AE1451 ROCKETS AND MISSILES

IGNITION SYSTEM IN ROCKETS

Needed if the propellant combination is nonspontaneously ignitable
Introduces initial slight pressurization of the thrust
chamber
Adds energy to the propellant mixture and accomplish
initial heating to a point where steady flow combustion
can be self-sustained

TYPES OF IGNITORS
Spark plug

Liquid Propellant Thrust Chambers

Electrically heated wire
Liquid Propellant Chambers
Pyrotechnic Ignition
Liquid/ Solid Propellant Rockets
Pre-combustion Chamber Ignition
Liquid Rockets
Auxiliary Fluid Ignition
Liquid Propellant Thrust Chambers

IGNITER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Igniter propellant mass < 1 % of the motor propellant
Burns mostly at low chamber pressure and contributes
very little to motor total impulse
Mass of igniter main charge (in grams) is
m=0.12 (VF)0.7
Where VF motor free vol. in cubic inches
Safeguard against motor misfires or inadvertent motor
ignition to be provided

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF LIQUID ROCKET

COMBUSTION CHAMBER
Volume and Shape:
- Vol. large enough for adequate mixing,
evaporation, and complete combustion
- Vol. depends on speed of reaction of propellants
and stay time
- Cylindrical chamber with flat injector is preferred
Cooling of Thrust Chamber is needed to maintain the combustion
chamber and nozzle wall temperatures at acceptable level
The walls of the Thrust chambers are required to withstand chamber
pressure, flight loads, ignition pressure surge, thrust loads, and
thermal shock due to rapid starting.

TYPES OF INJECTORS

Doublet impinging stream pattern

Triplet impinging stream pattern
Self impinging stream pattern
Shower head stream pattern
Hollow post and sleeve element
Variable injector area concentric tube injector

FACTORS INFLUENCING INJECTOR BEHAVIOUR

Propellant combination
Injector orifice pattern and size
Transient conditions
Hydraulic characteristics
Heat transfer
Structural design
The injector hole pattern, impingement
pattern, hole distribution and pressure drop have a
strong influence on combustion stability.

PROPELLANT TANKS
Liquid bipropellant rocket engine separate oxidizer
and fuel tanks
Liquid monopropellant rocket engine one propellant
tank
Common tank materials are aluminum, stainless steel,
titanium, alloy steel and fibre- reinforced plastics
Optimum shape spherical
Vehicle integrated tanks are mostly cylindrical with half
ellipses at the ends.

TANK PRESSURIZATION
Typical pressure ranges of pressurized feed systems is
from 1.3 to 9.0 MPa
Typical pressure ranges of turbo-pump feed systems is
from 0.07 to 0.34 MPa
Inert gases such as helium or nitrogen are the most
common method of pressurization

Dynamic loads on Liquid Rockets

Propellant Slosh
- Free surface oscillations of Fluid
- Lateral loads and C.G shift
- uncover the tank outlet
Propellant Hammer
- Similar to Water Hammer due sudden
closure or opening of valves
Geysering effect and its elimination
- Caused by rising bubbles in vertical
propellant pipes due to heating
- Introduction of Geysering inhibitor pipe

Airframe Components of Rockets/ Missiles

Fore body/ Nose

Mid-section
Aft/ boat-tail
Wing
Tail
Canard

Forces acting on Missiles

Classification of Missiles

Air to Air Missile

Surface to Air Missile
Air to Surface Missile
Surface to Surface Missile

Drag Estimation
Friction Drag
-Effect of Compressibility
Pressure Drag
- Wave Drag, Base Pressure Drag
Induced Drag
- Due to Lift
Interference Drag
- Experienced in Composite configurations
consisting of wing, body etc.

Dispersion
Boost Phase
- Launcher setting
- Thrust & Fin misalignment
- Surface winds
Power-Off flight
- Variation of missile characteristics
- Drift due to cross wind

Tsiolkovskys Equation for Rocket Motion in Free

Space

Velocity increment of a
rocket in free space
Vid = go ISP ln [Mo/M(t)]
Ideal velocity at burnout
Vid = go ISP ln
where is mass ratio

Rocket Parameters

Mass Ratio = Mo/ Me

Payload Ratio = Mu/ Mo
Structural Efficiency =Mc/ (Mc +Mp)
Propellant Ratio =Mp/ Mo
Where Mo= Mu + Mc + Mp
Me= Mu + Me

Ideal Velocity at Burnout

Mass Ratio =Mo/ Me
= 1/(1-)
= (1-)(1-)
= 1/(+(1-)
Ideal Velocity = -go ISP ln[(1-)+]

Thrust Vector Control Mechanisms

Mechanical deflection of the nozzle or Thrust Chamber
Insertion of heat resistant movable bodies into the
exhaust jet; these experience aerodynamic forces and a
deflection of a part of the exhaust flow
Injection of fluid into the side of the diverging nozzle
section, causing an asymmetrical distortion of the
supersonic exhaust flow
Separate thrust producing devices that are not part of
the main flow through the nozzle