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ne CRACKER
Rupert Snell
HINDI URDU FLAGSHIP, UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN
rupertsnell@mail.utexas.edu
These two tables include most of the verbs appearing in Teach Yourself Hindi and
Beginners Hindi, and a few other useful ones. They exclude most causatives (e.g. Dulvana
to cause to be washed), and phrase verbs based on krna etc. (e.g. saP krna to clean, koixx
krna to try).
Verbs marked with an *asterisk can sometimes be used with the ne construction when they
take a direct object.
Perfective participles comprise the verb stem + -, -e, -, - , as in bola, bole, bolI, bolI#
spoke, and ilKa, ilKe, ilKI, ilKI# wrote. The full set of four participles (masculine
singular/plural, feminine singular/plural) is shown for all irregular verbs, or when the form of
the participle may not be very clear.
Further reference: the most comprehensive and systematic record of the Hindi verb system is
given in Helmut Nespital, Dictionary of Hindi Verbs ih~dI iya-kox, Allahabad, Lokbharti
Prakashan, 1997. Many of Nespitals examples make use of compound verbs, a system of
verb pairing (e.g. bEQ jana to sit down, and ilK lena to write down for oneself) which is
introduced in Teach Yourself Hindi 12.4 & 17.3, and in Beginners Hindi 12.2.
2
1. INTRANSITIVE VERBS (verbs that do not take the ne construction)
INFINITIVE
MEANING
PARTICIPLE
to
ana
gna
Qna
\na
trna
blna
bna
kqna
kapna
igrna
GUmna
cmkna
clna
cla jana
stem + cukna
come
grow
get up, rise
fly
get down, alight
boil
get bored
be cut; pass
tremble
fall
wander, roam
shine
go, move
go away
have finished (with verb stem, e.g
aya
ga
Qa
\a
tra
bla
ba
kqa
kapa
igra
GUma
cmka
cla
cla gya
cuka
[see jana ]
be printed
leave
burn
go
win, be victorious
live
sway
drip, drop in
roam, amble
break
stay, wait
fear (person feared takes se )
sink, drown
Cpa
CUqa
jla
gya, g, g, gM
jIta
ijya
JUma
qpka
qhla
qUqa
Qhra
\ra
\Uba
tErna
Tkna
dbna
idKna
idKa dena
dO\na
Dulna
nhana
nacna
inklna
p\na
phucna
iPrna
PusPusana
bcna
bjna
b|na
bdlna*
bnna
bsna
ibkna
ibg\na
bItna
bEQna
bolna*
Brna
Bagna
BIgna
BUlna
BO#kna
mcna
mrna
swim
become tired
yield, be pressed
be seen, be visible
be seen, come into view
run
be washed
bathe
dance
emerge, come/go out
fall; occur (of feelings etc.)
arrive, reach
wander, turn, roam
whisper
escape, survive, be saved
sound, resound, ring
advance, increase
change
become
dwell, take up residence
be sold
go wrong, be spoiled, get angry
pass (of time)
sit
speak
be filled
run, flee
be drenched
forget
bark
be created (e.g. xor, an uproar)
die
tEra
Tka
dba
idKa
idKa idya, id, dI, dI#
dO\a
Dula
nhaya
naca
inkla
p\a
phuca
iPra
PusPusaya
bca
bja
b|a
bdla
bna
bsa
ibka
ibg\a
bIta
bEQa
bola
Bra
Baga
BIga
BUla
BO#ka
mca
mra
imlna
mu\na
mukrana*
rhna
<kna
rona
lgna
lana
le ana
le jana
leqna
stem + skna
imla
mu\a
mukraya
rha
<ka
roya, ro, ro, roM
lga
laya, la, la, laM
le aya [see ana ]
le gya [see jana ]
leqa
ska
understand
be improved, reformed
to be heard
occur (to the mind)
sleep
laugh
move, stir, shift
be, happen
smJa
suDra
suna idya [see dena ]
sUJa
soya, so, so, soM
hsa
ihla
hua, hu, hu, huM
5
2. TRANSITIVE VERBS (verbs that do take the ne construction)
In this section, examples have been given to show how the verb agreements work. There
are two rules:
(a) A verb in a ne construction agrees with the logical object. For example, in the
sentence ram ne do iktabe# p|I# Ram read two books, the verb p|I# agrees with feminine
plural iktabe#, the logical object of the verb p|na to read.
(b) If the object takes ko (because of being individualised and specific), the verb reverts
to masculine singular. Thus ram ne ^n dono# iktabo# ko p|a Ram read both these books.
Phrase verbs such as saP krna to clean and koixx krna to try are not included here,
since they depend upon krna. When such verbs are based on a noun, the participle from
krna agrees with that noun: for example, koixx krna is based on the feminine noun
koixx attempt, so I tried is mE#ne koixx kI, and I tried to eat is mE#ne Kane kI koixx kI.
INFINITIVE
MEANING:
PARTICIPLE
EXAMPLE
Qaya
to
Qana
\ana
squander, waste
\aya
tarna
take down
tara
kmana
earn
kmaya
krna
do
khna
say
kha
apne ya kha ?
What did you say?
kaqna
cut
kaqa
KrIdna
buy
KrIda
Kana
eat
Kaya
iKlana
iKlaya
KI#cna
draw; pull
KI#ca
Kelna
play (game)
Kela
Kolna
open
Kola
gvana
waste, squander
gvaya
gana
sing
gaya
igrana
igraya
gujarna
spend (time)
gujara
Gumana
turn
Gumaya
clana
drive
claya
cahna
want
caha
ic|ana
annoy
ic|aya
cunna
choose, pick
cuna
CUna
touch
Cua
Co\na
leave, abandon
Co\a
jgana
arouse, wake up
jgaya
jlana
jlaya
iksI ne Gr ko jlaya Ta
Someone had set the house on fire.
janna
know
jana
jItna
win
jIta
iksne yu jIta ?
Who won the war?
jo\na
add, join
jo\a
\aqna
scold
\aqa
\alna
pour, put
\ala
|U|na
search for
|U|a
to\na
break
to\a
idlvana
cause to be given
idlvaya
deKna
see, watch
deKa
dena
give
Dona
wash
DobI ne kp\e Do
The dhobi washed the clothes.
inkalna
take/bring out
inkala
pk\na
catch, grab
pk\a
p|na
read
p|a
p|ana
teach
p|aya
phnna
phna
phucana
deliver
phucaya
pana
find, obtain
paya
pIna
drink, smoke
tap ne cay pI
Pratap drank tea.
pUCna
ask
pUCa
Pa\na
tear, rip
Pa\a
bcana
save, rescue
bcaya
bjana
play (music)
bjaya
btana
tell
btaya
bdlna
change
bdla
bnana
make
bnaya
baqna
share, divide
baqa
ibQana
ibQaya
bulana
call, invite
bulaya
becna
sell
beca
Bejna
send
Beja
mgvana
mgvaya
mcana
mcaya
magna
ask for
maga
manna
accept
mana
marna
hit
mara
imlana
introduce, unite
imlaya
rKna
put; keep
rKa
rokna
stop
roka
lgana
fix, apply
lgaya
ladna
to load
lada
ilKna
write
ilKa
10
ilqana
ilqaya
lUqna
steal
lUqa
coro# ne ya lUqa ?
What did the robbers steal?
lena
take
smJna
understand
smJa
smJana
explain
smJaya
sIKna
learn
sIKa
suDarna
correct, improve
suDara
sunna
hear, listen
suna
sunana
relate, recite
sunaya
sulana
put to sleep
sulaya
ma ne bco# ko sulaya
Mother put the children to sleep.
socna
think
soca
hsana
make laugh
hsaya