UNIVERSITI

TEKNOLOGI
P ETRONAS

FINAL EXAMINATION
JANUARY 2013 SEMESTER
COURSE

VBB2O63 / VCB3O53- HYDROLOGY

DATE

2ND

TIME

9.00 AM

INSTRUCTIONS TO CAN

DI

MAY 2013 (THURSDAY)

12.00 NOON(3 hours)

DATES

1.

Answer ALL questions from the Question Booklet.

2.

Begin EACH answer on a new page in the Answer Booklet.

3.

lndicate clearly answers that are cancelled, if any.

4.

Where applicable, show clearly steps taken in arriving at the solutions and
indicate ALL assumptions.

5.

Do not open this Question Booklet until instructed.

Note

There are TEN (10) pages in this Question Booklet

including the cover page and APPENDIX
I

ONE (f ) graph papers will be provided

Universiti

Teknologi-

PETRoNAS

vcB3053A/882063
1.

a.

Discuss hydrological phenomenon using schematic representation.

[3 marks]

b.

A river reach had a flood wave passing through it. At a given instant the
stor,age of water in the reach was estimated as 14.2 ha.m. Calculate the
storage in the reach after an interval of 3 hours if the average inflow and
outflow during the time period are 13.1 m3/s and 9.5 m3/s, respectively.
[3 marks]

c.

Ql shows rainfall data at 10 stations of Larut Matang District.

Calculate the average precipitation over the catchment area using

TABLE

Thiessen's method.
[7 marks]

TABLE

Catchment lkm')
40

Rainfall (mm)
62

2
3
4
5
6
7
8

150
190
80
60
50
30
110
40

10

200

97
67
104
85
38
99
60
105
72

Gauqe Stations
1

d.

Q1

ln March, a water reservoir with surface area of 300 ha experienced an ar

temperature of 22"C,

a relative humidity of 45% and a wind velocity

of

12 kmlhr at 1 m above the ground. Estimate the volume of evaporated water

from the reservoir during the month in m3 using Meyer's equation. Assume
Ka as 0.5.

[7 marks]

vc83053ru882063
2.

a.

Suggest and illustrate a method for the measurement of evapotranspiration.

Provide a sketch of the apparatus for the ease of illustration.
[4 marks]

b.

TABLE Q2b presents the mean monthly temperatures of Kota Kinabalu,

Malaysia (060 00' N, 1160 04' E).

TABLE Q2b
Month
Temoerature

June
31.5

l'C)

July

sep

Auq
33.4

32.4

Oct
32.0

32.8

Estimate the potential evapotranspiration (PET) of the cty for season June
to October in which rice s grown by using the Blaney-Criddle formula.
[8 marks]
c.

Compare the typical variation of the infiltration capacity for dry sandy loam,
dry clay loam and wet clay loam, with the aid of a plot of nfiltration rate and
time.

[3 marks]

d.

An isolated storm in a catchment of 50 ha produced rainfall excess with a

volume of 30,000 m3. The average rainfall intensity over the catchment is
shown in TABLE Q2d. Calculate the @-index for the storm.
[5 marks]

TABLE Q2d
Time
(hr)
Rainfall
intensity
(mm/hr)

10

38

25

13

vc83053ru882063
3.

a.

What criteria should be adopted to ,select a gauging site for discharge

measurement using the area velocity method?

[2 marks]

b.

Stage-discharge data at

a particular section of a river by stream gauging

operation is given in TABLE Q3.

TABLE Q3
Gauge Reading

Discharge

Gauge Reading

(m)
6.65
6.70
6.77
6.80
6.90
6.91
7.08

lm'/s)

(m)
7.48
7.98
8.30
8.50
9.50
10.10
10.70

15
30
57
39

60
100
150

180

280
550
970
1900
1600
1200

Develop a gauge discharge relationship for this stream at this section

for use in estimating the discharge for a known gauge

reading.

Calculate the coefficient of correlation of the derived relationship. Use

a value of a = 6.50 m for the gauge reading corresponding to zero

discharge.
[6 marks]

il

Estimate the discharge corresponding to a gauge reading of 9.3 m at

this gauging section.
[2 marks]

vcB3053A/882063

4.

a.

With the help of a single sketch, distinguish between

i.

confined and unconfined aquifer, and

i.

artesian well and spring.

[2 marks]

b.

A 20 cm

diameter well completely penetrates an unconfined aquifer of

saturated depth 30 m. After a long period of pumping at a steady rate of

21OO lpm,

the drawdown in two observation wells 10 and 100 m from the

pumping wellwere found to be 7.5 and 0.5 m, respectively. Predict the

i.

drawdown at the pumping well, and

[4 marks]

ii.

distance from the wellwhere the drawdown is insignifcant.

[2 marks]

vc83053ru882063

Distinguish between direct runoff and base flow.

5.

[2 marks]

b.

With the help of annual hydrograph, show how direct runoff and base flow
contribute to the flow of perennial and intermittent rivers.
[6 marks]

c.

Describe a stepwise procedure for deriving the ordinates of unit hydrograph

from a flood hydrograph.
[4 marks]

d.

Rainfall of magnitude 3.5 and 2.5 cm occurred on two consecutive 4-hr

duration on a catchment area of 30 km2. TABLE Q5 shows the hydrograph
at the outlet of the catchment. Assuming a base flow of 5 m3/s, estimate the
rainfall excess and -index.

[8 marks]

TABLE Q5
Tme (hr)

12

18

24

30

36

42

48

54

60

Flow (m"/s)

13

26

21

16

12


ll
i
t

vcB3053A/882063

6.

a.

Discuss FOUR (4) structural methods of flood control.

[8 marks]

b.

TABLE Q6 contains the inflow hydrograph of a river reach. At the start of

the inflow, the outflow discharge is 20 m3/s. For the river reach, K = 12 hr
and x = 0.20.

TABLE Q6
Time (hr)
lnflow (m"/s)

12

18

24

30

36

42

20

50

60

55

45

35

27

20

Route the flood through the river reach using the Muskingum method

and generate the inflow and outflow hydrograph in a single plot.

[10 marks]

ii.

Calculate the lag and attenuation of the flood.

[2 marks]

-END OF PAPER-

vcB3053ru882063
APPENDIX

Qz

Q7

C1(I

- A +

Cz$z-

Er:rr^.(#)
EL

Ku(er,

- eo)( +n)

Q: c,(G - "f
Y:Bx+B
Y:

X:

p:

lN(Lxv)-

b:
r:

Iog Q

log (G - a)

c(IltlN(#) - cx)'l
LY - (>l/N

f(fiy) - (DxxI ]/ N(*) - (*)l

t/V(I I2)-(I

r)ltn'

e*,: 4.584exp[17027t/(237.3 + t)] mm of Hg, where t : temperature in oC

vc83053ru882063
APPENDIX

II

Monthly daytime hours percentage

Monthly daytime hours percentages Pr (hours)in north latitude
toruse in Blaney-Criddle formula
Mar

Apr

Jul

Oct

Nov

8,50

7.66

8.49

8.21

8.50

8.22

8.50

8.49

8.21

8.50

8.22

8.50

10

8.13

-47

8.45

8.37

8.81

8-60

8.8

8.71

8.25

8.34

7,91

8.10

15

7.94

7.36

B-43

8.M

8.98

8.80

9.05

8.83

8.28

8.26

7.75

7.88

2D

7.74

7.25

8.41

8.52

9.'t5

9.00

9.25

8.96

8.30

8.18

7.58

7.66

-tE

7.53

7.14

8.39

8.61

9.33

9.23

9.45

9.09

8.32

809

7.40

7_42

30

7.30

7.03

8.38

8.72

9.53

9,49

9.22

8.33

7.99

7.19

35

7.05

6.88

8.35

8.83

9.76

9.77

967
002

9.37

8.36

7.87

6.97

6,86

4A

6-76

6.72

8.33

8.95

10.o2

10.08

10.22

9.54

8.39

7.75

6.72

6.52

values for selected crops

Values of K for selected crops for use in Blaney-Criddle formu{a

1.10

Maize
0.65

Cotton

Dense
Medium
Light

vcB3053A/882063

APPENDIX III

Saturation vapor pressure of water

(mnrroC)

Temperature ioc)

Saturation vapor pressure a". (mm of Hg)

4.58

o.30

5.0

6.54

0.45

7.5

7.78

0.54

r0.0

9.21

o.60

12.5

J0.87

o.71

15.0

12.79

0.80

-5

15.00

0.95

20.o

17.54

1.05

22.6

20.44

1.24

25.O

23.76

1.40

27.5

27.U

't.61

30.0

31.82

1.85

32.5

36.68

2.O7

35.0

42.81

2.35

37.5

48.36

2.62

40.0

55.32

2.95

45.0

71.20

3.66

17

10