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INTRODUCTION
Recent coal exploration in Indonesia was initiated in the 1970s
by several groups. However the level of activity was boosted in
the early-1980s, after the entry of several foreign companies
under a new phase of foreign investment agreements for coal
exploration and mining. Exploration in the early-1980s, in
particular, was immensely successful, and resulted in the start-up
of several major coal mines and the creation of an important new
export industry. Coal production has risen from less than one
million tonnes in 1982, to over 59 million tonnes in 1998.
1.
2.
3.
100
500km
100
140
Samarinda
. Balikpapan
SULAWESI
Banjamasin
JAKARTA
Structural setting
KALIMANTAN
Pontianak
Palembang
Padang
120
Medan
SUMATRA
0
Ujang
Pandang
Jayapura
IRIAN
JAYA
JAVA
120
n - Coal-bearing sequences
140
No 2 1999
23
Coal mines
1 Kaltim Prima
Indominco Mandiri
Tanito Harum
Multi Harapan
Private Companies
Senakin
115
Petangis
Satui
Adaro
Private Companies
Kideco
Sebuku
Berau
Tarakan
Ketungau
Mandai
Melawi
Barito
us
Pasir
Me
rat
N
0
Kutai
250km
115
Asam Asam
Kalimantan basins
TABLE 1
Average coal quality, selected Eocene deposits.
Mine
Basin
Company
Total moisture
% (ar)
Inherent moisture
% (ad)
Satui
Ash %
(ad)
Volatiles %
(ad)
Sulphur %
(ad)
Heating value
(kcal/kg)(ad)
6800
Asam Asam
PT Arutmin
10.0
7.0
8.0
41.5
0.80
Senakin
Pasir
PT Arutmin
9.0
4.0
15.0
39.5
0.70
6400
Petangis
Pasir
BHP Kendilo
11.0
4.4
12.0
40.5
0.80
6700
Ombilin
Ombilin
PTBA
12.0
6.5
<8.0
36.5
0.5 - 0.6
6900
Parambahan
Ombilin
Allied Indo
Coal
4.0
10.0 (ar)
37.3 (ar)
0.50 (ar)
6900 (ar)
(ar) - as received; (ad) - air dried. From Indonesian Coal Mining Association, 1998.
24
No 2 1999
No 2 1999
25
Coal mines
Tanjung Enim
Ombilin
Parambahan
Private Companies
North Sumatra
Aceh
Central Sumatra
West Sumatra
South Sumatra
250km
Bengkulu
105
26
No 2 1999
TABLE 2
Average coal quality, selected Miocene deposits.
Mine
Basin
Company
Prima
Kutai
Pinang
Kutai
Roto South
Binungan
Lati
Total
moisture
Inherent
moisture
Ash %
Volatiles %
Sulphur %
Heating value
(kcal/kg)
Kaltim Prima
9.0
4.0
39.0
0.50
6800 (ar)
Kaltim Prima
13.0
7.0
37.5
0.40
6200 (ar)
Pasir
PT Kideco
24.0
3.0
40.0
0.20
5200 (ar)
Tarakan
PT Berau Coal
18.0
14.0
4.2
40.1
0.50
6100 (ad)
5800 (ad)
Tarakan
PT Berau Coal
24.6
16.0
4.3
37.8
0.90
Air Laya
S Sumatra
PTBA
24.0
5.3
34.6
0.49
5300 (ar)
Paringin
Barito
PT Adaro
24.0
18.0
4.0
40.0
0.10
5950 (ad)
(ar) - as received; (ad) - air dried. From Indonesian Coal Mining Association, 1998.
Kutai Basin
Widespread uplift of the western part of the basin during the
early Neogene resulted in the formation of a thick sequence of
prograding fluvial-deltaic sediments in the eastern part of the
basin. This succession migrated from the west to east and by the
end of the Early Miocene, the delta front had advanced
approximately 200 km eastward to the present-day coastline. The
location of the present-day Mahakam River is probably the same
as that during the late Tertiary (Moss et al, 1997).
The Neogene sediments have been folded into anticlines and
synclines, trending NNE-SSW. The anticlines are narrow with
associated steep dips; the synclines are broad. There are abrupt
changes in dip across the axis of the anticlines, with no shallow
dips at the axis. Individual anticline axes can be traced as linear
features for some 100 kilometres. Chambers and Daley (1995)
present a tectonic model for the central part of the onshore Kutai
Basin, based on new data acquired during petroleum exploration.
They proposed that the folding resulted from basin inversion, and
infer as much as 3 km uplift of the anticlines, and that the
greatest uplift has been over the areas that were previously the
site of rifts. It is probable that this could explain some of the
lateral variation in coal rank observed within the Kutai Basin,
particularly the fact that coal rank within the same horizon
increases over the anticlinal axes. Some anticlines within the
basin may be areas that were initially more deeply buried, with a
consequent increase in the coal rank.
The Lower Miocene succession is referred to as the Pulau
Balang Formation, the Middle-Late Miocene succession is called
the Balikpapan Formation (or Group) and the Late Miocene to
Barito Basin
Thick Miocene seams in the Barito Basin occur in the regressive
Warukin Formation. Miocene age coal in thick seams, some over
30 metres thick, occurs in this formation. PT Adaro Indonesia is
mining and exporting a sub-bituminous product characterised by
one per cent ash and ultra low sulphur content of 0.1 per cent.
There has not yet been significant commercial development of
other Miocene coal deposits of the Barito Basin.
No 2 1999
27
very low, less than 0.2 per cent. The palynology of lignite from
the Sarongga deposit is described by Demchuk and Moore
(1993). It is typical of a mixed bog/mangrove environment, and
probably formed under conditions similar to those of modern
peat swamps of Kalimantan.
Figure 5 depicts a depositional model for the Miocene lignites
of the Asam Asam Basin that may also be applicable to the other
low ash, low sulphur, thick Miocene coals of Kalimantan. These
lignites exhibit features consistent with an origin the same as the
modern ombrogenous, domed peats of the Indo-Malaysian region
in their chemistry (Esterle and Ferm, 1994; Neuzil et al, 1993),
depositional setting (Staub and Esterle, 1993), flora (Demchuk
and Moore, 1993) and organic constituents (Moore and Hilbert,
1990). In these modern domed bogs, the peat surface is
topographically higher by some three to 15 metres than the
nearby streams. This setting prevents flooding of the peat swamp,
consequently waterborne clastics cannot enter and the ash
content of the peat is very low. The modern domed bogs also
have very low sulphur content. The extreme lateral discontinuity
of some of the thick Miocene lignite seams may result from not
only the domed topography, but also syndepositional faulting
during paleomire formation.
CONCLUSIONS
Coal exploration in Indonesia has now established some
interesting trends of coal quality and thickness, with significant
differences apparent between Eocene and Miocene-Pliocene
coals. A fundamental difference between the Eocene and the
Miocene-Pliocene coal deposits is in the lateral continuity of the
seams. In general, the Eocene coal is more continuous but thinner
than coal formed in the Miocene-Pliocene.
The Eocene coals, which formed in an extensional structural
setting under a transgressive depositional environment, are
characterised by higher levels of ash and sulphur, and by
generally thin or intermediate seam thicknesses, typically four to
six metres in the economic deposits. The rank of the Eocene
coals is generally higher than those of Miocene age, so the
heating value is normally higher, with a lower moisture content.
Several Eocene deposits have a combination of suitable thickness
for surface mining, favourable structure and marketable quality,
and coal produced from these deposits has found ready
acceptance as an export thermal coal.
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No 2 1999
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