Itd 256 03

ITD 256
Database Concepts
Lecture 03
Agenda
Functional Dependency
Normalization
Class Exercise
Recap HW2
Project Discussion
Database Processing
Business Intelligence Systems
Datawarehouses and Datamarts
Dimensional Databases
Class Exercise
Test Discussion
Quiz
Agenda
Normalization
Class Exercise
Recap HW2
Project Discussion
Database Processing
Class Exercise
Test Discussion
Quiz
Functional Dependencies
EMPLOYEE relation
EMPLOYEE (EmployeeNumber, FirstName, LastName, Department, Email, Phone)
Functional Dependency is the determination of values of one more columns if

value of another column is already known
Identify the Functional Dependencies
EMPLOYEE relation
EmployeeNumber -> (FirstName, LastName, Department, Email, Phone)
EMPLOYEE relation
Email -> (EmployeeNumber, FirstName, LastName, Department, Phone)
EMPLOYEE relation
Email -> (EmployeeNumber, FirstName, LastName, Department, Phone)

Department -> Phone
Agenda
Normalization
Class Exercise
Recap HW2
Project Discussion
Database Processing
Class Exercise
Test Discussion
Quiz
Normalization
Normalization is Process of breaking table with more than one
theme into single themed tables based on functional dependencies
Follow two principles to call a table well-formed
For a well-formed relation, every Determinant must be a Candidate key
If not well-formed, break relation into two or more well-formed relations
Any relation that has following 8 characteristics is in 1NF

Normalized relations
are in 2NF & 3NF
Normalization Process
1. Identify all Candidate keys in the relation
2. Identify all functional dependencies in the relation
3. Examine determinants , if it is not a candidate then
a. Place columns of functional dependency in a new relation
b. Make determinant PRIMARY key of new relation
c. Leave a copy of determinant as foreign key in original relation
d. Write referential integrity constraint between original & new
relation
4. Draw the Normalized tables
Normalization Process
Sample data for PRESCRIPTION table
1. Identify all Candidate keys in the relation
1.
PRESCRIPTION (PrescriptionNumber, Date, Drug, Dosage, CustomerName,
CustomerPhone, CustomerEmail)
1.PRSECRIPTION (PrescriptionNumber, Date, Drug, Dosage, CustomerName,


2.
PrescriptionNumber -> (Date, Drug, Dosage, CustomerName, CustomerPhone,
CustomerEmail)
1.PRESCRIPTION (PrescriptionNumber, Date, Drug, Dosage, CustomerName,


2.
PrescriptionNumber -> (Date, Drug, Dosage, CustomerName, CustomerPhone,
CustomerEmail)
CustomerEmail -> (CustomerName, CustomerPhone)

2. PrescriptionNumber -> (Date, Drug, Dosage, CustomerName, CustomerPhone,
CustomerEmail)
3.
a. CUSTOMER (CustomerName, CustomerPhone, CustomerEmail)

CustomerEmail)
b. Make determinant PRIMARY key
3.
b. CUSTOMER (CustomerName, CustomerPhone, CustomerEmail)

CustomerEmail)
3.
c. PRESCRIPTION (PrescriptionNumber, Date, Drug, Dosage, CustomerEmail)

CustomerEmail)
d. Create referential integrity constraint between original & new relation
3.
c. PRESCRIPTION (PrescriptionNumber , Date, Drug, Dosage, CustomerEmail)
d. CustomerEmail in PRESCRIPTION must exist in CustomerEmail in CUSTOMER

CustomerEmail)
3.

CustomerEmail)
3. a. CUSTOMER (CustomerName, CustomerPhone, CustomerEmail)
Normalization Example 2
Sample data for STU_DORM
1. STU_DORM (StudentNumber, LastName, FirstName, DormName, DormCost)

2. StudentNumber -> (LastName, FirstName, DormName, DormCost)

DormName -> DormCost

3.
a. DORM (DormName, DormCost)

3.
b. DORM (DormName, DormCost)

3.
c. STU_DORM (StudentNumber, LastName, FirstName, DormName )

3.
d. DormName in STU_DORM must exist in DormName in DORM

3.
d. DormName in STU_DORM must exist in DormName in DORM
Normalization Example 3
Sample data for EMPLOYEE
1. EMPLOYEE (EmployeeNumber, LastName, Department, Email, DeptPhone)

2. EmployeeNumber -> (LastName, Department, Email, DeptPhone)

Email -> (EmployeeNumber, LastName, Department, DeptPhone)

Department -> DeptPhone

3.
a. DEPARTMENT (Department, DeptPhone)

3.
b. DEPARTMENT (Department, DeptPhone)

3.
c. EMPLOYEE (EmployeeNumber, LastName, Department, Email)

3.
d. Department in EMPLOYEE must exist in Department in DEPARTMENT

3.
d. Department in EMPLOYEE must exist in Department in DEPARTMENT
Agenda
Normalization
Class Exercise
Recap HW2
Project Discussion
Database Processing
Class Exercise
Test Discussion
Quiz
Class Exercise
Explain the meaning of the following expression.
A (B, C)
Given this expression, tell if it is also true that:
A B and A C
Explain the meaning of the following expression:
(D, E) F
Given this expression, tell if it is also true that:
D F and E F
Normalization process is based on ________________________________.
Agenda
Normalization
Class Exercise
Recap HW2
Project Discussion
Database Processing
Class Exercise
Test Discussion
Quiz
HW 2
1. Explain the difference between a primary key and a candidate key. (2pts)
2. What is a surrogate key and why would you use one? (2pt)
3. Explain the term foreign key. (2pt)
4. Define the term referential integrity constraint. (2pts)
5. Define the terms functional dependency and determinant. (2pts)
6. Define the term primary key in terms of functional dependencies. (2pts)
7. Draw Relations Equivalent set of terms for Table, Row, and Column. (2pts)
8. In your own words, describe the purpose of the normalization process. (2pts)
9. Apply the normalization process to figure above to develop a set of normalized

relations (assume PetName is unique in the relation above). Show the results of
each of the steps in the normalization process 1,2,3a,3b,3c,3d. (5pts)
10. Draw and populate the two normalized tables from Q9. (4pts)
Agenda
Normalization
Class Exercise
Recap HW2
Project Discussion
Database Processing
Class Exercise
Test Discussion
Quiz
Agenda
Normalization
Class Exercise
Recap HW2
Project Discussion
Database Processing
Class Exercise
Test Discussion
Quiz
Database Processing
Database Processing
Stored Procedures
Stored Procedure is like a computer program stored
within the database
Any SQL code to make changes to the database can be
executed from a stored procedure
Application programs, web applications and query users can
invoke stored procedures
Parameters can be passed to stored procedure to perform
action or receive results
Database Processing
Triggers
Trigger is program stored within database that is
executed when specific event occurs
The events are typically INSERTS, UPDATES, or DELETES
The events are handled BEFORE, AFTER, or INSTEAD OF trigger
logic
Action code can be written or Stored Procedures can be called
as a trigger response
Web Database Processing
Standard Interfaces developed for accessing

databases
OLEDB
ADO.NET
ODBC
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

Most common web page standard
Hypertext means other objects are included

(pictures, audio, video, maps, etc.)
Extensible Markup Language (XML)

Common way of defining document structure and
transmitting them between computers
Standard means of submitting & receiving data from
the database(s) in web development environment
Agenda
Normalization
Class Exercise
Recap HW2
Project Discussion
Database Processing
Class Exercise
Test Discussion
Quiz

Business Intelligence (BI) systems are also called Decision
Support (DSS) systems
BI assist Management in analysis of past/current activities and

prediction of future events
BI systems support management assessment, analysis, planning,
control, and decision making.
Note - BI systems do not support operation activities, only
analyze the data

BI application need to read & process from Operational Data
Querying Data for BI applications is resources intensive
Operational data is limited for BI use, so they need to be separate
Therefore large organizations extract separate BI databases from
operational databases
BI systems use Data Dictionary which is reference repository containing
metadata

Operational Systems: Online Transaction Processing (OLTP)
BI System: OLAP (Online Analytical Processing)
Agenda
Normalization
Class Exercise
Recap HW2
Project Discussion
Database Processing
Class Exercise
Test Discussion
Quiz
Data Warehouses
Data Marts
Data Mart is a collection of data that is smaller than
data warehouse and addresses a particular component
of business
Users of data mart are knowledgeable analysts of that
business function
Data Marts
Agenda
Normalization
Class Exercise
Recap HW2
Project Discussion
Database Processing
Class Exercise
Test Discussion
Quiz
Databases in data warehouse or data mart are built to different
database design (not normalized relational design) called
dimensional database.
Dimensional Databases are designed for efficient data queries
and analysis
Star Schema is a data warehouse modeling technique used to
represent the multi-dimensional data in fact and dimension tables
Agenda
Normalization
Class Exercise
Recap HW2
Project Discussion
Database Processing
Class Exercise
Test Discussion
Quiz
Class Exercise
Business Intelligence (BI) systems do which of the following?
A) Analyze current and past activities
B) Predict future events for strategic advantage
C) Record and process transactions
D) Both A and B
E) All of the above
Business Intelligence (BI) systems fall into which of the following categories?
A) Processing
B) Reporting
C) Decision Support
D) Both A and B
E) Both B and C
Class Exercise
Star Schema is used to graphically represent what kind of data?
A) Operational
B) Missing
C) Multi-dimensional
D) Both A and B
E) None of the above
A particular component of business data subset of the datawarehouse?

A) ERD
B) OLAP
C) ODBC
D) DataMart
E) Data Dictionary
Class Exercise
Data Dictionary is a reference repository containing
A) User data
B) Metadata
C) SQL code
D) Both A and B
In web processing environment XML provide a way for documents to be

A) Displayed
B) Removed
C) Transmitted
D) Altered
Agenda
Normalization
Class Exercise
Recap HW2
Project Discussion
Database Processing
Class Exercise
Test Discussion
Quiz
Test Discussion
Test 1 Lecture 01, Lecture 02 & Lecture 03 (150pts)
10 multiple choice questions from Relational Databases
(3pts each = 30pts)
5 questions related to Relational Databases

(3pts each = 15pts)
4 Questions regarding 3rd normal form to write schema

(10pts each = 40pts)
1 Normalize a 2-themed list showing steps 1,2,3abcd & 4

(25pts)
10 multiple choice questions from BI Systems

(4pts each = 40pts)
Agenda
Normalization
Class Exercise
Recap HW2
Project Discussion
Database Processing
Class Exercise
Test Discussion
Quiz

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ITD 256

EMPLOYEE (EmployeeNumber, FirstName, LastName, Department, Email, Phone)

Functional Dependency is the determination of values of one more columns if

Identify the Functional Dependencies

EMPLOYEE (EmployeeNumber, FirstName, LastName, Department, Email, Phone)

EmployeeNumber -> (FirstName, LastName, Department, Email, Phone)

EMPLOYEE (EmployeeNumber, FirstName, LastName, Department, Email, Phone)

EmployeeNumber -> (FirstName, LastName, Department, Email, Phone)

Email -> (EmployeeNumber, FirstName, LastName, Department, Phone)

EMPLOYEE (EmployeeNumber, FirstName, LastName, Department, Email, Phone)

EmployeeNumber -> (FirstName, LastName, Department, Email, Phone)

Email -> (EmployeeNumber, FirstName, LastName, Department, Phone)

Any relation that has following 8 characteristics is in 1NF

Sample data for PRESCRIPTION table

1. Identify all Candidate keys in the relation

1.PRSECRIPTION (PrescriptionNumber, Date, Drug, Dosage, CustomerName,

2. Identify all functional dependencies in the relation

1.PRESCRIPTION (PrescriptionNumber, Date, Drug, Dosage, CustomerName,

2. Identify all functional dependencies in the relation

1.PRESCRIPTION (PrescriptionNumber, Date, Drug, Dosage, CustomerName,

1.PRESCRIPTION (PrescriptionNumber, Date, Drug, Dosage, CustomerName,

1.PRESCRIPTION (PrescriptionNumber, Date, Drug, Dosage, CustomerName,

1.PRESCRIPTION (PrescriptionNumber, Date, Drug, Dosage, CustomerName,

1.PRESCRIPTION (PrescriptionNumber, Date, Drug, Dosage, CustomerName,

1.PRESCRIPTION (PrescriptionNumber, Date, Drug, Dosage, CustomerName,

Sample data for STU_DORM

1. STU_DORM (StudentNumber, LastName, FirstName, DormName, DormCost)

1. STU_DORM (StudentNumber, LastName, FirstName, DormName, DormCost)

1. STU_DORM (StudentNumber, LastName, FirstName, DormName, DormCost)

1. STU_DORM (StudentNumber, LastName, FirstName, DormName, DormCost)

1. STU_DORM (StudentNumber, LastName, FirstName, DormName, DormCost)

1. STU_DORM (StudentNumber, LastName, FirstName, DormName, DormCost)

1. STU_DORM (StudentNumber, LastName, FirstName, DormName, DormCost)

1. STU_DORM (StudentNumber, LastName, FirstName, DormName, DormCost)

Sample data for EMPLOYEE

1. EMPLOYEE (EmployeeNumber, LastName, Department, Email, DeptPhone)

1. EMPLOYEE (EmployeeNumber, LastName, Department, Email, DeptPhone)

1. EMPLOYEE (EmployeeNumber, LastName, Department, Email, DeptPhone)

1. EMPLOYEE (EmployeeNumber, LastName, Department, Email, DeptPhone)

1. EMPLOYEE (EmployeeNumber, LastName, Department, Email, DeptPhone)

1. EMPLOYEE (EmployeeNumber, LastName, Department, Email, DeptPhone)

1. EMPLOYEE (EmployeeNumber, LastName, Department, Email, DeptPhone)

1. EMPLOYEE (EmployeeNumber, LastName, Department, Email, DeptPhone)

1. EMPLOYEE (EmployeeNumber, LastName, Department, Email, DeptPhone)

Normalization process is based on ________________________________.

9. Apply the normalization process to figure above to develop a set of normalized

Web Database Processing

Web Database Processing

Standard Interfaces developed for accessing

Web Database Processing

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

Hypertext means other objects are included

Web Database Processing

Extensible Markup Language (XML)

Business Intelligence Systems

BI assist Management in analysis of past/current activities and

Business Intelligence Systems

Business Intelligence Systems

A particular component of business data subset of the datawarehouse?

In web processing environment XML provide a way for documents to be

5 questions related to Relational Databases

4 Questions regarding 3rd normal form to write schema

1 Normalize a 2-themed list showing steps 1,2,3abcd & 4