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Classical music regularly features in pop culture, forming background music for movies,
str. 4-13
television programs and advertisements. As a result most people in the Western
World
regularly and often unknowingly listen to classical music; thus, it can be argued that the
relatively low levels of recorded music sales may not be a good indicator of its actual
popularity. In more recent times the association of certain classical pieces with
PTA
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major
events
has led to briefMUZIKE
upsurges in interest in particular classical genres. A good
example
of this was TRADICIJA
the choice of Nessun
from Giacomo Puccini's opera Turandot as
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(1.dorma
DEO)
the theme tune for the 1990 Soccer World Cup, which led to a noticeable increase in popular
interest in opera and in particular in tenor arias, which led to the huge sellout concerts by The
Three Tenors. Such events are often cited as helping to drive increases in the audiences at
many classical concerts that have been observed in recent times.
2 HISTORY
(See also: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_composers_time-line)
The major time divisions of classical musici (i.e. music produced from roughly the 9th
century to present times, and rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and secular music)
are:
Early music period, which includes:
Medieval (476 1400) and
Renaissance (1400 1600),
Common practice period, which includes:
Baroque (1600 1750),
Classical (1730 1820) and
Romantic (1815 1910) periods, and
Modern and Contemporary period, which includes:
20th century (1900 2000),
Contemporary classical (1975 current), and
21st century (2000 present).
(5001400)
(14001600)
(16001760)
COMMON PRACTICE
Baroque
Classical
Romantic
(16001760)
(17301820)
(18151910)
MODERN AND CONTEMPORARY
20th-century
Contemporary
21st-century
(19002000)
(1975present)
(2000present)
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The dates are generalizations, since the periods overlapped and the categories are
somewhat arbitrary.
For example, the use of counterpoint and fugue, which is considered characteristic of
the Baroque era, was continued by Haydn, who is classified as typical of the Classical
period. Beethoven, who is often described as a founder of the Romantic period, and
Brahms, who is classified as Romantic, also used counterpoint and fugue, but other
characteristics of their music define their period.
The prefix neo is used to describe a 20th century or contemporary and 21st-century
composition written in the style of an earlier period, such as Classical or Romantic.
Stravinsky's Pulcinella, for example, is a neoclassical composition because it is stylistically
similar to works of the Classical period.
2.1 R OOTS
(Main article: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_music)
The roots of Western classical music lie in early Christian liturgical music, and its
influences date back to the Ancient Greeks. Development of individual tones and scales was
done by ancient Greeks such as Aristoxenus2 and Pythagoras. [9] Pythagoras created a
tuning system and helped to codify (srb kodovati, ifrovati) musical notation. Ancient Greek
instruments such as the aulos a reed instrument) and the lyre a stringed instrument similar
to a small harp) eventually led to the modern day instruments of a classical orchestra. [10] The
antecedent to the early period was the era of ancient music from before the fall of the Roman
Empire, AD 476. Very little music survives from this time, most of it from Ancient Greece.
Aristoksen iz Tarenta uneo neke kasne pitagorejske ideje, bio i ostao verni Aristotelov sledbenik.
Grammar: The abbreviation BCE, just as with BC, always follows the year number . Unlike AD, which
traditionally precedes the year number , CE always follows the year number (if context requires that it be
written at all). Thus, the current year is written as 2011 in both notations (or, if further clarity is needed, as
2011 CE, or as AD 2011), and the year that Socrates died is represented as 399 BCE (the same year that is
represented by 399 BC in the BC/AD notation). The abbreviations are sometimes written with small capital
letters, or with full stops (e.g., " BCE" or "C.E.").
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Troping, sequnces
Liturgical drama
music in Italy
Mannerism and Ars
subtilior
Audio example
"Breves dies hominis"ii by either Leonin or Perotin (3 min 32 s, 208 kbps)
2.2.2 R ENAISSANCE PERIOD
The Renaissance period was from AD 1400 to 1600 (although, establishing the end
of the medieval era and the beginning of the Renaissance is difficult). It was characterized by
greater use of instrumentation, multiple interweaving melodic lines, and the use of
the first bass insruments . Social dancing became more widespread, so musical forms
appropriate to accompanying dance began to standardize.
It is in this time that the notation of music on a staff and other elements of musical
notation began to take shape. [12] This invention made possible the separation of the
composition of a piece of music from its transmission ; without written music,
transmission was oral, and [ oral transmission ] subject to change every time it was
transmitted. With a musical score, a work of music could be performed without the
composer's presence. [11] The invention of the movable-type printing press in the 15th
century had far-reaching consequences on the preservation and transmission of
music. [13]
Typical stringed instruments of the Early Period include the harp, lute, vielle, and
psaltery, while wind instruments included the flute family (including recorder4), shawm
an early member of the oboe family, trumpet , and the bagpipe. Simple pipe organs
existed, but were largely confined to churches, although there were portable varieties. [14]
Later in the period, early versions of keyboard instruments like the clavichord and
harpsichord began to appear. Stringed instruments such as the viol had emerged by
the 16th century, as had a wider variety of brass and reed instruments. Printing
enabled the standardization of descriptions and specifications of instruments, as well as
instruction in their use. [15]
Early Renaissance music
(14001467)
isorhythm and extreme
syncopation dropped
"drive to the cadence"
prominent feature around
mid-century
recorder = blokflauta (renesansna flauta), drveni duvaki instrument sa uzdunim vazdunim jezikom.
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Musica reservata
1517
1524
1545-63
Audio example
"Amicus meus" by Toms Luis de Victoria (2 min 47 s, 58kbps)
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1678 1741
Antonio Vivaldi
1685 1750
1685 1759
Audio example
Sonata in D minor for 2 violins and continuo "La Follia" by Antonio Vivaldi (10 min
14 s, 128 kbps)
"Toccata et Fugue en r mineu", uvre pour orgue by Johann Sebastian Bach
(disputed), performed by Ashtar Mora (8 min 34 s, 95 kbps)
[Recorded c. 2006-12-29; Composed c. 1707.]
A trio sonata is written for two solo melodic instruments and basso continuo, making three parts in all,
hence the name trio sonata. However, because the basso continuo is usually made up of at least two instruments
(typically a cello or bass viol and a keyboard instrument such as the harpsichord), performances of trio sonatas
typically involve at least four musicians. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basso_continuo)
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(27.12.2013)
Circa 17751790
Circa 17901830
1732-1809 Joseph Haydn (Austrian) "father of the Symphony" and "father of the
String Quartet", a close friend of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (Austrian) and
a teacher of Ludwig van Beethoven (German).
1756-1791 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart brought his genius to Haydn's ideas and
applied them to two of the major genres of the day: opera, and the virtuoso
concerto.
1770-1827 Ludwig van Beethoven, Haydns pupil,
C.P.E. Bach and Gluck are often considered to be founders of the Classical style.
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Audio example
"Symphonie Nr. 40", g-moll KV 550 (Kchel-Verzeichnis number), Movement:
1. Molto allegro (excerpt), by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (8 min 34 s, 95kbps)
Conductor: Simon Schindler, Ensemble: Fulda Symphonic Orchestra
[Date: 2001-03-18]
The Classical period is sometimes referred to as the era of Viennese Classic (German:
Wiener Klassik), since W. A. Mozart, Joseph Haydn (1732-1809), and Ludwig van
Beethoven (1770-1827) all worked at some time in Vienna, and Franz Schubert (17971828) was born there.
Renewed interest in the formal balance and restraint of 18th century classical music led
in the early 20th century to the development of so-called Neoclassical style, which
numbered Stravinsky and Prokofiev among its proponents, at least at certain times in their
careers.
Wikipedia, Classical period (music). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_period_(music)
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It was in this era that European cultural ideas and institutions began to follow
colonial expansion into other parts of the world. There was also a rise, especially toward
the end of the era, of nationalism in music as composers such as Edvard Grieg (18431907), Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (1844-1908), and Antonin Dvok (1841-1904) echoed
traditional music of their homelands (as well as, in some cases, political sentiments of the
time) in their compositions. [24]
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and The (Russian) Five: Mily Balakirev, Cesar Cui, Alexandar
Borodin, Modest Mussorgsky and Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov.
The major time divisions of the music of the Romantic era classical music (music
produced from roughly the second decade of the 19th century to the early 20th century) are:
Classical/Romantic era transition (composers born from about 1750 to 1799)
Early Romantic era (composers born from about 1800 to 1819)
Middle Romantic era (composers born from ca. 1820 to 1839)
Romantic era/20th century transition (composers born from ca. 1860 to 1880)
Classical/Romantic era transition
composers (born 177099)
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)
Franz Schubert (1797-1828)
Gaetano Donizetti (1797-1848)
Early Romantic era
composers (born 180019)
Vincenzo Bellini
Johannes Brahms
Hector Berlioz
Camille Saint-Sans
Felix Mendelssohn
Georges Bizet .
Frdric Chopin
Nationalism in music
Robert Schumann
Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky
Franz Liszt
Antonn Dvok
Richard Wagner
Edvard Grieg
Giuseppe Verdi .
Giacomo Puccini
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Saint-Sans had a piano reduction of the score, dedicated to LeBorne (conductor), published by Durand that
year.
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Audio example
"Ride of the Valkyries" from the opera "Die Walkre" ("The Valkyries") by Richard
Wagner (4 min 18 s)
Pyotr (Ilyich) Tchaikovsky - Symphony No.6 in B minor, Op.74 'Pathetique' (1893).
IV. Finale: Adagio lamentoso (B minor, 171 bars)
University of Chicago Symphony Orchestra; conductor: Barbara Schubert
[A Tchaikovsky Tapestry - Mandel Hall - 30 January 2010]
R OMANTIC MUSIC
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_music)
Romantic music is a term denoting an era of Western classical music that began in the
late 18th or early 19th century. It was related to Romanticism, the European artistic and
literary movement that arose in the second half of the 18th century, and Romantic music in
particular dominated the Romantic movement in Germany.
Contents
1 Background
3 Trends of the 19th century
1.1 Romanticism
3.1 Non-musical influences
2 Traits
3.2 Nationalism
See also:
Wikipedia, List of Romantic composers.
< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Romantic_composers >
Wikipedia, Neoromanticism (music).
< http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoromanticism_(music) >
1 B ACKGROUND
1.1 Romanticism
The Romantic movement was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that
originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe and strengthened in reaction to the
Industrial Revolution (Encyclopdia Britannica n.d.). In part, it was a revolt against social
and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific
rationalization of nature (Casey 2008). It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts,
music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography (Levin 1959,[page needed]),
education (Gutek 1995, 22054), and natural history (Nichols 2005,[page needed]).
2 T RAITS
Characteristics often attributed to Romanticism, including musical Romanticism, are
(Kravitt 1992, 9394):
a new preoccupation with and surrender to Nature
a fascination with the past, particularly the Middle Ages and legends of medieval
chivalry
a turn towards the mystic and supernatural, both religious and merely spooky
a longing for the infinite
mysterious connotations of remoteness, the unusual and fabulous, the strange and
surprising
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