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APPENDIX
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* In compressor practice, this definition refers only to the reversible adiabatic or isentropic compression process.
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Volumetric efficiency is the ratio of the capacity of the compressor to displacement of the compressor. The term does not apply to centrifugal compressors.
Mechanical efficiency is the ratio of the horsepower imparted to the air or gas
to brake horsepower. In the case of a displacement-type compressor it is the ratio
of air or gas indicated horsepower to indicated horsepower of the power cylinders
for a steam engine or internal-combustion engine-driven compressor or to the brake
horsepower delivered to the shaft in the case of a power-driven compressor.
Compression efficiency (adiabatic) is the ratio of the theoretical horsepower to
horsepower imparted to the air or gas actually delivered by the compressor. Power
imparted to the air or gas is brake horsepower minus mechanical losses.
Efficiency of the compressor is the ratio of the theoretical horsepower to brake
horsepower. It is equal to the product of compression efficiency times mechanical
efficiency.
Compressor efficiency (polytropic), for which alternate terms are hydraulic efficiency and stage efficiency, is the ratio of theoretical power (polytropic) to shaft
power.
Temperature-rise ratio is the ratio of computed isentropic temperature rise to
measured total temperature rise during compression. For a perfect gas, this is equal
to the ratio of isentropic enthalpy rise to actual enthalpy rise. Consequently, for
gases which do not deviate seriously from the perfect-gas law, the temperature-rise
ratio is sometimes referred to as temperature-rise efficiency.
Inlet pressure is the absolute total pressure at the inlet flange of a compressor.
Discharge pressure is the absolute total pressure at the discharge flange of a
compressor. It is commonly stated in terms of gauge pressure; unless the associated
barometric pressure is included, this is an incomplete statement of discharge pressure.
Inlet temperature is the total temperature at the intake flange of the compressor.
Discharge temperature is the total temperature at the discharge flange of the
compressor.
Gas specific weight is the weight of air or gas per unit volume. Unless otherwise
specified, it refers to the weight per unit volume at conditions of total pressure,
total temperature, and composition prevailing at the inlet of the compressor.
Specific gravity is the ratio of specific weight of air or gas to that of dry air at
the same pressure and temperature.
Speed refers to the revolutions per minute of the compressor shaft.
Electrical input is measured at the motor terminals. For synchronous motors
with separately driven exciters, the excitation input as measured at the slip rings is
added to the input to the stator. For synchronous motors with direct-connected
exciters, the exciter losses are deducted from the measured stator input.
Load factor is the ratio of the average compressor load during a given period
of time to the maximum rated load of the compressor.
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In many process applications, it is necessary to determine the compressor capacity required to deliver a given quantity of dry gas, i.e., after all moisture is
removed. Since water vapor carried in incoming gas stream will be eliminated in
interstage coolers, aftercoolers and driers, capacity must be increased to compensate
for vapor which, though it enters the compressor as volume, has no value to the
process. Thus, if process requires 1000 cfm of dry air at 100F and intake is 14.7
p.s.i.a., 100F and saturated, required capacity at compressor intake is:
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APPENDIX
1000
14.7
1068 c.f.m.
14.7 .949
Thus, capacity has been corrected by multiplying by the suction pressure and
dividing by the suction pressure minus the partial pressure of the water vapor at
suction temperature.
If, in the example above, the air was only 70% saturated (70% relative humidity),
the partial pressure is multiplied by the percent saturation. Thus:
Capacity at intake 1000
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14.7
1047 c.f.m.
14.7 (.7)(.949)
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In cu. ft. of Free Air per Min. at Atmospheric Pressure of 14.7 psia,
and 70F
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To obtain exact characteristics of natural gas and refinery gas, the exact constituents must be known.
This n value is given at 212F. All others are at 60F. Authorities differ slightly; hence all data are average results.
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