Professional Documents
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RST-1261
RST-1261
12682_05_2006_X3
Cisco Public
Cisco Public
Session Goal
To provide you with a
thorough understanding of
the concepts, mechanics
and protocols used to build
IP Multicast networks
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Agenda
RST-1261
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Why Multicast?
Multicast Fundamentals
PIM Protocols
RP choices
Multicast at Layer 2
Interdomain IP Multicast
Latest Additions
Cisco Public
Why Multicast?
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Unicast
Server
Router
Number of streams!
Multicast
Server
Router
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Unicast Protocols
ARP not applicable
HSRP etc are not applicable
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Multicast Disadvantages
Multicast Is UDP Based!!!
Best Effort Delivery:
Delivery Drops are to be expected. Multicast applications
should not expect reliable delivery of data and should be designed accordingly.
Reliable Multicast is still an area for much research. Expect to see more
developments in this area. PGM offers reliability!
No Congestion Avoidance:
Avoidance Lack of TCP windowing and slow-start
mechanisms can result in network congestion. If possible, Multicast
applications should attempt to detect and avoid congestion conditions.
Duplicates:
Duplicates Some multicast protocol mechanisms (e.g. Asserts, Registers
and SPT Transitions) result in the occasional generation of duplicate packets.
Multicast applications should be designed to expect occasional duplicate
packets.
Out of Order Delivery : Some protocol mechanisms may also result in out
of order delivery of packets.
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Multicast Advantages
Enhanced Efficiency:
Efficiency Controls network traffic and reduces server and CPU
loads
Optimized Performance:
Performance Eliminates traffic redundancy
Distributed Applications:
Applications Makes multipoint applications possible
Example: Audio Streaming
All clients listening to the same 8 Kbps audio
Multicast
Unicast
0.8
0.6
Traffic
0.4
Mbps
0.2
0
1
20
40
60
80
100
# Clients
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Multicast Adoption
Past, Present, and Future
Multicast (1986-2005)
Corporate
Communication
Providers
Fastweb, B2,
Yahoo, BBC, CNN
Surveillance
Law Enforcement
and Federal
IPv6 Multicast
NTT, Sony,
Panasonic,
E Learning
Multicast VPN
150 Universities in
US, Hawaii, Oregon,
USC, UCLA, Berkley
Financials
t
n
e
m
oy
l
ep
D
t
s
a
tl ic
Mu
NASDAQ, NYSE,
LIFE, Morgan, GS,
Prudential
Early Adopters
NASA, DOD,
Cisco, Microsoft,
Sprint
Research
Community
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1992
1996
1997
1986
MBONE
1998
2000
2001
Time
2002
2003
2004
2005
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Multicast Fundamentals
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Multicast Components
Cisco End-to-End Architecture
ISP A
ISP B
MSDP
RP
Multicast Source
X
DR
RP
DR
MBGP
PIM-SM
Bidir PIM
PIM-SSM
MVPN
Campus Multicast
End Stations (hosts-to-routers):
DR
Interdomain Multicast
Multicast routing across domains
MBGP
IGMP
ISP B
ISP A
IGMP
Multicast Source
Y
12
1. You must be a
member of a group
to receive its data
2. If you send to a group
address, all members
receive it
3. You do not have to be
a member of a group
to send to a group
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Group
Member 1
Receiver
D Non Group
Member
E
Group
Member 2
Receiver
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Multicast Addressing
IPv4 Header
e
b
r
e
v
e
n
n
a
c
s
s
s
s
e
e
r
r
d
d
d
d
A
A
p
e
u
c
r
o
r
u
G
o
t
S
s
a
c
i
t
l
u
M
D
s
s
a
l
C
Version
IHL
Type of Service
Identification
Time to Live
Source
Source
Total Length
Flags
Protocol
Fragment Offset
Header Checksum
Source Address
1.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255 (Class A, B, C)
Destination
Destination
Destination Address
224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255 (Class D) Multicast Group
Options
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Address Range
Padding
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D)
224.0.0.1
224.0.0.2
224.0.0.5
224.0.0.13
224.0.0.22
15
Multicast Addressing
Administratively Scoped Addresses
239.0.0.0 239.255.255.255
Private address space
Similar to RFC1918 unicast addresses
Not used for global Internet traffic
Used to limit scope of multicast traffic
Same addresses may be in use at different locations for
different multicast sessions
Examples
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Multicast Addressing
IP Multicast MAC Address Mapping
(FDDI and Ethernet)
32 Bits
1110
28 Bits
239.255.0.1
5 Bits
Lost
01-00-5e-7f-00-01
25 Bits
23 Bits
48 Bits
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Multicast Addressing
IP Multicast MAC Address Mapping
(FDDI & Ethernet)
0x0100.5E01.0101
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Madcap in MS Server
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H2
224.1.1.1
H3
Report
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H1
224.1.1.1
X
Suppressed
H2
224.1.1.1
H3
X
Report
Suppressed
Query
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H2
224.1.1.1
H3
Leave to
#1 224.0.0.2
Group Specific
Query to 224.1.1.1
#2
1.
2.
3.
4.
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No Report Suppression
All Hosts on wire respond to Queries
Hosts complete IGMP state sent in single response
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IGMPv3Joining a Group
1.1.1.10
1.1.1.11
1.1.1.12
H1
H2
H3
v3 Report
(224.0.0.22)
Group: 224.1.1.1
Exclude: <empty>
1.1.1.1
rtr-a
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1.1.1.11
1.1.1.12
H1
H2
H3
v3 Report
(224.0.0.22)
Group: 224.1.1.1
Include: 10.0.0.1
1.1.1.1
rtr-a
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IGMPv3Maintaining State
1.1.1.10
1.1.1.11
1.1.1.12
H1
H2
H3
v3 Report
(224.0.0.22)
v3 Report
(224.0.0.22)
v3 Report
(224.0.0.22)
1.1.1.1
Query
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Multicast L3 Forwarding
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10.1.1.1
Join
C
B
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E0
Join
E0
E1
E
E2
R1
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10.1.1.1
A
Join
C
Join
R2
D
E0
E1
E
E2
R1
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10.1.1.1
Tie-Breaker
D
1.1.1.1
Join
E0
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E
1.1.2.1
E1
F
E2
R1
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Receiver 1
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Receiver 1
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D (RP)
(RP)
Receiver 1
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Notation: (*, G)
* = All Sources
G = Group
Source 2
B
D (RP)
(RP)
Receiver 1
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Shared trees
Uses less memory O(G) but you may get suboptimal paths from source to all receivers; may
introduce extra delay
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Shared trees
PIM control messages are sent toward RP
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D (RP)
(RP)
Receiver 1
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Receiver 2
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PIM SSM
Source Specific Multicast, no RP, SPT only
PIM BiDir
BiDirectional PIM, no SPT, Shared tree only
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RP
(*, G) Join
Shared Tree
Receiver
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RP
Source
Traffic Flow
Shared Tree
Source Tree
(S, G) Register
(unicast)
Receiver
(S, G) Join
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RP
Source
Traffic Flow
Shared Tree
Source Tree
(S, G) Register
(S, G) Register-Stop
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(unicast)
Receiver
RP sends a Register-Stop
back to the first-hop router
to stop the Register process.
(unicast)
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RP
Source
Traffic Flow
Shared Tree
Source Tree
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RP
Source
Traffic Flow
Shared Tree
Source Tree
(S, G) Join
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RP
Source
Traffic Flow
Shared Tree
Source Tree
(S, G)RP-bit Prune
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RP
Source
Traffic Flow
Shared Tree
Source Tree
Receiver
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RP
Source
Traffic Flow
Shared Tree
Source Tree
(S, G) Prune
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Receiver
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RP
Source
Traffic Flow
Shared Tree
Source Tree
Receiver
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PIM-SM FFF
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PIM-SMEvaluation
Effective for Sparse or Dense distribution
of multicast receivers
Advantages:
Traffic only sent down joined branches
Can switch to optimal source-trees for high traffic
sources dynamically
Unicast routing protocol-independent
Basis for inter-domain multicast routing
When used with MBGP, MSDP and/or SSM
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Source
(S, G) Join
Out-of-band Source
Directory
Example: Web Server
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Receiver 1
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PIM-SSM - Evaluation
Ideal for applications with one source
sending to many receivers
Solves multicast address allocation
problems.
Flows differentiated by both source and group.
Not just by group.
Content providers can use same group ranges.
Since each (S,G) flow is unique.
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Bidirectional PIMOverview
RP
Receiver
Sender/
Receiver
Shared Tree
Receiver
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Bidirectional PIMOverview
RP
Receiver
Sender/
Receiver
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Bidir PIMEvaluation
Ideal for Many to Many applications
Drastically reduces network mroute state.
Eliminates ALL (S,G) state in the network.
SPTs between sources to RP eliminated.
Source traffic flows both up and down Shared Tree.
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RP choices
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Static configuration
AutoRP
BSR
MSDP Anycast
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Static RPs
Hard-coded RP address
When used, must be configured on every router
All routers must have the same RP address
RP fail-over not possible
Exception: If Anycast RPs are used.
Command
ip pim rp-address <address> [group-list <acl>]
[override]
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C-RP
1.1.1.1
Announce
MA
B
Announce
Announce
Announce
Announce
MA
D
Announce
Announce
Announce
C-RP
2.2.2.2
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MA
C-RP
1.1.1.1
Dis
cov
ery
Disc
ove
ry
MA
Dis
cov
ery
B
Disc
ove
ry
Dis
cov
ery
Disc
ove
ry
Dis
cov
ery
Disc
ove
ry
C-RP
2.2.2.2
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BSR Overview
A single Bootstrap Router (BSR) is elected
Multiple Candidate BSRs (C-BSR) can be configured
Provides backup in case currently elected BSR fails
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Msg
C-BSR
Msg
C-BSR
Msg
Msg
C-BSR
BSR
Msg
BSR
Msg
BSR
BSR
BSR
B
BSR Msgs
Msg
Msg
BSR
Msg
Msg
BSR
BSR
BSR
BSR
BSR
Msg
BSR
Msg
C
E
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BSR
A
F
C
E
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BSR
A
D
C-RP
en
m
e
tis
er t)
v
Ad icas
P
n
R
(u
C-
C-
RP
(u
F
Ad
ve
ni rtise
ca
st men
)
t
C-RP
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BSR
BSR
Msg
Msg
BSR
A
BSR
Msg
BSR
Msg
C-RP
BSR Msgs
C-RP
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Multicast at Layer 2
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PIM
Multicast M
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IGMPv1-v2 Snooping
Switches become IGMP aware
IGMP packets intercepted by the NMP or by
special hardware ASICs
Requires special hardware to maintain throughput
Switch must examine contents of IGMP messages
to determine which ports want what traffic
IGMP membership reports
IGMP leave messages
Impact on low-end Layer-2 switches:
Must process ALL Layer 2 multicast packets
Admin. load increases with multicast traffic load
Generally results in switch Meltdown !!!
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PIM
IGMP
IGMP
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SummaryFrame Switches
IGMP snooping
Switches with Layer 3 aware Hardware/ASICs
High-throughput performance maintained
Increases cost of switches
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Interdomain IP Multicast
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MBGP Overview
MBGP: Multiprotocol BGP
Defined in RFC 2858 (extensions to BGP)
Can carry different types of routes
Unicast
Multicast
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MBGP Overview
Separate BGP tables maintained
Unicast Routing Information Base (URIB)
Multicast Routing Information Base (MRIB)
URIB
Contains unicast prefixes for unicast forwarding
Populated with BGP unicast NLRI
AFI = 1, Sub-AFI = 1
MRIB
Contains unicast prefixes for RPF checking
Populated with BGP multicast NLRI
AFI = 1, Sub-AFI = 2
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MBGP Overview
MBGP allows divergent paths and policies
Same IP address holds dual significance
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MSDP
Based on RFC 3618
Works with PIM-SM only
RPs knows about all sources in their domain
Sources cause a PIM Register to the RP
Tell RPs in other domains of its sources
Via MSDP SA (Source Active) messages
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MSDP Overview
MSDP Example
Domain E
RP
MSDP Peers
r
Domain C
RP
Domain B
RP
RP
Domain D
RP
Domain A
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MSDP Overview
MSDP Example
Domain E
RP
MSDP Peers
Source Active
Messages
SA
SA
Domain C
RP
SA
Domain B SA
SA
RP
SA
SA
SA Message
192.1.1.1, 224.2.2.2
RP
RP
SA Message
192.1.1.1, 224.2.2.2
Domain D
s
Domain A
Register
192.1.1.1, 224.2.2.2
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MSDP Overview
MSDP Example
Domain E
RP
MSDP Peers
r
RP
Domain B
Jo i
(S, 224 n
.2.2.2)
Domain C
RP
RP
Domain D
RP
s
Domain A
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MSDP Overview
MSDP Example
Domain E
RP
MSDP Peers
Multicast Traffic
Domain C
RP
Domain B
RP
RP
Domain D
RP
s
Domain A
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MSDP Overview
MSDP Example
Domain E
RP
MSDP Peers
Multicast Traffic
Join
.2)
(S, 224.2.2
Domain C
RP
Domain B
RP
RP
Domain D
RP
s
Domain A
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MSDP Overview
MSDP Example
Domain E
RP
MSDP Peers
Multicast Traffic
Domain C
RP
Domain B
RP
RP
Domain D
RP
s
Domain A
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Anycast RP Overview
Uses single defined RP address
Two or more routers have same RP address
RP address defined as a Loopback Interface.
Loopback address advertised as a Host route.
Senders & Receivers Join/Register with closest RP
Closest RP determined from the unicast routing table.
Can never fall back to Dense mode.
Because RP is statically defined.
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Anycast RP Overview
Src
Src
RP1
A
10.1.1.1
Rec
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RP2
MSDP
SA
Rec
SA
B
10.1.1.1
Rec
Rec
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Anycast RP Overview
Src
RP2
A
10.1.1.1
B
10.1.1.1
RP1
Rec
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Src
Rec
Rec
Rec
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Latest Additions
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CE
CE
CE
MPLS
Core
CE
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CE
CE
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Default-MDT:
Default MDT group used for control traffic and
flooding channel for dense mode and low
bandwidth groups.
Data-MDT:
MDT group created on demand for MVPN (S,G)
pairs, usually high bandwidth traffic
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Join high
bandwidth source
Customer CE devices
joins the MPLS Core
through providers PE
devices
The MPLS Core forms a
Default MDT for a given
Customer
CE
A
CE
CE
Receiver 1
B1
PE
San
San
Francisco
Francisco
PE
PE
MPLS VPN
Core
Default
MDT
CE
F
For low
Bandwidth &
control
traffic only.
Los
Los
Angeles
Angeles
CE
New
New York
York
B2
Data
MDT
PE
For High
Bandwidth
traffic only.
D
C
CE
PE
Receiver 3
High bandwidth
multicast source
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Dallas
Dallas
Join high
bandwidth source
2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
CE
A High-bandwidth
source for that
customer starts
sending traffic
Interested receivers 1 &
2 join that High
Bandwidth source
Data-MDT is formed for
this High-Bandwidth
source
Receiver 2
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PGM: Specifications
RFC 3208 : Pragmatic Generic Multicast
(PGM) Reliable Transport Protocol Specification (experimental)
Defines an industry standard protocol for scalable, reliable
multicast
PGM guarantees that a receiver in the group either receives all
data packets from transmissions and repairs,
or is able to detect unrecoverable data packet loss
(just like TCP, but for IP multicast !)
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PGM: Components
Server
PGM
(Server/Source) Stack
Network
Optional PGM
functions
DLR: Designated
Local Repairer
Network Element =
Router Assist
Host
PGM
(Host/Receiver) Stack
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N20
N21
NCF (Multicast)
NAK (Unicast)
R12
N10
N11
R11
N00
TSI/SQN Retransmission
-1 OIF State
Packet Lost
N01
R00
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R01
R02
R03
R04
R05
Suppresses NAK
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N20
N21
NCF (Multicast)
NAK (Unicast)
TSI/SQN Retransmission
-1 OIF State
R12
N10
N11
R11
N00
R00
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N01
R02
R03
R04
R05
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S00
N20
N21
NCF (Multicast)
NAK (Unicast)
R12
N10
N11
R11
N00
R00
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N01
R02
R03
R04
R05
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S00
N20
Retransmission
NAK (Unicast)
N21
TSI/SQN Retransmission
-1 OIF State
R12
N10
N11
R11
N00
R00
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N01
R02
R03
R04
TSI/SQN Retransmission
-1 OIF State
R05
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IPv4 Solution
IPv6 Solution
Address Range
32-bit, class D
Routing
Protocol Independent
All IGPs,and BGP4+
Protocol Independent
All IGPs,and BGP4+
with v6 mcast SAFI
Forwarding
PIM-DM, PIM-SM,
PIM-SSM, PIM-bidir
PIM-SM, PIM-SSM,
PIM-bidir
Group
Management
IGMPv1, v2, v3
MLDv1, v2
Boundary/Border
Scope Identifier
MSDP across
Independent PIM
Domains
Single RP within
Globally Shared
Domains
Domain Control
Inter-domain
Solutions
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FF
Flags Scope
1111 1111
F
8 bits
Flags
P T scope
Flags =
8 bits
Scope =
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Interface-ID
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Flags Scope
80
32
High-Order
Low-Order
80 Bits Lost
33-33-xx-xx-xx-xx
48 Bits
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64
32
Plen
Network-Prefix
Group-ID
=>
Example:
Content Providers Unicast Prefix
1234:5678:9abc::/64
1234:5678:9abc
Multicast Address
FF36:0030:1234:5678:9abc::0001
1234:5678:9abc
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Static RP assignment
BSR
Auto-RP no current plans
Embedded RP
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64
32
Plen
Network-Prefix
Group-ID
=>
Embedded RP Address
Network-Prefix::RPadr = RP address
For each Unicast prefix you own, you now also own:
16 RPs for each of the 16 Multicast Scopes (256 total) with
2^32 multicast groups assigned to each RP (2^40 total)
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64
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Plen
Network-Prefix
Group-ID
FF76:0130:1234:5678:9abc::4321
1234:5678:9abc
1234:5678:9abc::1
Resulting RP address
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MLD snooping
draft-ietf-magma-snoop-12.txt
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Why Multicast?
Multicast Fundamentals
PIM Protocols
RP choices
Multicast at Layer 2
Interdomain IP Multicast
Latest Additions IPv6, PGM and MVPN
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More Information
White Papers
Web and Mailers
Cisco Press
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118
Recommended Reading
Continue your Cisco
Networkers learning
experience with further
reading from Cisco Press
Check the Recommended
Reading flyer for
suggested books
Available on site at the
Cisco Company Store
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