Abstraction from Matter NOTHS ON ST. THOMAS'S PROLOGUE TO THE PHYSICS* In the prologue to his exposition of Aviat’ Phi, 8 ‘Tuomas rs tt the oe of dion tha proper fo the che of sata, fl win the selene about ny i what {Sth oner of ie partn‘The fmt paragraph ight be trust flows Sethe tres lle the Phi, wich tar pogo oe, sna wo retest a ae me seo oulnen that oabee akon hs Tatmatar an set Tuan woah pn stom te ene aad noch a rey ‘Eiataitentabs ad doce tog consti car ‘SIE eon sitive sg hay ‘Gree tlc smite am te ces of Set sb aa, ESminceisabanelty ommend thn ee term of denen isin etin lon of nest hat he sores il be EEARESYsciting i adres a fa of etn In the very fist steno of she paren just quoted, cover term ate iad’ whore rman fer wey fen he curent ones. ‘Gar prowat inoton income to showing, bast wo ea, what they acant vo ts auho a he Poin a well so th omeentatoe, tiny they sid hat ey din sng theee werd whatever Ue tah of wont ty eld in orng them. There en of ours be no Agostino aking up the problem of mhat sents nowoge ne ive wor presting an expontion of the Panovor Ava, We [tea to bave rsoue#o that train oly to tb extant requ forthe ertonton of the abave txt ‘Serie of metas et wei | ra Lavat niovoarane ne ramoxormave 1. Na eery hind of se i cll coe Because th, word sens is fequenily used to sity wi difrat kinds of nowicg, snd sn St." intl Olay, hes iamind dete kw nse rt pint out bat ti Te xpreson "natural sene"a gna undestont ada, ters to type af known tat ios meaty tayond tection, fos a ind oCknveloign intended by ata ene” in this parr ‘When the oe wor eomonly to mean diferent ges {hereltonletween bom i ot cear a ft ht, sometimes he to’ point cut smatbing which pertains to the cane. et, butt abfsty not au totes of any of la recogsined meting. Now, Senco irs tye of knowing Lat therre cider kod norlaige at we doo ornony ol steno, the kel that Socrates i vow standing at at corer Of ila wret, The fact may be very taint hi to someone es who shit er Yt we ae notin tho abit of ealig thie End of wees “een! ‘ie reas sum to be not that i's owe fee tna fact Bue that ths fac baa not been etd by ame mediating term. "Whee a historia feet—eg, that Avil was not tuto of the Lio do cxes har bon arte te el of 1 otdety sppronch, complying With dene ul, we re wont teal this Krowingn’Sceaibe® "And all know wat meaet on one trian i alld * more wamnie® thin enti eho {8 iting to receive hears ae fact. Te fate to quar over theme ofthe word anne in connection with such knglede nad farbetiertocnque why teu tobeeo used. Again, of te sheerved Tintionaip between te to sl he ps ofthe oon ot bores thetehaviouret peopl and the neater, wo say that ty we so ily certain. Wen the makers of ane profct sme the ot iat thet Land hae be "acetbrly sed tiny cyto roo of examination performed socningYseeptd us Any ‘ode of investigation by which scente er oer pert ad 9. ‘amnatie knowlege sated "inthe desrpion of Sentie Medod found na arene sag the Brey optia Brann, A hswuget tht th tease al het mth Knog bined Sy mie cle ment pon poe pe {ial "tis pied that anyone who xt rap the tensor unos aod he proces ough to ages that what an cincoered oo ove feces een ‘Among te sts called wens, athena! physi often ‘rece am ideal a eho ad stand inte her ep vernacrion row ser 1 mesa the tnd of are re cal sti nly in th mene ‘Batthy appre ts ctv, “Now, what we aro a, ‘Eathensit pin cll dhe ths xy ti ee en tina mor ely tot peso of rarely outed more igor thn any ober ance For nsdn ‘reed soe tbanny ober sous" them of dain Irhee we give the veawa for » ropodtion that snot earn. Ione wfn Ae metons tne Goins” tot iio Uh tae mathemati Th rade elie tw te ihe term “mailman inthe tadionl seme, wich Seok is ery ow wi mona by‘ nce! nual se tha ety ew vfs siento soe explo see {ie towed in materi 2, Riairaion fom Mathematie: demonataton of eine sears Tala va at Seu cy eye e's ae ne ee an eae tisicahien cece teat et bat ecebat seers LoS Reng antnsirta Siti eae ‘Role amma eset tattoo” Man FSi chotun ces moe ea aa18 ‘Lavan midouoatann #7 mosormaoH no amount of physical measurement could verily the exeines of equal aules” Ro deviate aucun bore woul be engugh to show iat th mame toro ua for soreting hati is doe not fr fr the subjeer of mathematic. omer secs {heteoutnun senha i divi without od," aeording oooe oF ‘emesis any aed of whi demonstentes oe DOPE, Ear ofrangey mur ft be enabled by wey of construction to ‘il thatthe te such thing. Demonrations by way of one frvctin ae sled qua operational very atlempt a poo by ‘Siperence tht "the equlatral tng” és ie see of true}, {Stat prove hoplos. Howton, sam me know of whal we die tea nn pre having is thr aes equal” shat i 0 Gin {a selon of tae? uci proves the following prot 1 Om i fs igh in oma oneal rs Suni Ce ee ih en ‘Buel seged ty soot so cuit itgon the et tae ‘in cents Ad itance AB tnt ls BCD be ead , ios, sin, ith, oie # aud dean’ BA Bie Cie MO Be aed ra the eich he rt one acter, to he pin BAe thant oe a, 08 be od ee pe Fee ee ee cant A tie ante of the inde CDR, AC wena tea Oe Ol ‘ins det he Hac eat Pa toa 8) But CA yas ale proved rial to AB! ‘serfs th hug ies Ca, Ceol a AB. ons wh el oh as gn i nt oo . dr A a oC ‘Tero the esi ght ns Ca 4, BO area owe aot ‘Facet thethaage BC eqn; sehanbencanatoetelon the gan te eae AB cg) what ae rqae to Tpit Tus, Pa At et a le mnt nine conti ei sete’ Tamura wo ay an Sepals tr SLE ony pea be shew ms a rer ey Pea ak So aC ma svernacon rox marees 137 ‘Tis demonstration by way of constrontion shows tha thers dt 1 ring whine ve size re equal and that cht need nitlon of hint esto be sue eagle not junta interpret tion othe expression “equate! Wing, nar even defston by property. ‘Thir Hind of poof maken ts dover and extabliaber, tnymeans ef the construction, that thee isch sublet nd ti tans of Ue deft the liter hat any of ie proper Wil Ive to be demonstrate.” So mc fr ion of exten i 3. Demonstration of «property. Wo must now tur to the kad of demonstration which etnies 1 commensrately uniunal propery following wih neces from ‘shat its abject i” Let us te in ilstaton toler proposition ‘tom Bud: Tm ny tangle, foe of the vides Be produced, hector angle eual tthe to itor and pp england he oe Serer gles of the tog are spa ber ght engl. hie aera fot selfeviont. That "ws of the angle ofthe range eal {iro ght angio’ e's proportion requiring roof it falls fom ‘omnething eter than ie, om a ronson ready knows. "How i {his reson knows, and how does ind to such a propaiton? "Ax fuming eriain demonstrations sey provided, me quota the proc ‘fom Buck (8 Tat ABC be 8 angle, and lt one ade of SC be prc say that the exter ange ACD i eal to the to interior and cppoie tle CAB, ABC, and th tte armies ft Se ‘MB, BCA CAD ae ol oto ht een dip ert Ob ine ho pa © prt the te ro the the alent nee BA ACH ar gual ‘Soo atinn et “Rg nce 4 is paral a cx, the sri ne BD ba alle pen thee, she, estsor “gle HD ie eta "tothe inter “and open meee ot ERE te ange ACE we sho poral cul to the ie "ctr the wie anal ACD Ie outl oth wo intror and opposite sages BAC 4 et Seng AC ead oa 5 “enc, tt beth ZEB we ol to te ee andes138 Lavan muoxocraus wr ramotormace ut the ann ACD, ACH ave eral to tro He ae horton he ange ABC, BCA, CAB ar ls agul to tn ght ne Tae. aun! ‘What isthe ext reasn fom which tis propery i inferred? tie none oer than the dition ofthe abject (ingle) to whch, travels thre interior angles equal to two rghit ange. 4, A posterior since Knowle ofa nevomary, nivel and commensurate propety ive rem the dion ofa wbjet, ence ate ult ss, leon fal fr what actualy, onthe part of the know, the Proper prince of tht property. Tate cave of mathemati this Pritsipleor formal ens alo Rat known by wa (We would never Sy" Ths gue ea tangle boca batts anges ou o two "eh angle fortis would be to pat the eat tore thw hore) Sto ne, the, sale nee gn thew TB in actual wags the naz cance’ ke th adjective “ale Le, snot earved teu Loowladge slong. For lho a eance TB Pan 3 ea ee 2 Aor tap 1 tg 83 Ge me, ge deere yt tnt ee ssemnacrion mow wasoas ry ore of more intaligble in emcee, which would be the proper fens ofa perfet demonstration, cannot al nor be acho oF ta because what we know fret not lima what scaly comes at ‘on the pat of dhe thing own, tk sl Now, when the ony Sopedgssecasble tous ie aot proper monn of pole the defnitens of mater, which ue uch ‘proper mann, our ey rearee tt ook becwary ding or best {ond our way rom prpertie odefainn ian of rom deson 10 propertion In tho stay of uate this wally the only may Fegulrty abe general roprtionresche by indutin, beet te ‘tte for the dt oqulred by clans th tit nn, Induction of ei ien rom ene paertion fetid princi rm ne pg 1 has jos been sata that very often in he edly of nature, ‘ot having Gfnition to mrve atts ofrnsing a8 we hove i ‘thera, wo smu ronke do with proportions reached by ee "isl indo. This arn nde anther bio we mt Soy der If wear to understand the port of St, Toma's pele By indncio, in eer is esotthiking ctr way from paruars {univers ‘Th main thing wo nt in the boranng ba there te Gwe basically diferent typeof indueion = dase which in fzade, no wa pa to the form of inde resoag, Put oh he nasa te matar” One of them pesos note! i ate, because gue on sa Unosarngly ad meonssnsty a ething Meul be du tomy jst wen we St model desoo that "Ts impesibia tobe and not bo a Ui sme fins and inthe ane respec or tab pothng ea e's holo and part in te one ‘epee or that “very wale number is eler odor even” (wich ‘reenbee by machenatol induction’) Bat the fact eat Lewy 1, tet ip ma it attr Se un we inte pdr pi ts oa iran se a te de ‘el smi rem "Guat nn ripe I. Histon aseaua spe nae ems entre ae ‘ot cand nat nies rye ewes ead ovine “Tne on mate tat Simp et nc’ nem uy wi ec a een SNe ei sae op Fa pat canw avat mfoLoargoe Hr ILONOMHQTE ofthe most general princi, presupposed it Lo all reesoning SSeS an indcton on sora tet itp unobserved “Fin athe kind of mdutin, whe, now spontanecusy nom del~ ‘cay Soars the parol cass within rach and coacuey {fom Gem ton eel proposition fala toon atthe pica ro cof thar sl sft el a of experimental cee Proat hase proportionate made to srve as principle, Dut they ‘etuot the reas for he roglrtes wich they enounce comparing thee to srs of eduction, must be noted tat tha ier uot mare nthe Srey ene with which hey te farted ga but more fasdamentally Inte leased tothe enue fm of purcalarintancen and athe cert Gay chive. Toes godin spring, Pate indetion may ead to cmplte crt TREES al cence having bom ever ns inte cave o rt ‘cifevidon pinlpes and, o te other hand, may cover al rates Tih yelling afent ronson. ‘The fst and base 90 of Talvtle? wienhy toe mind roves trom seawe perception toward funnal sc vdent prise, iemohing Hee comple ena, Sor doe rend ne Todd «penis like Tt imponsibe tobe wey aeeto be ley any two tinge which, Inthe sume rapes, Br ton tie, ao nth expect ke Lo one anther could badly ‘ether tin oi he ane re ie nthe primordial poco of equi knowledge, opens hd a thas are ensue wp snantion, memary and experience Sek ee weary ne wr hat Uy mus old god el pole Totancen older wordy it characte of this et type of Jecelin het no atten sad fo oe heavy ofthe pare RATS te proer em for he tut Uo univer proprio sciearmaeaeenetere te ate Sa See conocer Peabo GRE SSS wire hen n te repo Rents mene it Se eee ise rs reac a's Pome Se ‘Siapitiee so csers Br Toran dd OF as ually Anoro ORE ite iad nua cera ay nat SES deli tle iain a oH anemmaction raow scarrEn ut Cases maybe rte to ty way of lteation, bat he reason for fhe truth e the propoition Se nothing oa but whut we an ty ‘Soe stance one tho proposition has ben achiev ‘Sine th kind of induction ut denned newer fer ho numbor sf prtoua itancs ante reason or ncoptng the ally univer "woperton it not knowledge aeqered reas pir rinapies tnd canbe eal ence only n't ow ae. THs ows never {less bare some lan to the le ie dear, since ie enjoys erat ‘rita ad es necessrypelinary tal sence” 6, Net sn cmp ameration i the sae 0 to provide teenie rane We must no turn our attention to the scond typeof ination, snare tempt and int of he prsol mes ae actu Javon ss tne toon for» general states fered as wena, {ys way of reeoing fom paraiso univer the enumeration tthe cunt maybe er ene of ionepete By "complete" Shenton enumeration wich exhabets all pole cae, implrng, of ‘ous that hy ave erty limited in mami. Now, even when ‘Spite enomeion fs ple, no that te property i shown to tet ofp tae nate pete ful vo provides pope, veal raga To's goera statement which rtevrthl on? tee na i ea pl ean et ig SESSA Speech cg oe eum ‘Sint nn presse! bese ann Se cial“ mebte aoa” Po, Sette Fue ch. Canes, a tt Mom Cone ad ‘Bei an wR, tn, ‘Sy eal segs sts epson an Seah hg ni “rani iveebe ad gC Pa. dt dnc Be 7 at i eh cheddar aa feat at ipa aw Shdonge'Sapdae ad gs ino tng tn Beane ‘Ae © sis okt ly poh wo MOET CATE Minh etweft ttle ‘Senemght tn ty ‘Sabicea Sty gtr gbrgnem:samqualy bie ‘vio etc Sages tn Yume tc at ey ‘Puditinega ates wambnecn ming are Bon Seer staat dept tus shee ie Eighties bt wait SSS Ne TE ean neem te1 Luavan mfoloctgu er ratasonsrave ‘As exasplessing the materials of sometry will show what 6 neat ys complete cnnetion fall to ath ao proper reco {ie 'the proption enounced hy way ol a conlion "Suppose one ‘stained nt *tin sam of the salen of any angle to Fight Siler" by way of ndeton th i,t eiiing thir property in xa he ate ade of tingly, St fn fhe oltre, gu nthe ‘Soca, and afterwards tn tho malene anga”™ Sewing thal 8 Fevilinet threaded figure ether ania tre es ea ealy two tia ides ego ot fre sides unequal ad that tet eno eee ety, the goer sata willbe quite certain In every Kind Uirange the sum of the angle two rat srg” Yet the voi oti of he general satemont by coutaton fall the posse ind tines dnt sot provide the eommenumtly ope eed unl ‘el eas Why fs tae of each Kind. ‘Bee ioe prove oh oof ang tht it ite ange oer ‘jal orotate ean the me a ret pot ‘eta long one tte pray tarsal ‘no dens yt eno, ste whet tht neh a age ‘Salto te ae anges do ono yt Sow Sa angle neeraly RSs perp create n0 wer pec tangle bo Ce Yor one Soe ot now tat tego as mh hw ths propery, or een ‘at avery rane asap in eri ane rdosor t ‘owing tthe spe [ane siren Shoup hae be aa Bad fe email ew ne dosha ene tis propery" Tithe sty of mt oo a indlion i judge complete when same general propodion taken a rye buote hasbeen etl ‘heach mawnber of an adequate Gv ja when fi sid nt ‘ntabity (he pow of rspaniing to suis) isthe geal property living binge” best et of oth naan plant 7, eh ol ar enti of mh pa An a gl sie ‘crane an ein pmlc Aer hai de he gent pe fee? See tea ta Meets tas age ar ne ete BOBS WE ites Hewett ep ge ee titted he ve hee bce el B0A Cate {Stan Wee scany twee ewan fe Pe fn ty dy salonybers af eons wea eyo tee ati ee ll SL TUS my st end oes min ‘Bren tee el ly "Ewe ‘a iy te sone”, he et gle e's ang og het SCARNRE rt gian tote ieu oor e oor alsough hs my be the sn wy ne bee te prop Whevsanay Hm nts cert oneal sey ik ‘out bem a sguie poco "Te soe ular ‘Sau be pave ona tn own hill tle bogy 0 2550s bese ol ante and inns ang" am ademas ‘ion f moe Inge tve tre tal Serene Thi Tero being te etre veal eon why ny hing a ‘Sntetsmncent mn ben bole A nae donot wo {See chow tet be pce ovenat blag pel to fy anne salen, boveve, he indtion nd n th ay of maar anol be de cpa Wem for etaney in evey ma anal? Yes if Wis propatina econo ote pl erly ‘toe noun tn Kaos to svi it sa nds {iatigeemeeay pice" Fr al rac purposes ie prove ‘bafta hho ance inci nd water Tegra oe tt ey dno er the ramon wh man el "Pn eared fat no saa an boning to ve Eb and sn wy ‘everyman ioctl’ De a ses {oor i eo bona oa ban eperoce thn leas ‘Sppene tore! gare camo the reason hy they Setanta cet arta ata Dice Racin da pera ate ge ‘ut a ane ining vo LSS Sees ee ition meine sia” Lee yt ‘tua are rl tat we'm pot te The ant hypo a Le eee ected nse ‘B el i yh ER Sa mln orton we Einsatitna Seat crentesene a cra sae phn se owsintal attache cam tng ACU seaplane sal ora het en REINS Te aces emetic fotie maralaneme se ae spe rnp ert Ehclnate edtadaen tere ett ymer ye oe oan Sein Neen ht tet a ‘gurl narcotic ta aid re oe eeue Lavan mmfovostaon #7 mosonetane ‘vor, the elas observed nature (sch as tho event death of trey snes thing) wil by themed provide no sity universal Sroption. The prope, waive rarom why tan, ae wll a ny ‘ther animate thing mortal mate found i what nceprale ftom being an anime thing, and efor fo beg 6 1. The ‘nina of demonstration Se nt the ome at bead of alo ded de aa” ‘The univeral property, as nderetond in tit esonce or dem costa of which ane fo ave tee aes (Sua oto ight anges" omot show tho followin dara {ehit met bo tv of al nmtaneos that are under (og, each od very tian) [tr majot mat eng to te very dfntion of {he propary (eg, "have two angle eal to two Hight ange” {pics angle a having oa exteor angle equal ta the two oppo Inte angles, vite pro wes ofthis property hie Fllons ‘om with acest) Its primary in tha of ich esd (Ge: primary in tianglo a sic, and ot primary inthis nd that of 1 pace) "fo woume that ooo has demonstrated that te elange a auch tna th sam of ng qual to tw sgh angles by chewing eto te tv pinay ofeach ene ofa End tis so be stad with {le mee appearing of ¢ reson. Th fs the etstermeat =" In very kindof este the en ofthe ange in tw ripe anon” whea Udertoed asthe rent of an inetna by compete numeration, ota domonsrative coosbeson at al, but a eee rstatement of Soeeretaning win tiny en mnie tnd of ecillacl gure eoatained by thre sid which nein notion, {BE tam tingle” mere nod to sand pinay and mediately i sc ie al, ug nl eh Heo ln at le SSRN SESS age ie ge ce etn gerd hte sie i Sng Tag rg a ‘tied roma th se ay sb al Dis ur yr at caceeoeate 8, St Avrenscrion mow maven M5 for tho clas of ech an lings, "rangle" mould low ts tas {rivera meng oul heal of 0 angle whatever, ltr Sta kind nor of a lastanoe of kind." Whee tha tora tela" Intended to meas of things to cay tangle of equilateral, o of (he particle ase, would mann that “oltaral” the las of ll {tangs wheter eqallstral or no, Likewsn. i we intnproted ro monn pinay sultant te as en” (Ent, allot te sabjetive parts ofthe universal nae tn vs ll big ‘whieh “inane be preitated, then, ta my "man of Sorat ‘would mean tat be each and ory ana Sonata all men who te tot Seer, vill who have bet, az, sal be, mht har bec, sod even ll pouble men,” Asal, 4 ollction, 1 sch, Tea indvdan enn be predicted ony of al i. (of Henty, “A is Ay Sucrates ie Strate! or Groin Tf trang meant sud no more Un the clas ofall teangi, the" equiaterl” cold bot ove be ell tig” saat ‘his wold lnpy tat the elas ofall angles nthe same rept Doth oqual and woqual to cay part of Yall. Tt would be fl to fy :“Aurfaceeneleed by Ue right no re oe ha Ph voli Fare necting that thee we? fo ll ton terms (reread Sure ele), when used 10 tnily clotions que slostions, ar mullet spol, va he ‘od a sesicury eae Wat nit be ddguied fan huss ‘54, Thomas sd inthe pasmnge quoted atthe eal of uve pages, that we must show, at is very beginning, what natura scene boat Wey its ater and mobjct A well nown sentence en [XIN iiehead' Perauction fo Mathematics etna to avunon the UhevstosIniroction he had ai tat stents shoal Know the vary bogsening of ther cour what the scence abou on here ca be rade pain by it panting (ut rhe mcan bythe objet of a senor ax dng fren te rabjos forthe obec inl he abject 1 te on, Tan, a Ain, et op ga hae SL pe S8y FO{he wey mijet ofthe enthnon er that about which (eg, cane fia’) something namerted by man of demonatetion (the rope (ty tohave the mum of angles eal Now the aujec bout which we snr soetingin the objet or senclusion of the dernctaton doe ot ofcourse make Se St p= Pesrance in the oadision. Soothing bas alreedy boon prodeated ff tha came abject nthe pines or renin of te demonstration, For cramps of ho triangl we ai tht has ts extvior angle oq {a the to intron end oppo angle? aud nin vrue of ths that ‘e condinn follows, Wa tha "the tie hana thre ang tual ton." In othr word, te subject of enti owed ‘oth wits Gat known vs, hak about which we sek sien about do fhe oer Hand hat the {ety elnce what the eloce really about” Although every deninatration produces site knowl, piu decomstrtin, cv, dos not consate a elses all By tel sae, i did, woul be we may sects ue Care ae ‘pleialr demonstrations. Rather, asin seco such ‘eirecer many objector onus, thatthe mam ofthe anges senaction mow wane ar fe teangle two right angio"; tat the ange in a veri itm fight angia’ sen And thew form wt scaled th material objet fa csones.' Now what ie at gathers suo abjrts Into x singe Sisco? Why do cra snsunots belong to toxtemades aad not {ethene mate? ‘Thaw wat ac oma ej ‘We havo noted tht tho moans by which we acquize ssientic nomledge re none olber than the dfion, sac he defiiton tbat of ig mig hata nite a ane” fo we mart le te tert and ‘nota that hp er af ue 2 w near wo ‘la nd Yay st we ware to uxt ereapating arm wordy att im dows nt ray corepod it oi ap tated hat ‘ee of iene and soa ot jmmber raya mi) ‘Batat the came ting singe tho mossuo ofa magitude sitelfa mage ‘ude and every magaifude gus continues dvi without en, the measur tf st be indestny dive. Hene, to be ene Jy exact, the andar of lng sould hav to bo leg witoat og th ewe al Tat hy, Ter pact ‘Purpose rose ong, does by eatin Ike the Yard ort m= rvainpiy mete dere the comes standards he esha Tt Xap 8 42 2 Geka psp 009 ARS BT ib 91 21 rc Eon bs id Onan, Mr he ‘iedee Sv unser wg "Tne may ra Spat ttt tea gh ate ing Si tamlin ant fhe she nore me he cetus savas suforoorane sr suoeoruiges ‘of mich a mandard make poailo same improvement in presin tha can never attain te eactnow of mathemati, nor permit the Saito een = “Th revon why comin exacinen ls posible In geomety is tha the dentana me tse are orally Independent of a hte no Felons to, the order of bance expan std tho conlsions are (staiied sa following fm such deitios with pew. Yet by Senne of constuction yoroty can demonstrate that there i 8 {ena whose des ae etal sd hat Ue angles of any wang re ‘unl to mo right ange" Why canot the sme be dows fora atl ‘Bangle? "Why shold he objeto sense experience aller sul hi anes to exacinen? The sntwer tots deat, and to reason forthe dane btmoen tha" matter" and theses a wence, Be nt quotation tram St. Thoma «thing bors ital bl inact uur are of en strato fom mater” "Now the wosd‘msttr" J‘ abesstin frm matter? and i “the nntat fs sien’ doe nt mean gta the same ting. Lat ‘a bog with Sarton fom matte” What lth" mater” fom shich wo sunt pread ae an esti condition of sconce? cn ata 1a our axontifc age the sudent of nature would a the whole, show lle sonora fora doctrine much sa that of abstraction from Inter and apparent one ean do well witont Some make ‘em mgt since we kiow co file wbaut "matter, excep, f aes, ati iscovertble wth energy that tne questi of astra {nih mate lene oso atl hay or ae. figs yetbnd, Forunsay, some renogise aor, special {he belt of matherates and ly, ll mate ver efe sttemante lsh sow that thoory of ata seven how a a es conse ‘Quon than i fw bow is ie past. On a de had, the reader ‘ay be wing to bear wid sil we promise to shaw how th aston Se eee ecereere Soemienmentaerregereeen Scene wa nae oanamaee ieee Ses soe eras eee eee ae asarnacrion HoH sere 9 of sbtrtton frm matier as coin ofthe elances and of thee ‘fetinet nrme nthe tnd vane ancient. pileopbors wna ‘eminlogy ol now." "This may pove the beet moans to dec trbetheroruot uch dovrne nati ent To dhe ot esaaogh to pint out what these plows intended when wing ‘ch worde a matter’ ad absration’ All hs bound to stil tether deering» peer more bass ono conceal thous of words ‘te thir vara pains Both the Grose word Shy andthe Latin maeria oiginlly moan", and then wha el ome ey wer fart ended to mean any “bulng atria ncn some ae Well ner, rn cement ee: ally they weee extended fo mean "hat of which” anything composed, oven though this sieht te a vaio a the spor lau, th oe of w ingle, othe torneo slog 1. Original moaning of word and new inpontons [Now a word may have ve oil auniog whic tie wll to ‘on ater niporition ar obo uedertood* Tha i, wheat {he tter apy to things wise anol be known nor, terete names ‘witout meron ta mtg snr sed more known {0 ts. Por ‘Stes mors ave sgn of our conte, und soeapte ao the meatal Limoges of things words can lr things oly threo the median 1 tind’ siceptlon of tm” Thereay im which words iy ‘oor na depen namdlataly on the way i woh the things that hy ‘ind for atin thames, bt on th way Wey Sesame known to us {ind azepreont nthe ind." And Hence thet we ean hoe 8 {ing ony a wo ktow i and hat ‘nang tings we flo the progesofintaectal nowlaan, Now oor Tnowlgy procs the beer Enos th in kon ‘Neng we arnt of Sing mre knw to a Ts10 ‘LavaL tuovocigup wr mceornaon own toa, Heas i eth. the wrt itn ha ee. ect ‘tonto hai, tell otra: a ee, aa ‘ond pertaining to lal mavens me gly ie te Aa ‘omens iy aang to eat or magn, oes bi ne ‘sch ts Chey a eum by plane Dt Kowa ‘That nwt exlanded meanings was indcae an nde of progresin nowldges 8 Thomas astra tis pat athe folowing pemage can smo wor nto wn: her scoring ot tip ony orarsoning te smestnde! wr Thi shonin the wot Sat ise rallye on heat these fab fad {ean ar wg tbe mre cole! a tater so te, Eevee Wenn teas igs ag {eer seni esa rh a, ha ala oo ‘septs "Worhrtie wordt] nant taal Se eet lest we eco fer for yh ale {zB Ae hati ia the wordt Hort ait deo one [itvaltkcomantetto the en cf ght” Merrais erent ‘loth ch make ana dg to lage of any Mad ado wo ety thing ke Let wt oka this probe in tho Ugh of yon evita What, eo, the proper meaning of ‘Rend? Thoms got onto mato fling inprtantdistnes fon I, thea, the mr fighl nan aso tot itp {ee end metporal pta e "Blinn no ing a by consnon tmage it tended to thy ont of seve ‘king pla then i property sad of pina! ing tke ‘tier this new penton, which el Ter to th. sal tt Aoaaing what i beter Keown t,t word ligt bi fac Sed ‘more properly of ateletul things“~ eventhough aa knw a that ito elec, for items, ha ar ore of the aaa of what sakes pain tnt eight Yan "To the Man ara 1 his ehang of postion, th “gt of now evident” might sam, ‘Pomere than metaphor; for Mi, nething bat the ight whch pole fuceyes tases cou be alld light a ny proper sna. 2 Original meaning and etmaagy Now conering the word mater, the orginal mening we bave fn min shld ding wordt ogo cooley ‘whieh acdeeet eee ros 7 2 Tot aat at SO seo, gad a, {Mo thay, in hye tad ine at he ‘emit ne ows ee a svermacrion row ware 181 ‘Thectymaogy os word one thing ts mouse anoter.| Port ety. ‘Balog hows tha robs the word was aa or th parpan em. ‘Sion fits ur tpt semen od wife © Wher Be ten ‘ite word Sonam a pon bch he re pod Tore puree ‘leyng (dod goo union nonempty "Thv thing ve ‘nt aa the ine: for fh mame lps ake rm neo po hat {ino ac meat Io, I rt fon, woald be 8 Yet whalowr the etymology of he word lapie—ar of our own word ston, for that matter Bo Tang We sre nee With ere ‘would he that of lp asthe nate of tis Kind of hoc to whl we ‘hn pot eigen withthe ene a rr rms the pombe ‘tts none afesting tt ia tla way or Ua A person may now the ‘rimary inpantion of & word without nowingexatty how fe eae To ge inthe elynologit aase. For instar, tbe hate Bete. ‘hic at oman what owe wry canal way. Dees sf {he place sigue to tem ~ fr the Physics —by an eat comple of Arto’ works eran teats were called Meaphyie © per rh (Gerd: Thr proves with he cymology of te ain, Len” at ‘Whence the mame sat (ales: whereas the Peary inpelion of (Teopiyics av w ngle word refer to treatin whieh, ithe proper ‘re of eing ar to beaudied afer ne on ature. Eventi, {by new impose, ping boynd yot embracing the previous a, ‘meapiica, te Bowtie (ay 480-520) cimplayed hie term, refed {oth ence which Arots himoef had eal Pert Pio sd TTheseyy "Fit? hy rus of fe piniple, * Tacology” beta ‘tt ncn tam, vin knoe of what divin ‘Oeoue, thal fro which th elation of he word ie drawn” ‘or that whence the nao posed and ta which tho word ‘le’ are somainesthesame, vin the eof words conveying what Eimmoliatly known to our Snts, su aft 4, Bare whe — ‘words which ate verified diet by referee to sone experi, {ind whieh are fn no oder nay vera Tue revea for this te- ‘sein the fast that even off thingy which ave present to ou ‘ome, and at any vate Gat ad moe lov to we we do ot EsOW ‘Gres what they ae in shezeive thie we approach only rough “omathing evtuso to thas’ nature, vit, somo sowie ‘Sit ce ual. What we Sat disse of shore, for example, 1 actly eon 1 aot ant De Pi 803 a 3 Gwent cts tte an ae ep he san etre a ny ed mi re ae et ‘Scutek pier bop ommen nt ed re Teton aitatn182 ‘Lavan sufovoctans ar runiccormians vrhat appears to the sees and alone ust all from a cow, o ig, te. The colour texture, coun, we ea nate a onc, andy ach insane, tht from seh tho signet i dan” dave bot Site hl he tunel en ag ta > Ihich these qualities belongs will not truly Enown ast what Fo boat. But eperhage well o point ou thatthe quater or pertin hich ond om et attmpt at nang thing ikea ore arena 0 Be conftred with the distinctive properties whih truly seu bore apsct fram ater thing. Father knowlege may ileus to change ‘tr mind shave wast vont real dferencee. Wer may’ become steusined with an animal ithe ar, let my, Posmaing athe {rate weld signed a peal the horse, and yer enowed with = fewmuneatitsown. What was tuought to characters a boree would ‘ow appear te oly satin ih nc with etn er male Tn other vor if we sumed dat we knee alten mabe Sano eg wondpoo to what eta par oon el ofr things Sbcolitty, ust bees we knew he word mowdpecker ine deri Son fom sme other mora press frm to sgn 4 tetanic tnd epertonn or eels of what we calla woodposke we would ke ‘timun who, Utdastaoding Dat Bef derived from le po it, insta tnt ovory blue fh ought to be Huei, od al bh, a Such amy ny fem ovat, vie ye the ilusrite is widespread sme philsoprs apd eres Song thle?" ‘ng 4 Brat imposttons nthe only eld fer may be jst sol asf lee onan vag, extended est inp ut compehndiag he ae penton Wo hey 5. Nama het are nt an from ear things 1 shoud be noted, however, that namee uch se man, hore Ieatings of words like notre, par, large, mod, elmore, se" "Tez ke the 79 the mow actin language Whatevet thir phisiogel origin, they aro not uated rtm or thingy: ta whieh they thes at th from wich the nifation i doom.” Nom the fet hat tia sent holds ely in ‘ead at wos tro sO do ay Cy of a Se eagerly ita wo ad COE Rea ee ies i nie | ummeaenion rnow waren 188 the cas of eects immneiataly known by our sane shoal’ make terrae of how important it take no eta wat happen the over betwee his spprehrna of thing aad Hs nang Dior worn ae intended to nig ferent ting Bat the d= {ereno nated by variations i nats ar ldo he proper die hens te ngs have tar om ne vie the owes, moimpn unin opon a word dons not stall attain the ama difeenos betwen the thing ame, be may in hie ‘ming of thn refer to some tit whi, though adel ot te ‘emotion na tend of tas to nan rafal me amtmed tha Uh warhng cond referred ton this name, whieh fs that wteco ta inpod, ow actualy wha! Le name ronan, we tui inpiy gesaltouly tt thin wound wa ie metal dlerenre oF that whch me ame" To sam py the cinta dere bee ‘Brean tings were gused at ont the diferenees of name would be ‘ten from thor! whence thy sally would be Dat which they ‘Sty ~ the pci deena of te thingsDesclves, ‘The wile ‘Mlovanor ofr dntion batoon th spesiediflerence ofthe hing Ton andthe tal from which the thing nam taken divs Sr Ratnam wist ete’ oe deep ttiaens Sas iope de Sige asd Sera naira est ies ra e EVNgiagtet Sa Sita date at mn rn ‘Scutisteeinente we trie anconag tease St Seater amar segs dinee sper be cane ‘aahnietiirreatratt Geet antaan koro oi, Lalor ee)” Ta Ge Very 4, 8154 ‘avan mmfovoatars mr pmosorsiacE Howove, cho dhe tlaonulp between teaning and etymelo- sy shoul nt be omlued wilh te dependence af show nd extended [iposiien upon aor meaning, i mst not be thoaht that knowl ‘esate worn orga ofpranosonyt the pilot. FA3mol- ‘amy proviiog an done = End of rasan why. give Word as ‘tian ued to sg thso ay ha he vagy of erg tr ta something Known even before thf tposton ofthat word For tnstunca ha Yet) "to manifest" meating "to sow’ pal, ‘fo mate to appear tne" to put beyond queen or doubt ‘omen from the Las monfare which wan orgy ken fom ‘man, and, al fender, to mane; fr manent meant. hit Shieh inthe act? "This worl, he, refered rial tothe most ‘BLE ocr external cee: tobe, and vo the palpabl, 4 Phe alaranc of names signifying things it korn to ws May of thos tshniea terms of pilasopy lok forbidding (aot pean) Borne they sro herowed front auater easy Uke the word lop". And they appear all the more remota beaie Gey ar usally takin according ta te, to etc Atmpositons which ed become tein Sat angus. Such fe a with tho words “ello and ‘absewson,” fr example Even in Latin, the adver alopiaie (ono by Ciera), or the Lom Tati non apo ferment ty entanded naning of the Greak udder el by Arto "Th word derives from oy (with, together) and Noylfoga (to count to calle, fod nally treason). So, la Latin vena abd Engl ditions, {ho very fist meaning of lg “item of ogi and reference fs made to Aristotle, Acta, tho word ae once wed y tho maa fn the stnet who new noting about ir extended meting, snd Bs would have been purl if tld hat he “apiglem wan the Invention, ce lwowery, athe founder of the Lyme at me ave St Ung id fo bebeves "Yet tho pascege from he malaga the trond in entton ‘too ie extended meang eon, be flowed at ‘hays tho reston fry “Ugh, a nub to "enlighten, isin “enlighten mo on this rubjectof ghomesy" "Both in Pench {zo in Bogs the disparaging remark "What dows reasoring have {o'do with slogans?” may well draw apps frm th eulery. Suck a vest is only natural mica the borrowed tama i el out ight sgl omc whic, without vlerene o someting mare [inown or mote Enawable ou, ca be udu oly wih diet fr not at al” Such aurea mutt be provide ter by an eae Itposton, oy, ey ave not th art by te wtylogy we pe ‘ufo grasp that previous mong. Ming this werieaton, sch so ‘cc tice terms tae on am ai of fraslonos wish cl for ‘Epiure oolong an one prose to know jst what they ean, iL. “Tho saae buds fr the word “abstraction? Both in Prone and in Roglsh it means, fiat and Huneiaely, enething far removed ftom what ie mavektown to vit ertin operation of hind, rte statis of Something Yt ought a sting from ‘or enation, The oie Tatin Gust Tike te, Grak Bylpees) veyed the at of draving oe parting fom” a oeanog very fea to the etymlagy "at she (rom) and tare (oda, {ake aay), The separ, hewing nay shone frm woe, perfor fh stration In that peinie ane ef the word. (This meaning ‘es ruined in tho Hogs adjective“ aberaet but now areal) reentry deans ti nate of aracton show how bal desing nr the conequenses of tring wards intense mean, rom 6 Ait something wich can be properly known only by dependence ‘pod someting of which we ae immediately aware “Tm ood to lad exionded meanings back to ios tat can bo verted of things more known an unquestioned would nos rie sith Desraren re ould tne that hase now ea abe equated wi hal i ost bnowabl wh it ood fe ctw mallamation ‘To him, the werda God! and "woul? Then wathing fet sta toxtcearly Known to ws by Insiin. Fe babeved Ghat he wos using te word cul” "ot se in whit hese wos the word Yor orally "beat of Hem Book Tit of De Anima, ie, intellective soul. We do not mean that Drsmartes nating in min! when be oe hi word, toy that I nowhere provides ean of elfeton. Nor mal he need to 1d sol we enjoyed te Mind of lula with whic be eee Ua? ‘Remi msny fate impsitons of words depend upon a proces of ‘eso ban he at ror, upon sees experience Forme ca ‘ame tings only inet as we Know then. eos the wy words we ‘om tigi thingy that we can never nw exoope by seta cl ot olierwin obsn cha petoulor meaning forse. Any tet onan fristnen, the word ‘ab ake i ston Far ered irom experienc, yt wih the asp tht this eal o hd be ‘tee postion ike tat of won for thiegs meal low, ‘sch hay whit, rath — sing to be ke say or ennstion ‘aden tems uot eelnty raced hy is sutbor, The nee of eine ning apne ry oa pitch ro ht ak 4, Philp! emsnaogy {bas bon obeurved that tho orginal meaning of word have to lo with things of rudimentary eras experionee and petal bie 1 Recaatweweasteagt pp lane emda eel166 avast mufouectgue xr mumocormian® or taon th Gok esol” Ge mene ot pres cio choles ts) tne ea both ee the Pa reed ay, etry cee a tint tea nln dy hor in a ‘2, yt thay epi i et oso sas Shi Wana in ne Read oor, mere roca ‘have come to look in made languages, Was derived from ‘itm avn fo py to snd eater mt ene ‘Shi thindor to anopocophm. Tse Sn of he press SFettE tn ma ot nooo tne er to Sorin sno tome set ete pene el ete Te'Gen seen ot af tolg apa ed ey ony ea ten Sern sl angst inal potas, wie Se ave recone tin oe wont TEs pao mee ct, wold mot that rion « boty ef all nna out ately nwo CSITICL ESD prima sont ta ret poo {inl ons nb th gt of ling tensive alopbr> a ee & ad aoe proper toe prt Sho Tse i enn why oe se ean hte {te wot elucot he rope ons“, ch ETUAS Cit et topes Gin popes rm nove sony Eth iw wel ah emptor Shard fsa be wlio thee seen ute on ‘itn tooling pete Ber mat fo ah ‘ofan never sett ug ns poe a, so 5 een es wh sn he gn often Oran ch en ol recy del {Sse gn of cn ha aot rae mee {eta wed ont fo wneiing to feta "into edi or mating fs ever be pye m thytng do ny proper mf ch teh amy wo ast Ee pihsepy utd son tying th saa at {keno thn wt ue ae ‘Waste meant by mater *in the statement that» thing ie intel tigen at nly infra i stanted rm mate? “(We wil ‘eyo attention forthe morse to what “tall In at" may fies), Tt also sid that ating Anowabe oly by reson of form’ Tn tents of philosophy thes terms are oft vse ithe svemaction mow atom 1st ut apology in senso fr sented fom th meaning we now best ‘et hte ty toientty thelr esung Uy taking example ts tomething wal known, which lade oro & peste manag of "tar vit ner the af ast inne 2 tae ume aly boomate, storm on the other hand, egy teat the conor shape os Bare of thing the form «bowling 1. Mater emma tom “Timber” happens to be a god example of « costaive tem, tacit does it mest us wood, bat wood with referent ueting {ole taal of Now, nn f the Has of things tat are mae of ‘root wil be wufieatlydoverbed by "ade of mood of won, ‘Soc table, an or, tipi or house may ll be equally mente ‘Thay are dings by tae shape onthe arangsat of thelr pars, bey hy te form.” With reget to all these Ls f oon ‘hjeciinbr is«melaia sll be formed; and only when the ter tht of which (hs Kd of hig tad’ or whe he {Umber hs taken on ech ashe, tat wee hat forth sake of Iwi diner i. thn shod te a able wil note pri Tocauo it mad of wood fort might lb a tae even if onde sf meta or plastic“ but peimary by ronson of shape othe cap Sitio of para, Inst, ee by roan o it form hat ts bck EE ventisees «tao and tinge fom «bowling in. 2 haps or form and mater are oth principle of iferenee A Gt sigh, might appear that, nos 8 bowing dior: from a broostick by it ap, we mad, in deni or deeng i Ignore the mater und give or atiallon nly to thy frm Ht clesly the fora ofthe Bowling pins wah explains how hay” tbe Dit up and knonkod dow in wochwfstion tt mae sper fr the Plot. Yet doul alo bo or that me eannch aor to nego Uhomatter.. The mater muetbe mod or women He ‘Of wooden eet, the for IU print of tileencs, Yet, when watt tag wooden from nom-onden objec, we se that te matter to in diferentatng prnspe, though toe st ‘nthe ame respect. That whieh thing ade fr omental tt 1 he mbjct of the form nee the Ug could nat be wh i _ ES ‘bt arth to agen easing earely al lad Yo confi wile Top ES eos oes SScoe cease Sle158, avast madonoorgoe HP MEILOSOMNIGUE rithout sme kind of meet. Pliny, then, fom the definition of Tein matier may not be excused. The mater that ethan ‘este edfnton ed “part of Use spin part of the kid thing we are speking "Sdn, however, tht the mator wept into the defo nt the mater offs boing pin, but enly the Hind of matter hat the ‘Sfuiesket pins is mnde oi wood." Wood sever" is wood.” iter the ood oft bowing woud bo alte wood hee a Gero ben ther word norany more bowling pins. Tobe owl pin' isnt the mame a" tobo ths bowling” Bowling incon ad of any one, while Doing can be sid 0 aly eo ence when wo my wba a indiadual thing is, the whet Segara Unga form to unr er example, SSaE Te elle certain toc a ny “aus to this sng tol a form Tories Ht shoul therfore Ve slau Gt ven the mer whieh ‘Ser ato the denn on self the dt of aw) has the (fsa goer han the nature of form ax rats this patelar sett we have anew lxpeltin ofthe words ‘mates and Toa? To retam to our bowog-in, matter” now wil be ii- ‘tal bowtie plo es nanos of bowing pin! Te nts snse £8, When‘ mtr” refer to a principe of ser mamaria fie * Matte is edi til othr sore theme a = inp of Aimer. the bowling pts of our stall hate the se shape and ‘Seads ofthe came mst, ‘The sume detition appl to etch ‘Se of them Yet Uy fer mumanely: ti cue Te, ot Uh oe thre How oan we noouat fr the purely ume er fmcet Of coure weight argo tet th pertiaar pin dies om, {he others bose it bes heen placed atthe apex of the eboguae ‘Got this porn dave not aller Ks shape no the =i Pbich se msd, ond anyother in ht Jat ws eay have been etn ite pce ih sort tho fact that I howling des rire nt it bo sone are ad now a the apex othe tran Jn bubee words no anu f deseritin of hs owligpn comsered ty tua can scout for Xe dation fom Une others. Whe we entity ene he ou cles to the player, we say nothing of what PAGS The chope and stra that eater Into te dition of Towtngia do not weet for the peti one gu ts," That eh ne deine te an), el the dtbin a cxn be Tint e predsted of any parser Bowing pty end any and ery nalts yt bh don sal dation "abstract rom each Eon every invdual bowing aa Ii soermacton mos Marve 69 4. ‘ Matter’ as a principle of sheer numerical diference sat py ano of ae Atthough spparnty na diferent in shpe, se, 0 ty of at a in tal ot tea ‘Bena on ot acl the eae forma, ‘tel careful anys would be sure to in oer diferenees In ss {als the mon, and eve tneween ts vial atone {Fi eager oration node to eal tat pinta on. An even med take ita acount ihe hikes rence a {hw pce of wendy eat fron the same tes, me Would never hold th ferences to thera why the pln ot at oe.” We ae ‘ever ing to maintain tat, if te pins wre seal ts sae ‘Sree smo ran they would ape Ingo tgp orca aero were ete quan carge™ = base mpponten of ionic thre tould be only 8 Sage one "And eventhough we {dant of rea objet thet ny snl thing a the veal univers, an sl art of th hig, sie am every oer ae {hecocpu ofc thingy amet xen ‘tegen, me wo let with shonin wie Ine hat ved Goo," ve wt ch tee obi eras we can oarow dows the problem by asking why iin (assoc kav ttl oan eve any ee woes ge ene oa a herr pert fo “homer igi yt braon we von {Sorc Kind of wane el re many a a long as there & the nod fone them” This ts to pcs he biden a ier maint of sv pn the saat oot omtinein are made a upon thir matter Yot not on he wed, too, ft upon the aman fT, to put itotarwise upon Bow uch wood hereon Water hx wi a be 20 uoen of wot Theme smoot of water we to. Norn {Sevtmount or uty be indeterminate when we race tat the ‘tieofeachof oot ple eau The sume problen aries nero ing the maa, wien these se hese ae ow an thy be may whe sa in every other rest ?* Sie wil tings oe pit terete mpi ee ee Sere eet ‘Scr red sa te am Ror, edo tonto Sf tor SSS eee Seneca oe [aS ae100 Lavan mfovootaon = mEnocorsra0® from the nest no mare efuctialy than shape, elour, or quality of trood. Ort put iin ster way the quantity o ie of the pins {hit for indvtion no Jota ihe woud of which i i the He US ao fieen inches high Wat ake spin of even tis ity forall the othe ere the nea tie regc, Tee quay a8 ae fot plage the esol ein avout. A ting aay have i ‘own cunnlilyfor to longo exit, and hat ane qusty may vary Ise at “rent tn "The daendona of Sourates Were ova {heomghut hie no matter bow mud ey vaved in ss Thi ‘pint in teat by the ditnction bneween quantity a ding, and ‘Ghetly asym, rr the art of whe and araating AEN tb Former St hoe odo wth odidution. 5 hinge dfring no mare than by mar ov indefnable {snot oor parpre to defn her what the pin finde ‘ton ino ai, forthe monies merely to pint oat Ua things which are rinny, et indtngute In ind, sane be sconce Torin their mam distinction by defcing or deaebing wht they fe The wes forth tnt mut be camething othr Ua ‘hatinespres ine dfniton ora desertion, Whatever it may be, Fie wnutag to do wi te sater of tie quanti, eating that cat bw designated ta sensation, a someting bere aid now, Th ‘tes mond, an iavidal of parte type ean be neither tnd ‘or dene ea inva, tp ream mst be meng extine, Toreign to shat we can know of by the deaitan or deerption | find aust be sot ieratonal siace allows thing to e ‘thou any daosmble ferentiation frm hat," tho tion of Twine yi, tere noting to at th numer of ivi ‘el pan ouch «Hi lb determi to the avail wood ad Ue pomere of Pee eatin, Moat, that te indsdantingpin- {Spe 2 something erational is clear besos noce of thax india kings came know ton except fo thn ast. of maaan Te ean be fw tony hsb bowing pad ut in che nll at de tt men ry rn, eh ie ‘iar’ aa Sen mate ww wn eee ala pitt psn et le ‘Pitot ts a" oat at tty nent ee ‘uate ate ses iar steht wate sts mee arto sot mr acti (ay Ahn ina btn stan rte tata "ee Sechaba serpin ra Fy Averwaction rom ser 181 inet dn ot nd is uth, xt with fence tt tng "Twat of rename, apart fom sensation, dee nol ati to ‘ihn "Of mane Rw tid rt yr wrth this ject is nan” ut only wich dno on porter enation ors abd now. However, thst ont aided by th ind of knwlage We promseds by ay of dnitnn al Go ‘onstation: snot each by bloc, I the arm see taken ftreus. "Whe whatever i roe fan oun lays i sudo ie ‘an, th trl of ths mani moral depend opens sae lon! “Sigh s peopason‘' coume add thing #0 no eve though scence exist only in individual mem, and ay ale ea entsato vo 6, Tn what ee seine cana be concerned withthe nia ‘The dairne Unt ane cannot be canoer with he individ 1s froqenty mbndertod and interpreted a baughtyindiferenee tories onder th arsine tenet en csr that ‘bo intree to slave uns, Tor example, To delay some exceptional eniowment or ven daca; Sd Ca en hs dtnetion merely ictal oi since anybody le ‘th those peal would do fot awl he pit cat "ecultive sites does ot preted ta replace every Bid of knowl ‘ge, "It only onakind tht whieh leprae forthe ak m= {ag imsoar arto know oan be soght for ita wa tae An 1 Tefal ra ot oly th the nds of eesation oral he ses all knowles, even ofthe met abn at lo that sence ean fave le indent to he qualitative marti between indigo, Unies we Eno tat Lume nature can mame widely diferes® yp wre now i very Imperetly indeed. Whe ti ered thatthe Indivdal eof no conar to edna, the meaning i merely tht he Uh sme thing over abd yet of wo cana to seo» wh thin Indiviaa, Us doplot of his flow, main of the vt portanoe fn the drain of tons (Sen ay Steel as str be nay Sten ea eae at eo sna Se ot esvinden mate’ hat ce net a nd hi aot he sg tug iret ab ao ny TERMM rie nt" cnn we! a ay ont te are one be oars, tm moe murat ad Yet arn on hte the Seem Sot hat! i svete te Heo ofthe ‘ilo of ie unde, we now sn "man sine ‘Sf ing ret om te Sos ean—ee, Telia Dns eee enone oan ial Satan Ln ny hogs an memo through heft tu unaware tiny tmnt ctor Seri ae nt wn pra pt by deat by teammate yay afc tt hr actly ind

———_—_« ‘Wen two horizontal lines of equal ength are made to terminate, one In arrow heads, the eter an fat fends, Uo scrawl pent Tongestan theft. Of eure thre euro ao Log 2 We jude ‘he ngs to bee Wey appene in asaog, and this cramp bas scat the vale ofthat used by Asal, of ie sn appearing to be ‘nly the stn of «dane pas In ou esti of eamon snes we neitably commit oe Selva fa more ne to ie stat ofthe ont real om fhe other han our ten udgient cane erred Uy rua. Inoue partly Denice ofthis pelblty of veriieallen by eas ty tat the common sss aru accorded more objective tan tha the proper onc. ut it shel be noted thas the proses of ‘measuring involves eran operation, say the colin nd os ‘iskon of measure und reared ein enunting or i deterning ‘eye ad at this operation i perfanned by tha td, Wh ‘nthe bas af ad Loge ith external mesa. "Tare shoe way’ in which common seas lad to earn jen. A proces fatten abtractn I gg 0 uae {nal as we rotveperopions of quantity and of quantitative modes. Aalie can be drawn 9 thin Shot I yale no tinct peteption of ‘wi, ad Ste parts in lngth ace mae fo appear ao fe Sat thy {ive in impeeaton of uintrsup contin. ‘The rele i Chat ‘ro walte che sleet tbo one generac Ia iagialan by re var iba Tale solid ving every plat on ite arface eldest om 8 Point within called he sonar. When we projet ts exaoteslnto {ho abject of amsation, we qommlt on eror. Tels aly by pring ing from per oe sons chests that we sieve such rigour. To ‘rose tf ea and el objet wer te sumo, so when sat i ‘Ekg rsh cn cramp ti df eon ned yt Uh sala mise to ballev hat proper ele canbe e- prose in tema of quanly or of quantitative modes for Sams,me ‘Lavss raovoctaus wr rusosormac {hat the distin fw coloue hy isang of reextion i «dalton colo as'» proper acsle If were me bold kon ext ‘what to prele ealur wba powenng the power of ont a 18, Bree with ear he cell sae Whanever sation out, we aly alain spe aides senile subject Ove natural ination ts to bale shat thie subject Just hati appears be tothe snes An example, tsad expe tlenoeaf erin qualities, would bo the judge faa eet Tig |S hoey, beset loos ike honey, whereas sesually ie Ta this nstince the ear eould be eareted by Peeps of me ober feowble quality, lke olaur, ar tse Agus, we dainguish the var: for kinds of sina ad f plant oo aly hy tal erence a fire. "‘Theo we take the furchor sep of tinklog that diferenee Ia {ure i dentinal withthe deren Cnt mak tie thing tbe he [had of thn were Sure ely am extra ig in plats sd ln elas {ily pronto tobe sur) af iernen kind ‘Argan quay, ea coaersog the sabjeet are alo very free Tes ogy ta al nto the hit Weg at» ah Hes trae, cominnoan ‘nas comparable to ho ree bo teen lowing what toes or he purpose o Luling or wht wheat [Sor the purge of bang, and knowlege of wht lone sad wheat So forthe sake of owing ft wnt shey ce in hemes ue ‘ya om what they may be vse for. Lack of mineralogy and botany di hot prevent the Geeks fom ereting Sn bulngy inking » ouelag bread. Certude x wohiewed im practic! Ue ten we how ethig esta wo the and we have i ow, mere { spealatveasnon ur an ito rake We ad cafes Go ht tag re slate 1 bemon op onwcnencin x i! Zo coeeRONE ‘We have fequatly been using the demonstrative pono this” to express designation of someting indiidans Sach designation {a ‘outa sled demonstrat ad en, whee" demnenataen {ken in the orginal ape of that showing esting, that sttng it ‘pat from other things by pointing oat which oir et fain {herder of wae experiaace,” Now that tho gaaeal dvi of se ‘lo objects hasbeen stabahed, shor» paabl vson of deo ‘tration to sense to be eaplaincd, "That varow moses of dent ‘rain to enc mst bo itngulabd ls clor from tho ft that hi {inthis sootion of warmth" Us aun tis stone" thie man {not of eon Kind. "Te fare to serve she duction, and the ‘ammon enough insistence dat tho nly valid designation en he ‘ode ofthe canon sate, are che omanqoene of tat seni tion tht oaly common alo sce real 1. "Demonstration io sms" in th order of sroper snail ‘Whan seed to convey what “warmth” stands for tthe name si ome meer Se the wr 8 the tamperstue of tay own, Jn doing this we are not pointing out” tho warms na we would 5 ‘amos, De Ani My ap 7 Tet een ra ae act rome tl aly out cers ne a dos,10 ‘Lavan ruovoctaux wr rmunocormarn ‘number os fuure, ‘The want I point out is ot thera” in exslly the way the ture ofthe blla-all “ther” Tt i boss ta ible guaies and tastes eanot be pointed qutaseomon ens ‘re panted ov that they are woetimes bl tobe ena os ra Yost not pomibl to doubt thn reality of this somation af warmth pt only as t semi, Dut preci as u senmlion of warmth | {or she tnalion stot fesivel the seraton a @acastion, bub ‘the sazllon of «warm svn! any ae thet Tam aware (t nor ean T doubt chat ths woter dst Tuow fol tobe warm rly ‘is somthing to do with this onsaton of mine. However, is dows ‘ot imply tht 1 ve the warmth to bo inthe rater. the ay Toa tthe eenible warmth vac sa ease a at and not the ‘ruler, wehiohnnover mor han seal spony Tale another ‘ave polt," Lav no doubt bout Use ret of dhe ate of tis fpple an Text I Hever, to anert thatthe tata of tis apple {neal does tot mean thatthe apple tastes god when no one stating "Nor may I doubt that the spple bee something to do with the ‘eal tastoT have ahnigh this et tate spt, bor eu oy he ‘pplein the waite iin eo ma Toate “The names of tangible quate of tsi and of smalls are am, igus, sean be ween fam the expres: "the water fe warn,’ "the apple tate good te tll alls sour a fe Tong, Ue tatig, ad Ue sling were In the tings Delos jt if Uhosamsatim ween ther. But ommon wage emery brag et fact tat the ee of or phi ong inmewstion ei be Aivoreed fem the sre of tho hing tt acto upon them. Both ae favolved, Tt would bo Jost us mie to pt the whole responsi {or wlan em onthe one mb mn to pat fal he hing be seus cbjot rhs actant sea atvien— the vl the “sil te” eats the mind horn eg het neta ‘Sten nto ein thing whe we tated where agian tomes ts SECS Sasa ea meee fer be poten “ata anaet man woner he fewer fra oe ies rion ety aie Boe sine ines ‘hich ae ag, nd wich ext cute te mind,” Therefore a maa 2 Demonaration to ena of he comson sober ‘To pont out common snl, ike numbers ot shape, i =>- ‘prety something far moe dnple than to post out proper eee hypo We very the manning of sedi" two when ne past ‘et to bird aly and he ening of "phere by ladeting ‘het ape, anda where by showing Whar one ie widh respect to fhe other” Again the word ‘warmth no Tonge gies the proper ‘aunbl, when usd with rfetance 9 the measwenumber obtained by uring © theanomeir, ‘The teu is eouveyed witout reforenee to tho sosston af wari, athe word longs means spelealy ‘he tangle quality nor, any clo way, even tho rent oni fhe thing wih cate te Yeling of warm upon contac wi eho ‘gan al oud As epas the thane, Une, the te arm Stands indivcly for no more than the meaureble aspect of te (Gutman nals, out tera ons meal mann ade ous {he expranion “itd Uo kower’ What bald tobe "out there" fan be verdad hy proces of measuremant } While “ouside the12 ‘LavaL tuovootqun wr ranosorxtaom Ipowor now eomvey a spas meng, thot eth known ote the knower se th bilar-tall ee otade tht ove." Tt i often ‘Su hat “cue tka: ary soy th kind of ‘tanec be the ova x unwarranted, for Sept aly of what ekowo inseosation of proper objets not diminished Ey tho fact tne U cant point at ea he gute ofthe lard ba Nor the rent of he knows ae In any way Inthe ese smb fe smething uf the krower in his eva pylons a8 Sihea eel mara a my brow, that war bt Tes extra fo {emit an the wach Tf when ttn my hand in Ut water fut nee Nomi hae the rato ten pac ste who fede pain oan amputsted leet an waren fry. Wore bo only Plug ania up word ting wad comparing only pats ff mol, abt orld woul be no loa abjctiv, olde myo! 8 yom, snd oaths world ade up of many individual and of tibet Laowing ein Tit foct, he yal” statu of eomuon senses, oof whaler i tot io temo hemi eine nly tothe degree hat we nas teal sotation a proper sosblen If there ie no vale a tbe des [nation of the proper sensblon, then thre assure nove Ia he Adecgratin of the common aeoabie. 1 the so-called seomndary ‘alts be 0 more thea" mid-pioning” the real sas of the Denary one wil be cared of wilh them. Se Arthur adngton eal that When Dr, Johizon ft incl ating tid wp toa {at over" Buhop Besley lgunious sopbiry fo rove the nom testaine of mati, abl that everything fm the universes merely Sealho anion, ming ba oot wid igh force seine rT ruta tae {ake it obrious enaogh in another of his boos = But although we ty to moe clan eat, esting ininelive ota ‘sal npr of expenon aed sot en the Re of kom te whic ae be fad by set flee mth we ean ek ‘eer lle rom tar str ler" W lay dows the peta ber aye mio at eco! Shoat Mi ic atts thie rio oe ne pce ae BOLRBAS fm preps ute nd we an ar fo 0 pumpin f tel roe rato he xporment Eve he appara ‘ekPecedingw nog ou sss oY tho eos! 1 Pe ato fe Pp ha 93 2 Nes Patgn Se 9 avevnacrion nose warsen 1 ‘Herons frank smison tha saation canna be dspensed wit and [nett trntedsnewbr, near ta have any teu Or Pe Seal bars of mathemati physi. The proper senses may 20 ‘ppesr in the deinen with whlch this brinch of mataral sete be fGan-—anwehave sem, axa Une spent in ging ri of then !— Sor aced Uiey bw delved or explained hob tho inevitable retara ‘Sioa to thm.” Tharmodynambisdoos not give the proper reason smhy'n crtain anion of thorny movement of soleus doald be tosmpani in oe by a semmtion af warm, nor dows opty tll te why Hebtof «gin wavelength should make us ae red. There Sto may ef peng bind this Lind ef sensition, wheres we can roca todo snmcthing aboot the common tne, for exis Eeopesin of metauring them, Yet even ere, as we chose 6 soda of Teng and thon apply it me romain Bowed to 8 proper tense of one ind or another, wih cannot be render firms Sf rimber or magstade.Alkoygh. oor denitons may ppont ‘eta from the proper able to ecidrsble dgre, they ean Sever be wrested whally fee of it Deion bering no rion to [oper sttben would have lst sll coast with thet realy which bur sens sie, Wilh uo let ayatenos of Hs nature Perhaps, Bat ric iter surenens We may grant that phys, in order to ae Traci, mst ignore fring of ight + ut the ume tae wo ‘uraves mart ary bo mbject to de gravity thai talks about, 8 Denonstrtion to coe of what seme pr ocidens” "To pint out “thin man Sout’ in ail anotber Kind of dox snoastration to sense a8 wily diferent rom the two preceding tyes ‘the incdenaly sre from per nnn objets polsting ‘t Socrates we demonstrate something to ace which i Sisoad ber oy tha mint and per osiena by tha sna “ik notewerty Wot ta dodgy fatance of what in meant hoy an indie dente to mse we fix upon * a, po ‘ci familar ana, ike bres, bat ot so edit pon x ott ‘Retbiackbord nor cten aston.” The tenn tht we hav nerd Tac Pua Fer Whe aye nda ne st eee no eo (Sw ty al tsp ayn tro py ‘Tete tncerorng mone." hee amin ma ‘et uty eager ml ae em a ‘Fates ate es eben onl a lems pai cnn Tom, cmt eee iSite een nef rar pina er Ine umecynsa tom tino ent har ‘Sips pet pea pgenan t rl Fiptin “aay Sith scent rsp of poac om84 ‘Lavan muforootaur =r rattocormrarm expeieos of numede unity, exhibit incu snsations, in ur com ‘elon tvs of thinking, ding and making, se belonging to 000 ‘sl the sun we Of the vise pola onthe Dlakboatl ve kiow hat ie js parts of eal; and ofthe stone xe whe say ve the table aad viable sppenrae ofan inet ke ead ual man, Hight sl be many ladviduse That « sone tan inane of indivs4uaiy nome fabio beyond dud’ thet ot univers about ths pareve stone bat the nvidiy (ld be ke that of tenga ro the Hn van We 0 ot think thi fs born ‘Thagh in snag wo aro always rlerd to something tht is ‘er acidens saab, ean vary be fate that oe mometing fing individual nthe way that arian” Foran sunnistably fn integral wire, soiwilstanding the muy reget in whieh Ae ompoite, an tseage ‘here tobe sera mayo fertng ‘im as a alletion, To he mathematic plgtsely Soortes 4s a sazm of let charge, pamely sterol ist expr 0 ont of proportion with what fais ia him of fk that ah Inter amonta ole an oe loath ofthe foal of erates hie el To the anatomist he ny bean ssxblge of bead, lh liver, ete, and to the pgs w compact of various Linds of ‘hers each sd up of certain types of ell, ss. ‘The pythlogat rovale In him soothor sot of pars, ke inal, wil, fod yas ‘is of intemal and external tase And yt, wh we font ot Sowrtes, we are coident thot he nevertnes takes oe singe Individual nor euld me possibly teat hin like w cr or 8 mare Bundle of events.” But th phys, to om be may be no ore than bundle of events could bot posably point him ont in any ‘other way his roundabout way of damonstiag fo ees enn beer feominate anywhote bet in the demain to hie be ad to cofae ime rm Sh art the sna of common seetble, ‘What woul happen to Socrates If only the ferond type of de- ‘moostaton to sense wete Ycogalaed at val? be mre Sage ou ‘oly by mona a is common snl? “Alshough siecence such ‘So ue pens conser, yt it may ba elf to match what Soerses (or tr, Sth) boeomes an Bertrand eel tents orc al sano, oth nnotion and lity, by mouming that er no ote vray of denoting than that peraaiie to the phy. ‘Seta in eta meray convent way of cling event into Banton" What ease kny-abeat Si Sasa? “Wee wetness tae eno pla afew we nen ohn, wear somite bioetat ke wy betas Cae sl feng Bat Tok fm tah Settee ee gk SRN feo ed os hon 2y area eer ow a lof ek ‘son Aay on can Sf the sanogoan sx Os anon gos swrnacTION mao aroun 185, ot sch a word a Hance" oy) i sly ii conven and {tat tere htop eid“ Ftn wren owes pe ‘nee al oe eH «Slr nae or nba enrences Ie take i as anying mare ots vm et Bots nora a the nt Rta ere apse af ‘ee surly very ad though, hat even st we ane ding him, ssa mee alton of events, we do not meas fo sell deen i gly eat hn Hs th we et mined i rt of verbal wisi bosne we acept the upposton {at Gere i nly on adagunte way of donoting fo eran, Nee the example paves, wo ar sa samming te il mole and aca ung it to estab tho seconds that whieh elle ture aan ‘unde a ptiern of colour isthe man we mest her Se Se fut, eve the fins tod i involved re and hence all the) for we cauot se him without seine ealour, nor Mea him winewe Dearing sand. Obeerve, to, that, a the ceampe nsf ee the second mode, to which thy other two ge intend tn yh soally Int in evidenoe. Yori not made lt tha th elo ‘atin nd the eves of sounda are eat vo be unerion’ se ky Dhysie deine then, not a we se tnd be chon The fapied re, ewer wd ave te imei ome = eof Mr. Sth or the srangement of hs bes boon slot a simples of th exerenee he arcu i Roque ase are to dsrgard ts thd nade of sents, se sla logiaty be competed to everiok nha Mrs Si ‘ying betennd'now, for what e intends to convey by hs a of ‘sounds not present in them a pba hap a th led sod ace ot escape th sense fier gh which as! ‘unig him. "And if me choos to ell Mi, Sth any toto ‘plan ‘man by ‘rallnal anna we wll cortanly be fecad to hand “rstonal’ no not eanepbi of deegntion to mse nck ove ‘anal’ moat eacape tf by “animale meatal spt to have mention" since we exo Pict out w snc ae an & ommon snail Jno wh we den Me, eh ono oe tn tion of event wo imply that be eny emetng tnt the pages cin express inte of ousure-sumbers” But, hr tented Physic, when names truss)" end they som tobe nec a day eat feo or mor psy a tt qusteuetons propery expe! by sjmbals thet are oot names ‘By rigid siento standaas chen, ence we rely know Me. Sith 1 sould not name hin atl for bei nt he Lind of toa 1A May of Wats Pry p08