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Introductory Comments
We also saw that such ideal filters can not really exist because they would need
to be non-causal!!
Here well take a brief look at some of the kinds of CT filters that can be made
Note all CT filter behavior exploits the fact that capacitors and
inductors have an impedance that varies with frequency!
And well illustrate how to describe such filters using:
Transfer Function
Frequency Response
Pole-Zero Diagrams
Also keep in mind that although DT filters only need to be examined over
to rad/sample (their Freq Resp repeats outside of that) CT filters need
to be examined for how they behave over to rad/second. Thus, we will
mostly plot them on a log frequency axis with dB for the magnitude.
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Pass-band
Transition
band
Stop-band
3/18
0 dB
3 dB
Filter Specs
dB
Log scale
Pass-band
c
Decade = 10x Change
4/18
CT Filter Types
Recall that DT filters were categorized as recursive (IIR) vs. non-recursive (FIR).
CT filters dont have a corresponding categorization they all have infinite
duration impulse responses!!!
Instead the main way to categorize CT filters is: Passive vs. Active
Passive: These filters use only passive components (resistors, capacitors, and
inductors) and do not contain any op amps or transistors.
One main advantage of such filters is that they can be used in places
where access to a power supply is not available (e.g., inside a stereo
speaker to separate the audio into bass and treble before sending it to the
woofer & tweeter).
Active: These filters use op amps (and/or transistors) together with resistors,
capacitors, and inductors.
Heavy, Bulky,
Expensive
Allows filters to be designed without inductors
Op amp characteristics enable design by cascading several stages
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X ( s)
1/Cs
Y ( s)
1 Cs
Y ( s)
X ( s)
1 Cs R
H ( s)
1 Pole @
s = -1/RC
H ( s)
1 RC
s 1 RC
RC RC
1
1 RC
1 RCs s 1 RC
1 RC
1st Order
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H ( s)
1
1 RC
1 RCs s 1 RC
H ( )
1
1 jRC
RC RC
When =1 RC then
Magn is 1
H ( )
2 ( 3dB)
So c = 1/RC
H ( s)
1
1 RC
2
1 RC c
c
s c
10
|H( )| (dB)
c 1000 rad/sec
-10
1000
-20
-30
-40
-60 1
10
c 100 rad/sec
-50
2
10
10
CT Frequency (rad/sec)
>> w=logspace(1,5,1000);
>> wc=100;H=freqs(wc,[1 wc],w);
>> semilogx(w,20*log10(abs(H)))
10
10
100
7/18
1/Cs
X ( s)
R
Y ( s)
X ( s)
1 Cs R
Y ( s)
R
1 Cs R
RCs
s
H ( s)
1 RCs s 1 RC
1st Order
1 Zero @
s=0
H ( s)
s
s 1 RC
RC RC
1 Pole @
s = -1/RC
1 RC
8/18
H ( s)
RCs
s
1 RCs s 1 RC
When =1 RC then
Magn is 1
H ( )
H ( )
2 ( 3dB)
So c = 1/RC
H ( s)
jRC
1 jRC
j
RC RC
RC
1 RC
2
1 RC c
s
s c
10
|H( )| (dB)
0
-10
c 1000 rad/sec
10,000
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60 1
10
c 10,000 rad/sec
2
10
10
CT Frequency (rad/sec)
>> w=logspace(1,5,1000);
>> wc=1000;H=freqs([1 0],[1 wc],w);
>> semilogx(w,20*log10(abs(H)))
10
10
1000
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Lowpass Filter
Highpass Filter
c
s c
H ( )
1
1 jRC
H ( s)
s
s c
H ( )
RC RC
RC RC
1 RC c
10
10
-10
-10
|H( )| (dB)
|H( )| (dB)
1 RC c
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60 1
10
jRC
1 jRC
-20
-30
-40
-50
10
10
CT Frequency (rad/sec)
10
10
-60 1
10
10
10
CT Frequency (rad/sec)
10
10
10/18
1 Cs
X ( s)
1
Cs
Ls
R
1 Cs
H ( s)
1 Cs Ls R
2nd Order
Complex-Conjugate Poles
2 Poles
(3 Possible Ways)
n2
H ( s) 2
s 2n s n2
Damping Ratio Natural Freq.
1
R
n
LC
2L
Distinct Real Poles
2 poles
11/18
p1,2 R 2 L
1
R
LC
2L
0 R
R
p1,2
j0
2L
2L
LC
1 R
0
LC 2 L
1 R
LC 2 L
0 1
2
1
R
LC
2L
2L
R
LC
(2 poles)
1 R
LC 2 L
When R = 0, poles
are on j axis
R
p1,2
2L
2
R / 2L
1
R
LC
2L
Complex Roots
2
2 L 1 LC
12/18
R=0
0
2L
LC
0 1
0 R
1
2L
R
LC
1
2L
R
LC
2L
LC
1
Repeated
Roots
2L
0 R
LC
0 1
R=0
0
13/18
500 + j49,749
500 j49,749
5000
5000
4
3
-20
858
29,142
-40
3
-60 1
10
1
5000 rad/sec
LC
x 10
20
|H( )| (dB)
10
1
3
10
CT Frequency (rad/sec)
10
10
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-3
-2
-1
1
4
x 10
14/18
s2
H ( s) 2
s R L s 1 LC
Ls
H ( s)
1 Cs Ls R
2nd Order
Same
Denominator!!
Complex-Conjugate Poles
2 Poles
(3 Possible Ways)
j
2 poles
Ls
Y ( s)
X ( s)
1
Cs
Ls
R
H ( s)
s2
s 2 2n s n2
15/18
0.1
20
1
1000 rad/sec
LC
100+j995
100-j995
|H( )| (dB)
0
-20
-40
-60
172
5828
1000
1000
-80
-100 1
10
10
10
CT Frequency (rad/sec)
10
10
16/18
Input Signal
v(t)
H ( s)
R L s
H ( s) 2
s R L s 1 LC
R
1 Cs Ls R
2nd Order
Same
Denominator!!
Complex-Conjugate Poles
2 Poles
(3 Possible Ways)
R
Y ( s)
X ( s)
1
Cs
Ls
R
H ( s)
2n s
s 2 2n s n2
2 poles
17/18
1
1000 rad/sec
LC
n
10
|H( )| (dB)
172
5828
-10
-20
-30
1000
1000
-40
-50
-60 1
10
10
10
CT Frequency (rad/sec)
10
10
100+j995
100-j995
0.1
What is happening is that the second order gives you two 20 dB/dec
slopes available
But for a BPF you need one going up and one going down so
each only gets one of the two 20 dB slopes!
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