UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS

Academic Session 2015/2016 (Semester II)

EET208 ELECTRICAL POWER TECHNOLOGY
ASSIGNMENT 1

Lecture : MADAM SALSABILA BINTI AHMAD

Group Members:
Num.

Name

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

AZRUL RIZAL BIN CHEK AZIS

IZATUL ASYIKIN BINTI HAMZAH
KHAWLA ABDUL SALAM TAHA
LEE BOON HONG
MOHD KHAIRUL ARIFIN BIN MOHD SUHAIMI
MUHAMMAD SHAMIRUL BIN AB RAZAK
MUHAMMAD HAZIQ BIN KOSNI
NORZIANA BINTI SHAARI

Matric
Number
141090961
141090974
141090006-5
141090977
151091039
151091051
131091375
141091017

Program
me
RK23
RK23
RK23
RK23
RK23
RK23
RK23
RK23

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Transformer is a device used to transfer an alternating current or voltage from one
circuit to another by means of electromagnetic induction. The simplest type consists of two
coils of wire, insulated from one another and arranged so that a change in the current in one
coil (the primary) will produce a change in voltage in the other (the secondary).

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A three-phase transformer is used so often and almost in all field of electrical power
system such as power generation, transmission and distribution sector. Generally, societal
values means the larger concept which includes social capital as well as the subjective aspects
of the citizens' well-being. An engineer needs to convert a set of three phase transformer,
even the price expensive compared to single phase transformer. Therefore, the engineer must
be trustworthy and honest in performing a task to avoid accidents.
As a conclusion, there are many ethical issues in engineering and technology
throughout the world not only in Malaysia. The nature of human desire in high causing a lot
of new products in the range is constantly produced and will continue to be produced with no
period

INTRODUCTION
Transformer is a device used to transfer an alternating current or voltage from one
circuit to another by means of electromagnetic induction. The simplest type consists of two
coils of wire, insulated from one another and arranged so that a change in the current in one
coil (the primary) will produce a change in voltage in the other (the secondary). In many
types, the coils are wound on a core made of a material with high magnetic permeability this
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intensifies the magnetic field induced by the current in the primary, increasing efficiency.
Neglecting power losses (which are made small by careful design), the ratio of primary
voltage to secondary voltage is the same as the ratio of the number of turns in the primary
coil to the number of turns in the secondary coil. The primary and secondary currents are in
inverse proportion to the number of turns in the coils. The primary and secondary impedances
are in the same ratio as the squares of the numbers of turns in the primary and secondary
coils. Power types are generally used to transmit power at a constant frequency. Audio types
are designed to operate over a wide range of frequencies with a nearly flat response, a nearly
constant ratio of input to output voltage. Radio frequency (RF) types are designed to operate
efficiently within a narrow range of high frequencies. [1]
Both oil filled and dry type devices convert voltages and phase configuration from
one level to another, in most instances from higher voltages to lower voltages. They can
accommodate features for isolation, distribution, as well as control and instrumentation
applications. The design is fairly basic typically depend on the principle of magnetic
induction between coils to convert voltage and or current levels.

BODY
The discussion of situation.
Nowadays, a three-phase transformer is used so often and almost in all field of
electrical power system such as power generation, transmission and distribution sector. A
connection of three phase transformer does not differ from three single-phase type
transformers. Although three-phase transformer has so many advantages in many ways such
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as more economical, reducing construction cost and reducing space used, it also has
disadvantages. When it comes to a failure of a transformer, changes need to be made quickly
to keep the flow of voltages. In a set of three single-phase transformer, if a failure occurs, it
still can supply power while the broken transformer is being restored. Three phase
transformers are used to step-up or step-down the high voltages in various stages of power
transmission system. The power generated at various generating stations is in three phase
nature and the voltages are in the range of 13.2KV or 22KV. [2] In order to reduce the power
loss to the distribution end, the power is transmitted at somewhat higher voltages like 132 or
400KV. Hence, for transmission of the power at higher voltages, three phase step-up
transformer is used to increase the voltage. Also at the end of the transmission or distribution,
these high voltages are step-down to levels of 6600, 400 or 230 volts. For this, a three phase
step down transformer is used. Mostly, the single three-phased transformer is used compared
to single-phased transformer. Thus, in case of fault or loss of one phase results to the
complete unit shut down. This is because in three phase transformer, a common core is shared
for all three units. If one unit is defective, the core of this defective unit would immediately
saturate because the absence of an opposing magnetic field. This causes the greater escape of
magnetic flux to the metal enclosures from the core. This further raise the heating of the
metallic parts and in some cases this heat would enough to cause to fires. Therefore, a three
phase transformer or the entire unit must be shut down if any one phase is defective. Also, the
spare unit cost of a three-phase transformer is lower compared to one single transformer spare
unit.

Societal values require in this case

Generally, societal values means the larger concept which includes social capital as
well as the subjective aspects of the citizens' well-being, such as their ability to participate in
making decisions that affect them. Societal values normally resulting in priorities which do
not necessarily define the bounds, direction or scope of scientific curiosity. The direction of
scientific research has been described by some as curiosity-based research which is not
necessarily driven by the values of society. Moreover, it is often not possible to determine
relevance of a particular field of technology inquiry to the future needs of society. Based on
the cases that have been discussed, there are some of the societal values that can be taken.
The first thing is about failure in three phase transformer which considered the cost and
safety. The spare unit cost of a three-phase transformer is lower compared to one single
transformer spare unit. The safety of the worker should be considered above Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to overcome any failure or accident during the
situation above. Other than that , the enforcement of law should be considered to avoid any
danger. [3]

Ethics value

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What exactly is code of ethics? This code of ethics is actually the principles and
guidelines for a person to act and perform duties with integrity and trust. All professional
career their own ethics code. The goal is only one, want to preserve the security and the
public interested in this situation, an engineer needs to convert a set of three phase
transformer, even the price expensive compared to single phase transformer. Therefore, the
engineer must be trustworthy and honest in performing a task to avoid accidents.[4]
Code of Professional
In this case, we can refer to PART 4: Code of Conduct. In part in the clause to-23,
every registered engineers must behave honourably, responsibly, ethically and legally. This
clause will describe the engineer shall at all times uphold the dignity, standing and reputation
of the profession in the line of duty. An engineer registered must comply with any safety
procedures, always careful and selflessness. Moreover, according to clause 24 (a), an
engineer shall discharge his professional duties with due skill, care, diligence and good faith.
And 24 (b) also have said that an engineer shall at all times hold paramount the safety, health
and the public interest. An engineer should be concerned safety and health of people around
the building, designing, installing and repairing of a product.[5]

Ethical engineer
Ethics is the study of the characteristics of morals, and involves the moral choices
made by individuals as they interact with other persons. Engineers need to be aware of ethics
as they make choices during their professional practice of engineering. Engineering ethics
will be defined as the rules and standards governing the conduct of engineers in their roles as
professionals [6]. As an ethical engineer, engineers should follow a code of ethics because it
provides a clear definition of what the public expects from responsible engineers. It also
builds your reputation and the reputation of your profession. Besides that, ethical engineers
are expected to exhibit the highest standards of honesty and integrity. This is because
engineering has a direct and vital impact on the quality of life for all people. So, the services
provided by engineers require honestly, impartiality, fairness, and equity, and must be
dedicated to the protection of the public health, safety, and welfare. Lastly, engineers must
perform under a standard of professional behavior that required adherence to highest
principles of ethical conduct.

Conclusion
As a conclusion, there are many ethical issues in engineering and technology
throughout the world not only in Malaysia. The nature of human desire in high causing a lot
of new products in the range is constantly produced and will continue to be produced with no
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period. However, in this development, there are people who try to take advantage of a low
cost build up neglecting the quality and safety adverse consumer health and harming the
environment. Moreover, the attitude of irresponsible, trust and irrational in making something
has brought disaster to mankind and nature. Therefore, a code of ethics should be established
as a platform to be followed by a profession and its enforcement should be taken as an
important part to make sure the safety to the workers.

References
[1]Elgerd, O. I. (1982). Electric energy systems theory: an introduction.
[2] Heumann, K (2012). Basic principles of power electronics. Springer Science & Business
Media.
[3] Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress, Stiglitz, J. E.,
Sen, A., & Fitoussi, J. P. (2009). Report by the commission on the measurement of economic
performance and social progress.
[4] Whitbeck, C. (2011). Ethics in engineering practice and research. Cambridge University Press.

[5] Davis, M. (1991). Thinking like an engineer: The place of a code of ethics in the practice of a
profession. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 150-167.

[6] Fleddermann, C.B., Engineering Ethics, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ,
2004

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