HELMINTHOLOGY

INTRODUCTION

Isna Indrawati
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Introduction
Study of worms that pathogens to
human being
Helminthic infection has worldwide
distribution
More than a third of the world's
population is infected with worms
(GAHI, 2012)
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Negleted Tropical Diseases

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Introduction (contd)
The integument of parasite
helminths resistant to digestion
Frequently provided with spine,
stylet for penetration and
attachment to the mucosa
Sexes are separated in nematoda,
and Schistosoma (blood flukes)
hermaphrodite in flat worms
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Life Cycle
Ovipar, vivipar
egg larva adult
Intestinal nematode and
Hymenolepis nana doesnt need
intermediate host
Trematode and Cestode need: 1
or 2 intermediate host ( depend
on the species)
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CLASSIFICATION
INTESTINAL NEMATODA
NEMATHELMINTHES
TISSUE NEMATODA
TREMATODA
PLATYHELMINTHES
CESTODA
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NEMATHELMINTHES

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NEMATODA

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Morphology :
vary in size
elongate-cylindroidal in shape

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 has body cavity

has mouth and posterior end

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 Has simple digestive system, excretion and

nervous system

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 separate sex :
usually ovipar;
some vivipar ( tissue nematoda)
partenogenesis

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Nematoda (contd)
Mature eggs contain larva
Has 4 larval stages ( infective stage
usually the third stage )
Larva has special name :
Intestinal nematoda : rhabditiform
and filariform larva
Tissue nematoda : microfilaria, L1,
L2, L3, L4
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Nematoda
Intestinal Nematoda:
Community health problem
Doesnt need intermediate host
Differ in:
soil transmitted helminths (STH), ex: Ascaris
lumbricoides,Necator americanus,
Ancylostoma duodenale, Strongyloides
stercoralis, Trichuris trichiura
non STH: Oxyuris vermicularis, Trichinella
spiralis
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Tissue Nematoda ( The Filariae)

Live in tissue and lymphatic system
Transmitted by vector
Example: Wuchereria bancrofti transmitted
by Culex
Loa-loa ( Chrysops)

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Platyhelminthes
Flat worms
Need intermediate host, except

Hymenolepis nana

Intermediate host : 1 2 depend on

the species

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Platyhelminthes
Class Trematoda ( Flukes ):
dorso-ventrally flattened with
acetabulum (suckers)
digestive system : inverted Y shape
Simple nervous system
Hermaphrodite, except Schistosoma
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Trematoda (contd)
Genital Organ :

Male : generally 2 testes (except

Schistosoma), with variation of
shape
Female: ovarium , uterus and
vitteline gland

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 Egg with operculum, (except Schistosoma)

Containing miracidium

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Class Cestoda
D.latum

Psedophyllidae
D. mansoni ( animal)
Taenia

Cyclophyllidae

Hymenolepis
Echinococcus
Dipyllidium
Multiceps

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Platyhelminthes (contd)
Class Cestoda
Tape worm, concist of scolex and strobila
Proglottid consist of: immature , mature
and gravid proglottid
Scolex with suckers (attachment organs)
No special digestive system
Hermaphrodite, possess both ovaries
(bilobed) and
testes multiples, distributed throughout the
mature proglottid.
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Scolex

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proglotid

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Proglotid of Taenia

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Cestoda (contd)
Eggs containing larva :
Pseudophyllidae: coracidium
Cyclophyllidae: hexacanth embryo
Larval stage has special name ( depend
on the genus), ex:
cystisercus : Taenia
cystisercoid: Hymenolepis, Dipylidium
Hydatid cyst: Echinococcus
Coenurus: Multiceps

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Source: Gilbert A. Castro

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Thank you
Wassalamualaikum

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