reduce the price of nearly any new home being built. Ask nearly any modern
builder and they will probably tell you that prefabricated trusses are much better than
conventional roof framing.
Advantages of Prefabricated Roof Trusses

Trusses span longer distances and eliminate the need for inside load bearing walls.
Less costly than stick roof framing because they are made of shorter lengths of two by
four stock as opposed to the larger framing members required of conventional rafter and
ceiling framing.
Trusses can be designed for nearly any ceiling or roof combination required in modern
custom homes.
Trusses are designed by engineers to meet the roof load and building code requirements.
Trusses can
usually be
erected
in
one
day,
reducing the
amount
of
time
the inside of
the
new home is
exposed to
outside
weather
conditions.
Less experienced carpenters can be used to erect trusses, further reducing labor costs.

Page 15

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

The Common Roof Truss
The common truss can be recognized by its triangular shape and will make up the bulk of any
new home truss package. Common trusses consist of seven main parts.
Top chord to which the roof sheathing is applied.
Bottom chord to which the drywall or other finished ceiling is attached.
Bearing point where the common truss is designed to sit on the outside bearing walls.
Web supports are utilized to hold the top chord in the proper position, at intermediary points
from the peak to the bearing point.
King post is used to help support the peak or top of the common truss.
Metal gussets are used everywhere the web supports and king post intersect the top and bottom
chord as well as at the bearing point.
Tail of the truss is used to make the eave or overhang and provides a way to attach soffit and
fascia.

Figure:- 1.43 Common Roof Truss

I propose is this roof frame.
Other Types of Roof Trusses

Page 16

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Raised heel trusses are taller at the bearing point and allow for additional insulation at the
outside edge of the building.
Scissor trusses are normally used to form a cathedral ceiling.
Hip trusses are used to frame a hip roof and available in three basic types, terminal hip truss
system, hip master truss system, step down hip truss system, and Dutch hip truss system.
Girder trusses are used to eliminate the need for a load bearing wall and placed where two roof
lines intersect.
Mono trusses are half of a common truss and usually placed at a ninety degree angle to the girder
truss.
Room in attic trusses come with the bottom chord utilized as the floor joist and the support webs
designed to frame the walls of the room.
Gambrel trusses are used to form a gambrel or camel back barn style roof.
Polynesian trusses are utilized to form a Polynesian style roof.
Tri Bearing as the name implies has three bearing points instead of the normal two and used on
larger trusses

Page 17

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

1.5 Discuss different types of door and window arrangements and propose
them the most suitable one for this building.
Various doors enrich aesthetic beauty and provide safety to our homes. Readymade doors are
one of them and work like solid barriers in a wall. They are used for access between rooms
and are closed for privacy. These doors consist of two parts - frame and shutter. Readymade
doors are available in various shapes, designs and materials are

Wooden Doors
Iron or Steel Doors
PVC or plastic doors
Aluminum doors

Wooden Doors
These doors are becoming popular for their nice
look, less cost and better strength than paneled
doors. Wooden doors are easy to make and undergo
little expansion or contraction with the changes in
weather. These doors are available in thickness of
25 mm, 30mm, and 35mm. The width and height of
flush door shutter should be according to drawing.
All four edges of a shutter should be square.

Figure:- 1.51 Wooden Door

Page 18

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Iron or Steel Doors
Rolling shutters are used
for main door entry of
shops, commercial
complex and garage in
houses. M.S. angles, TIron and square bars iron
doors are provided at
entry gate of the house.
Steel doors are extremely
durable and can also be
polished. The only
drawback of these doors
is that they easily corrode

and discolor.

Figure:1.52 Iron or Steel Doors

PVC or plastic doors

PVC or plastic doors are mostly used in toilets and remain
unaffected from water and termite effects etc. They are available in
wide range of colors and required sizes. PVC doors are anti
corrosive, light weight and maintenance free. They are
manufactured in plastic factories. Plastic doors are resistant to
moisture and chemical but they cant resist harsh environment
conditions like wooden or metal doors. These doors are not suitable
for entry doors as they are combustible in nature, hence they should
be saved from fire.

Page 19

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Figure:- 1.53 plastic doors

Aluminum doors
Aluminum doors are provided in shops, departmental
stores, hotels and commercial establishments. In
official and residential buildings, aluminum doors are
used to offer architectural considerations between
formal and informal areas. They are durable and
prevent unwanted intrusions. Aluminum doors are
good choices for houses with modern designs. These
doors do not rust, provide weatherproof qualities but
they can be water stained easily and look white due to oxidation.

Figure:- 1.54 Aluminum door

Page 20

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Window Types
Windows come in a variety of styles each of which has it's specific name. Make sure as you
look at windows and window prices that you are familiar with the primary options.
Primary window types or styles:

Casement Window
Double-hung windows
Sliding windows
Hopper windows
Awning windows

Casement Window Type

Casement windows swing open at the side and typically the entire window opens offering a
large ventilation area. Casement windows use a crank to open or close rather than pushing or
pulling on the window as with most other types.

Figure:1.55 Casement Window

Double-hung Windows
Double-hung windows have traditionally been the most used type of
window. You open the window by lifting the bottom towards the top
and/or the top towards the bottom. (In single-hung window versions
only one window (top or bottom) moves while the other is fixed.)

Page 21

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Figure:- 1.56
Double-hung windows

Sliding windows
Sliding windows are much like a sliding glass door. You open a pane by moving it towards
the opposite side of the window.

Figure:- 1.57 Sliding windows

Hopper windows
Hopper windows are often used in basements. They offer a hinge at
the bottom of the window and open inside.

Figure:- 1.58 Hopper windows

Awning windows

Awning windows are the opposite of Hoppers. They swing open to the outside from the hinge
located at the top.Commonly used above doors.

Page 22

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

Figure:- 1.59 Awning windows

Page 23

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

CONCLUSION
This assessment is designed to provide the knowledge in building construction. Successful
functions of a quantity surveyor required a sound fundamental knowledge and thorough
understanding of the composition of building elements and their concrete grade, increases the
strength of the concrete, floor, finishes, wall, roof, door and window and construction methods.
This knowledge and understanding is mandatory for measurements, estimation, preparing the
tender documents & project planning. This assessment will enable learners to understand, apply
and analyze the site investigation methods, structural element and method construction.

Page 24

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

REFERENCE

MM.Mubeen, BTEC HND in QS & CE, tutorials concrete, form work, roof,
openings, finishing and masonry.
Chudley,R(1897) construction technology- vol 3, longman: Singapore
publishers(Pte)Ltd.
Edward Allen and Joseph lano, Fundamentals of Building Construction, 4 edition
Roy Chudley, Roger Greeno, Construction Technology,
R. Chudley, Roger Greeno , Building Construction Handbook
http://www.calfinder.com/library/window/types
http://www.bobcometal.com/sheet-metal-roof.html
http://jahnbar.hubpages.com/hub/Jahnbar-House-Plan-Home-Ideas
http://osengis.blogspot.com/2011_05_01_archive.html

Page 25