Professional Documents
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Engineering Guide
Radiant Products
Please refer to the Price Engineers HVAC Handbook
for more information on Radiant Heating and Cooling
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
H-2
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
H-3
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
Hygienic System
With the elimination of the majority of
filters and drain pans, there is a reduced
risk of mold or bacteria growth in the entire
mechanical system.
Radiant systems such as radiant panels
and chilled sails are well-suited to some
applications and less so to others. As a
result, each application must be reviewed
for potential benefits as well as the suitability
of these types of systems. One consideration
which can assist in the decision to employ
hydronic systems as opposed to an all-air
system, is the air-side load fractionor
the percentage of the total air supply that
must be delivered to the zone to satisfy
code and dehumidification requirements.
Table 1 shows the load fraction for several
spaces. In the table the best applications for
hydronic systems are those with the lowest
air-side load fraction as they are the ones that
will benefit the most from the efficiencies
of hydronic systems. Another factor which
should be examined is the sensible heat
ratio or the percentage of the cooling load
that is sensible as opposed to latent. The
latent loads must be satisfied with an air
system and offer some sensible cooling at
the same time because of the temperature of
dehumidified air. If the total sensible cooling
load is significantly higher than the capacity
of the air supplied to satisfy the latent loads,
a radiant system might be a good choice.
Commercial Office Buildings
In an office building hydronic heating and
cooling systems provide several benefits. The
lower supply air volume of the air handling
system provides significant energy savings.
In addition, the smaller infrastructure
required to move this lower air flow allows
for small plenum spaces, translating into
shorter floor-to-floor construction or higher
ceilings. The lower supply air volume and
elimination of fans at or near the space
offers a significant reduction in generated
noise. Often the lower air flow translates
to reheat requirements being reduced. In
the case of 100% outside air systems, the
lighting load captured in the return plenum
is exhausted from the building, lowering the
overall cooling load.
Schools
Schools are another application that can
benefit greatly from radiant panels and chilled
sails systems. Similar to office buildings, the
benefits of a lower supply air volume to the
space are lower fan power, shorter plenum
height, reduced reheat requirement, and
lower noise levels (often a critical design
parameter of schools).
H-4
Application
Total Air
Volume (Typ.)
Ventilation
Requirement (Typ.)
Air-Side
Load
Fraction
Office
0.15
School
0.33
Lobby
0.5
Patient Room
6 ach
2 ach
0.33
Load-driven Lab
20 ach
6 ach
0.3
Table 1: Typical load fractions for several spaces in the United States
Hospital Patient Rooms
Limitations
Hotels / Dorms
Hotels, motels, dormitories, and similar type
buildings can also benefit from hydronic
systems. Fan power savings often come
from the elimination of fan coil units located
in the occupied space. The energy savings
associated with these local fans is similar
in magnitude to that of larger air handling
systems. It also allows for the elimination
of the electrical service required for the
installation of fan coil units as well as a
reduction in the maintenance of the drain
and filter systems. The removal of these
fans from the occupied space also provides
lower noise levels, which can be a significant
benefit in the sleep areas.
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
RADIATION
T air, ceiling
AUST, ceiling
R conv,s
R rad,s
Towards slab
R fin
T fin, ave
R panel surface
T surf, panel
R conv,room
T air, room
Fin
R rad,room
Surface
AUST, room
H-5
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
Applications
Interconnect
H-6
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
Cooling
Sail
Heating
Sail
Figure 8: Air flow pattern of an exposed chilled sail in cooling and heating mode
Towards slab
R fin/sail
AUST, ceiling
Tair,ceiling
R conv, ceiling
R rad, ceiling
Tsurface, fin/soil
R conv, room
Sail/Fin
R rad, room
T air, room
AUST, room
Bottom
H-7
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
Applications
Their cooling capacity and unique design
make chilled sails an excellent alternative to
panel systems, particularly in applications
that have an architectural focus. Typical
applications of chilled sails include offices,
meeting/conference rooms, theaters,
studios, lobbies/foyers, waiting areas, or any
areas were radiant panel use is appropriate.
Chilled sails are designed for architectural
appeal and are typically installed in T-bar
ceiling grids or freely suspended.
Components
H-8
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
150
100
Effective Capacity of Sail, %
90
80
75
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
80
60
40
20
0
70
1
2
3
4
5
Clearance Between Chilled Sail and Slab, in.
Water Return
Water Supply
Sail 1
Flex Hose
Sail 2
Flex Hose
Sail 3
Flex Hose
H-9
Capacity of Sail, %
100
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
L2
where
qL = latent load, Btu/h [W]
Qs = supply air flow rate, cfm [L/s]
W = difference in humidity ratio between the supply air and the room condition,
lbm,w/lbm,DA or gr/lbm,DA [kgw/kgDA or gw/kgDA]
Typically, the moisture content of the ventilation air will be sufficiently low in the heating season to offset the internal gains.
3. Determine the occupied zone humidity ratio if there is excessive latent cooling
From equation L2:
L3
where
Woz = humidity ratio of the room condition, lbm,w/lbm,DA or gr/lbm,DA [kgw/kgDA or gw/kgDA]
WSA = humidity ratio of the supply air, lbm,w/lbm,DA or gr/lbm,DA [kgw/kgDA or gw/kgDA]
If Woz is determined to be too low for comfort, humidification of the ventilation air should be considered.
4. Determine the supply air volume
The supply air volume is the maximum volume required by code for ventilation, and the volume required for controlling the latent load:
L4
where
QL = air flow rate required for controlling the latent load, cfm [L/s]
5. Determine the heating capacity of the supply air
IP
L5
SI
L5
where
qs,air = heating capacity of the supply air, Btu/h [W]
= fluid density, lbm/ft3 [kg/m3]
cp = specific heat at constant pressure Btu/hlbF [kJ/(kgK)]
Qair = supply air flow rate, cfm [L/s]
tair = air temperature change (treturn - tsupply), F [K]
H-10
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
L6
where
qs, hydronic = heating capacity of the water side, Btu/h [W]
qt = total sensible heating capacity, Btu/h [W]
7. Determine an appropriate temperature loss through the panels
Specify a panel surface temperature, then find the related mean water temperature, t w.
30
40
50
60
80
45
70
40
30
50
25
40
20
30
35
60
tw - troom [R]
50
tw - troom [K]
90
10
15
20
10
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50 60 70
tpanel - troom [R]
80
90
Figure 18: Connection between mean water temperature and panel surface temperature or, tpanel - troom = 0.74 (t w - troom)
8. Determine the heat transfer coefficients for the radiant panels
The natural convection coefficient is:
IP
L7
SI
L7
Where
hc,natural = natural convection coefficient, Btu/hft2F [W/m2K]
ta = room temperature, F [K]
tpanel = panel temperature, F [K]
Dh = hydraulic diameter, ft [m]
Dh = 4Apanels / Ppanels
L8
Where
Apanels = surface area of active panels, ft2 [m2]
Ppanels = the pipe internal perimeter, ft [m]
Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011.
H-11
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
L9
SI
L9
Where
hc,forced = forced convection coefficient, Btu/hft2F [W/m2K]
ach = air change rate, cfm/ft2 [m3/hm2]
The total convection coefficient is:
L10
Where
hc,total = total convection coefficient, Btu/hft2F [W/m2K]
9. Determine the specific capacity of the radiant panels
The convective heat transfer per square foot to the panel is determined:
L11
where
q c = convective heat flux or convective rate per cross sectional area, Btu/hft2 [W/m2]
qc = convective heat transfer rate, Btu/h [W]
A = surface area of the medium, ft2 [m2]
Assuming that the wall temperature is equal to the air temperature, the radiant heat exchange with the panel is determined:
IP
L12
SI
L12
where
qr = radiant heat flux, Btu/hft2 [W/m2]
AUST = area-weighted temperature of all indoor surfaces of walls, ceiling,
floor, windows, doors, etc. (excluding active panel surfaces), F [C]
The total heat transfer per unit of face area is
L13
where
q o = total heat flux, Btu/hft2 [W/m2]
10. Determine the area of panels required
L14
where
Apanels = area of panels, ft2 [m2]
H-12
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
PATIENT ROOM
Corridor
5 ft
7 ft
Determine
The water flow rate and pressure drop for the heating panels required to handle the heating load, assuming 15 F outdoor air temperature
Overnight in winter, the envelope loss is 4800 Btu/h and the internal gains at that time are limited to the patient load:
Design Considerations
Patient
160 Btu/h
Medical Staff/Visitors
Television
Medical Equipment
Overhead Lighting
Envelope
-4800 Btu/h
Total
-4640 Btu/h
155 Btu/h
Determine the required supply air dew-point temperature to remove the latent load
From equation L2:
Using the ventilation rate:
H-13
10 ft
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
Due to the configuration of the room, it can be assumed as a first estimation that the panels will be arranged at the perimeter where the
load is, and run the width of the exposure (10 ft). Assuming also a 2 ft width of panel:
H-14
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
The outside air temperature has a significant impact on the inside surface temperatures of exterior walls. The exterior wall temperature
is determined with an h value, convective heat transfer coefficient of a vertical wall, of 1.46 Btu/(hft2F) and a U value, overall heat transfer
coefficient, of 0.315 Btu/(hft2F):
From equation L13, the total heat transfer per unit of face area is:
H-15
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
This increase in capacity will result in only requiring 15.7 ft2, though it is more practical to stay with the original size in order to maintain
aesthetics (the panel will run the length of the perimeter) as well as a standard module size (24 in. wide). Panels can be designed to
have both active and inactive sections to maintain aesthetics.
When running the entire length of the room, the trim and series option will allow the panel to be trimmed on site if the room size varies
slightly during construction.
Panel
PATIENT ROOM
Corridor
H-16
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
PATIENT ROOM
Corridor
1.75 m
2.25 m
Determine
The water flow rate and pressure drop for the heating panels required to handle the heating load, assuming -10 C outdoor air temperature.
Overnight in winter, the envelope loss is 1400 W and the internal gains at that time are limited to the patient load:
Design Considerations
Patient
50 W
Medical Staff/Visitors
Television
Medical Equipment
Overhead Lighting
Envelope
-1400 W
Total
-1350 W
45 W
Determine the required supply air dew-point temperature to remove the latent load
From equation L2:
Using the ventilation rate:
H-17
3m
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
Due to the configuration of the room, it can be assumed as a first estimation that the panels will be arranged at the perimeter where the
load is, and run the width of the exposure (3 m). Assuming also a 600 mm width of panel:
H-18
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
The outside air temperature has a significant impact on the inside surface temperatures of exterior walls. The exterior wall temperature
is determined with an h value, convective heat transfer coefficient of a vertical wall, of 8.29 W/(m2K) and a U value, overall heat transfer
coefficient, of 0.055 W/(m2K):
From equation L13, the total heat transfer per unit of face area is:
H-19
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
When running the entire length of the room, the trim and series option will allow the panel to be trimmed on site if the room size varies
slightly during construction.
Panel
PATIENT ROOM
Corridor
H-20
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
2. Determine required supply air dew-point temperature to remove the latent load
L2
If the required humidity ratio is not practical, recalculate the supply air volume required with the desired humidity ratio.
3. Determine the supply air volume
The supply air volume is the maximum volume required by code for ventilation and the volume required for controlling the latent load:
L5
SI
L5
L16
SI
L16
H-21
L4
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
L9
SI
L9
L11
Assuming that the wall temperature is equal to the air temperature, the radiant heat exchange with the panel is determined:
IP
L12
SI
L12
L13
H-22
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
Window
9 ft
10 ft
SMALL OFFICE
Space Considerations
One of the primary considerations when using a radiant heating and cooling system is humidity control. As previously discussed, it is
important to consider both the ventilation requirements and the latent load when designing the air-side of the system.
The assumptions made for the example are as follows:
Design Considerations
Occupants
Set-Point
75 F
Floor Area
120 ft
Exterior Wall
108 ft
Volume
1080 ft
qoz
800 Btu/h
ql
825 Btu/h
qex
1450 Btu/h
qT
3075 Btu/h
Determine
a) The ventilation requirement.
b) The suitable supply air and supply water temperatures.
c) The total convective heat transfer coefficient for radiant panels.
H-23
12 ft
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
b) Determine required supply air dew-point temperature to remove the latent load
From equation L2:
Using the ventilation rate:
From the figure below, the dew point corresponding to the humidity ratio is 40 F, which is too cool for standard equipment.
Evaluating the humidity ratio at several temperatures led to the selection of a dew point of 50 F in order to use less expensive common
equipment while also minimizing the supply air volume required to control humidity.
Humidity Ratio
Dew Point
lb/lb
gr/lb
40
0.00543
38
45
0.0065
46
50
0.0075
53
55
0.0095
67
65
60
0.030
50
0.028
Relative Humidity
85
0.026
Saturation Temperature, F
0.024
40
0.020
0.018
70
%
14.5
0.016
65
25
60
80
0.014
70
60
0.012
50
40%
0.010
30%
14.0
20
55
50
20%
0.0075
15
45
13.5
40
35
-B
0.022
75
30
En
py
l
ha
of
Ai
35
lb
u/
y
Dr
15.0
80
90
At the design conditions (75 F, 50% RH), the humidity ratio is 65 gr/lb, requiring a difference in humidity ratio between the supply and
room air of:
0.006
10%
0.004
13.0
12.5
0.002
0.000
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
H-24
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
H-25
The supply air volume to the office is the maximum volume required by code for ventilation and the volume required for controlling
the latent load:
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
Window
3m
3m
SMALL OFFICE
4m
Space Considerations
One of the primary considerations when using a radiant heating and cooling system is humidity control. As previously discussed, it is
important to consider both the ventilation requirements and the latent load when designing the air-side of the system.
The assumptions made for the example are as follows:
Design Considerations
Occupants
Set-Point
24 C
Floor Area
12 m
Exterior Wall
12 m
Volume
36 m
qoz
210 W
ql
300 W
qex
425 W
qT
935 W
Determine
a) The ventilation requirement.
b) The suitable supply air and supply water temperatures.
c) The total convective heat transfer coefficient for radiant panels.
H-26
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
b) Determine required supply air dew-point temperature to remove the latent load
From equation L2:
Using the ventilation rate:
From the figure below the dew point corresponding to the humidity ratio is 5 C, which is too cool for standard equipment.
Evaluating the humidity ratio at several temperatures led to the selection of a dewpoint of 10 C in order to use less expensive equipment
while also minimizing the supply air volume required to control humidity.
Humidity Ratio
Dew Point
g/kg
5.5
7.5
6.75
10
12.5
9.25
110
105
105
125
0.96
95
Saturation Temperature, C
30
30
100
Relative Humidity
120
115
25
85
yA
Dr
of
kg
J/
60
90
%
40
30
10
30%
0.86
10
20%
0.84
20
15
50
15
25
0.90
40
15
80
70
%
-k
py
al
th
20
50
10%
0.82
60
55
45
35
20
65
0.92
En
25
0.94
ir
75
70
0.80
0.78
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Dry-Bulb Temperature, C
Copyright Price Industries Limited 2011.
H-27
At the design conditions (24 C, 50% RH), the humidity ratio is 9.5 g/kg of dry air, requiring a difference in humidity ratio between the
supply and room air of:
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
The supply air volume to the office is the maximum volume required by code for ventilation and the volume required for controlling
the latent load:
H-28
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
Product Selection
Performance
100
80
70
60
50
40
0
2000
4000
6000
Re
8000
10000
12000
H-29
90
Capacity, %
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
Window
9 ft
10 ft
SMALL OFFICE
12 ft
Design Considerations
Occupants
Set-Point
75 F
Floor Area
120 ft
Exterior Wall
108 ft
Volume
1080 ft
qoz
800 Btu/h
ql
825 Btu/h
qex
1450 Btu/h
qT
3075 Btu/h
0.823 Btu/hftF
Qs
38 cfm
Ts
50 F
tCHWS
57 F
tpanel
59 F
c, total
Determine
a) The area of panels required.
b) The area of panels required assuming 95 F outdoor air temperature.
c) The flow rate for the panels from (b).
d) A practical layout and piping arrangement for the panels from (b).
H-30
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
Using equation L12 and assuming that the wall temperature is equal to the room air set-point temperature, the radiant heat exchange
with the panel is determined:
From equation L13, the total heat transfer per unit of face area is:
Using multiples of 4 ft2, which is a standard ceiling tile sized at 2 ft 2 ft, the total area required is 76 ft2.
H-31
Using equation L11, the convective heat transfer to the panel is determined:
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
Recalculating the radiant heat exchange and total heat transfer from (a):
H-32
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
d) A practical layout and piping arrangement for the panels from (b)
In order to fit the panels from (b) in a lay-in ceiling, a 48 in. 24 in. RPM modular panel is selected. Referring to the product data
sheet, a flow rate of 1.02 (~1 gpm) has a water pressure drop of 0.17 ft.
Using these panels would require a quantity of:
Panel
Panel
If these panels are connected in series, the total loop pressure drop would be:
Panel
Light
Panel
Panel
Panel
Light
Panel
SMALL OFFICE
Panel
Panel
H-33
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
Window
3m
3m
SMALL OFFICE
4m
Design Considerations
Occupants
Set-Point
24 C
Floor Area
12 m
Exterior Wall
12 m
Volume
36 m
qoz
210 W
ql
300W
qex
425 W
qT
935 W
4.71 W/m2K
Qs
22.5 L/s
c, total
Ts
10 C
tCHWS
14 C
tpanel
15 C
Determine
a) The area of panels required.
b) The area of panels required assuming 35 C outdoor air temperature.
c) The flow rate for the panels from (b).
d) A practical layout and piping arrangement for the panels from (b).
H-34
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
Using equation L12 and assuming that the wall temperature is equal to the room air set-point temperature, the radiant heat exchange
with the panel is determined:
From equation L13, the total heat transfer per unit of face area is:
Using multiples of 0.36 m2, which is a standard ceiling tile sized at 600 mm 600 mm, the total area required is 6.48 m2.
H-35
Using equation L11, the convective heat transfer to the panel is determined:
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
Recalculating the radiant heat exchange and total heat transfer from (a):
H-36
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
d) A practical layout and piping arrangement for the panels from (b)
In order to fit the panels from (b) in a lay-in ceiling, a 1200 mm x 600 mm RPM modular panel is selected. Referring to the product data
sheet, a flow rate of 0.07 (~0.075 kg/s) has a water pressure drop of 0.69 kPa.
Using these panels would require a quantity of:
Panel
Panel
If these panels are connected in series, the total loop pressure drop would be:
Panel
Light
Panel
Panel
Panel
Light
Panel
SMALL OFFICE
Panel
Panel
H-37
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
Window
9 ft
10 ft
SMALL OFFICE
12 ft
Design Considerations
Occupants
Set-Point
75 F
Floor Area
120 ft
Exterior Wall
108 ft
Volume
1080 ft
qoz
800 Btu/h
ql
825 Btu/h
qex
1450 Btu/h
qT
3075 Btu/h
2049 Btu/h
tCHWS
57 F
tpanel
59 F
Determine
The required area and possible location of chilled sails.
Solution
The difference between the room air temperature and the mean panel temperature is:
Referring to the product data page, the specific capacity of the chilled sail is determined using this temperature difference:
H-38
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
Capacity, Btu/h
Head Loss, ft
14
635
0.35
0.356
16
740
0.41
0.488
18
848
0.47
0.642
20
959
0.53
0.816
Selecting a sail that is 10 ft long and 4.5 ft wide provides 45 ft2 of sail area. From the performance table, this piped-in series will result
in a pressure drop of 2 ft.
Sail
SMALL OFFICE
H-39
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
Window
3m
3m
SMALL OFFICE
4m
Design Considerations
Occupants
Set-Point
24 C
Floor Area
12 m
Exterior Wall
12 m
Volume
36 m
qoz
210 W
ql
300 W
425 W
qT
935 W
557 W
tCHWS
14 C
tpanel
15 C
ex
Determine
The required area and possible location of chilled sails.
Solution
The difference between the room air temperature and the mean panel temperature is:
Referring to the product data page, the specific capacity of the chilled sail is determined using this temperature difference:
H-40
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
Capacity, W
186
79
1.06
217
93
1.46
10
249
107
1.92
11
281
120
2.44
Selecting a sail that is 3 m long and 1.5 m wide provides 4.5 m2 of sail area. From the performance table, this piped-in series will result
in a pressure drop of 6 kPa.
Sail
SMALL OFFICE
H-41
Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
References
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Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
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Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
ASHRAE (2005). Standard 138-2005Method of testing for rating ceiling panels for sensible heating and cooling.
Atlanta, GA: American Society for Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
ASHRAE (2007). Humidity control design guide. Atlanta, GA: American Society for Heating, Refrigerating and Air
Conditioning Engineers.
ASHRAE (2008a). ASHRAE handbookApplications. Atlanta, GA: American Society for Heating, Refrigerating and
Air-Conditioning Engineers.
ASHRAE (2008b). Standard 170-2008Ventilation of health care facilities. Atlanta, GA: American Society for Heating,
Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers.
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Air-Conditioning Engineers.
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cooling. Brussels, Belgium: Federation of European Heating and Air-conditioning Associations (REHVA).
Beausoleil-Morrison, I. (2000). The adaptive coupling of heat and air flow modelling within dynamic whole-building
simulation. PhD Thesis, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
Behne, M. (1999). Indoor air quality in rooms with cooled ceilings, mixing ventilation or rather displacement ventilation.
Energy and Buildings, 30, 155 166.
Berglund, L., Rascati, R., & Markel., M.L. (1982). Radiant heating and control for comfort during transient conditions.
ASHRAE Transactions, 88 (2), 765-775.
Conroy, C., & Mumma, S.A. (2001). Ceiling radiant cooling panels as a viable distributed parallel sensible cooling
technology integrated with dedicated outdoor-air systems. ASHRAE Transactions, 107 (1), 571-579.
CSA (2010). CSA Z317.0-10Special requirements for heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems in
health care facilities. Mississauga, ON: Canadian Standards Association.
DIN (2003). Ventilation for buildingsCeiling-mounted radiant panels supplied with water at a temperature below
120 C Part 2: Test method for thermal output (English version of DIN EN 14037-2). Berlin, Germany: Bueth
Verlag GmbH.
DIN (2004). Ventilation for buildingsChilled ceilings -Testing and rating (English version of DIN EN 14240). Berlin,
Germany: Bueth Verlag GmbH.
Fisher, D.E. (1995). An experimental investigation of mixed convection heat transfer in a rectangular enclosure. PhD
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Radiant Products
Engineering Guide
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