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Read Chapter 22
Do Ch. 22 Questions 3, 5, 7, 9
Do Ch. 22 Problems 5, 19, 24
F qE
Electric charges in
isolating shells
Isolation removed
(door open)
3
4
Force is exerted
after the source
charge is isolated
Interaction by the field rather than by charge
Field E is defined
as the force that
would be felt by a
unit positive test
charge
E F / q0
SI units for the electric field:
newtons per coulomb.
Electric field
created by a
negatively
charged metal
sphere
qQ
F k 2 r qE
r
Q
E k 2 r
r
Example 1
What is the electric field strength at a distance
of 10 cm from a charge of 2 C?
6
kQ ( 9 10 )( 2 10 )
E 2
2
r
(10 10 )
9
18 10
5
1.8 10 N / C
1
10
3
Q.22-1
A point charge Q is far from all other charges. At a
distance of 2 m from Q, the electric field is 20 N/C.
What is the electric field at a distance of 4m from Q?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
5 N/C
10 N/C
20 N/C
40 N/C
80 N/C
Adding fields
Principle of superposition
Electric fields due to different sources
combine vector addition to form the
one true total field.
E3
Q2
Q1
Q3
E2
E1
E E1 E2 E3
Example 2
1. Find the electric
field on the x axis.
-2Q
Ey 0
Q
d
kQ
2kQ
E x E1 E2 2
2
x
(x d)
2. Where will the
field be zero?
x d 2x
x 2.4d
Fields at r are the same!
PROOF:
point Q at center
Useful result
for spherical
symmetry
kQ
E 2
r
Q.22-2
1.
2.
3.
4.
Electric Dipole
The combination of two charges of equal
but opposite sign is called a dipole.
If the charges +q and q are separated by a
q p q
d
2 F ( sin ) qE d sin pE sin
2
p E
At vkarpov@physics.utoledo.edu
Enet E1 E2 E3
qQ
F k 2 r qE
r
Q
E k 2 r
r
Example
Three point charges are placed on the y axis as shown.
Find the electric field at point P on the x axis.
E1
kQ
b2
E1
E2
E2 E3
E3
2Q
E 2 E3 k 2
a b2
E E1 E2 E3
Ey 0
2
2
( E2 E3 ) x 2 E2 cos 2 E2b / a b
Ex ( E2 E3 ) x E1 4kQb /( a2 b2 )3 / 2 kQ / b2
Q.22-1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Newtons
Coulombs
Newtons per Coulomb
Newtons per meter
Coulombs per meter
Q.22-1
What is the SI unit for the electric field?
Field is force per unit charge:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Newtons
Coulombs
Newtons per Coulomb
Newtons per meter
Coulombs per meter
F qE
Q.22-2
-q
+q
-q
4
Q.22-2
1.
2.
3.
4.
-q
+q
-q
4
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Q.22-2
Three charges (one + and two -) are placed on the x and
y axes as shown. What is the approximate direction of
the electric field at the origin? Will it be pointing
toward point 1, 2, 3, or 4?
Solution. Imagine a
positive test charge
placed at the origin.
It will be atracted to
the q charges and
repelled by the +q
charge.
-q
E
+q
-q
4
Q dq ( x ) dx
dr
dq
E dE k
a L
a L
dr
1
k
2
r
r a
1
1
k
a a L
dr
dq
E dE k
a L
dr
(r ) 2
r
k cos dq
Q
E
k cos 2
2
r
r
But cos z / r
so
kQz
kQz
E 3 2
2 3/ 2
r
(z R )
kQz
kQz
3 2
r
( z R2 )3 / 2
NOTE
This result for the field on the
axis of a charged ring can be
derived more easily in Chapter 24
using the idea of electric potential.
Electric Dipole
The combination of two charges of equal
but opposite sign is called a dipole.
If the charges +q and q are separated by a
q p q
d
2 F ( sin ) qE d sin pE sin
2
p E
Gausss Law
Gausss Law is the first of the four Maxwell
Equations which summarize all of
electromagnetic theory.
Gausss Law gives us an alternative to
Coulombs Law for calculating the electric
field due to a given distribution of charges.
E lines leaving V
volume V
E lines entering V
Flux
The flux of the field E through
the surface S is defined as
E dA
S
d
A
Q
/
enc
0
0 8.85 10
12
SI units