Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Name:__________________________
Long 2016
11. How does M-protein (a cell wall component of Group A streptococci) contribute to
its virulence? (2 ways)
1) Heat-resistant
2) Acid-resistant
12. How do the waxes in Mycobacterial cell walls contribute to their virulence?
- Increases virulence by resisting digestion by phagocytes bacteria can even
multiply inside phagocytes
13. Briefly describe the activity of each of these bacterial enzymes and name an
organism that produces each:
a. Coagulase:
- Bacterial enzyme that coagulates/clots the fibrinogen in blood
- Staphylococcus
b. Kinases (fibrinolysin/streptokinase):
- Bacterial enzyme that breaks down fibrin digests clots formed by the
body to isolate an infection
- Streptococcus pyogenes
How can streptokinase be used to benefit a patient?
- Digesting blood clots in coronary arteries
- Treating deep vain thrombosis
- Dissolving clots in IV catheters
c. Hyaluronidase:
- Enzyme secreted by certain bacteria that hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid and
helps spread microorganisms from their initial site of infection
- Streptococci
d. Collagenase:
- Enzyme that hydrolyzes collagen facilitating spread of gas gangrene
- Clostridium
e. IgA protease:
- Enzymes that destroy antibodies that defend against adherence of
pathogens to mucosal surfaces
- N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis
14. How does antigenic variation affect an organisms virulence?
- Alteration of surface antigens by the time body mounts an immune response
against pathogen, pathogen has already altered its antigens and is unaffected by the
antibodies
- Some microbes can activate alternative genes resulting in antigenic changes
What are 2 examples of common microbes that make use of antigenic variation to
evade host defenses:
Long 2016
- Chills, fever, weakness, generalized aches, in some cases shock and even
death, can induce miscarriage
29. What part of the bacterial cell (be very specific) is endotoxin derived from?
- Lipid portion of lipopolysaccharides lipid A
30. Which of the following groups of bacteria make endotoxin?
Gram positives?
- NO
Gram negatives?
- YES
31. Describe the stepwise process through which endotoxins induce a fever
response:
1) Macrophage ingests a gram-negative bacterium
2) Bacterium is degraded in a vacuole, releaseing endotoxins that induce
macrophage to produce cytokines, interleukin-1, and tumor necrosis factor alpha
3) Cytokines are released into the bloodstream by macrophages, through which
they travel to the hypothalamus (temperature control center of brain)
4) Cytokines induce the hypothalamus to produce prostaglandins reset bodys
thermostat to a higher temperature producing fever
32. Define septic shock:
- Sudden drop in blood pressure induced by bacterial toxins
Long 2016
Long 2016
- Some can evade host defenses and cause disease for very long periods of
time: Giardia and Trypanosoma use antigenic variation to stay one step ahead of
hosts immune system
Long 2016
Long 2016