Specific

weight

Specific Gravity (SG)

= g

SG =

Pressure Variation

Kinematic Viscosity

v=

H 2O @ 4 C

Ideal Gas Law

p = h + p o

p = RT

Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface
FR = hc A

y = yc +

Ixx
Ay c

x = xc +

Ixy
Ay c

Bernoulli Equation Mass Flow Rate Volume Flow Rate Average Velocity
p V2
+
+ z = const
2g

=
m

V d A
A

Q=

V d A
A

V=

V d A
A

Reynolds Transport Theorem
DBSYS
= d + Vd A
Dt
t CV
CS

Continuity Equation
0=

d + Vd A
t CV
CS

Linear Momentum Equations in Cartesians Coordinates
F x= FSx + FBx =

ud + uVd A
t CV
CS

F y= FSy + FBy =

vd + vVd A
t CV
CS

F z= FSz + FBz =

wd + wVd A
t CV
CS

Linear Momentum Equation for a Control Volume moving with constant velocity
FS + FB =

V xyz d + V xyz V xyz d A

t CV
CS

Moving, Non-deforming Control Volume

If the control volume moves at a constant velocity then

VCV V xyz = V VCV

where: V CV = control volume velocity, V xyz = relative velocity with respect to the CV and V = absolute
velocity. The relative velocity V xyz is the fluid velocity seen by an observer moving with the control
volume. The control volume velocity, V CV , is the velocity of the control volume as seen from a fixed
coordinated system

Linear Momentum Equations for C.V with Rectilinear Acceleration

d =

uxyz d + uxyz V xyz d A

t CV
CS

d =

v xyz d + v xyz V xyz d A

t CV
CS

d =

wxyz d + wxyz V xyz d A

t CV
CS

FSx + FBx

refx

CV

FSy + FBy

refy

CV

FSz + FBz

refz

CV

Angular Momentum Principle

(r g)d + T

r FS +

CV

shaft

r V d + r VVd A

t CV
CS

General Energy Equation

If steady flow, where

Energy Equation for steady, one-dimensional flow, incompressible fluid in a pipe (flow from 1
2)
2

p V
p1 V1
+
+ z1 + H p = 2 + 2 + z2 + H t + H L
2g

2g
Power generated by the turbine

T =m
gH T T
W

where T : efficiency

Power requirement by a pump

gH P QH P
=m
W
=

P
P
P

where P : efficiency

Motion of a Fluid Particle (Kinematics)

V = u(x, y,z,t)i + v(x, y,z,t) j + w(x, y,z,t) k

V
V
V V
DV
=u
+v
+w
+
a=

x
y
z t
Dt
Differential Continuity Equation

u v w
+
+
+
=0
x
y
z
t

Differential Momentum Equations for a Newtonian Fluid: Navier-Stokes Equations







Dimensional Analysis Determination of Pi Terms
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

List all variables that are involved in the problem.

Express each variable in terms of basic dimensions.
Determine the required number of Pi terms.
Select a number of repeating variables, where the number required is equal to the number of
reference dimensions (usually the same as the number of basic dimensions).
Form a Pi term by multiplying one of the non-repeating variables by the product of repeating
variables each raised to an exponent that will make the combination dimensionless.
Repeat Step 5 for each one of the remaining variables.
Check all resulting Pi terms to make sure they are dimensionless.
Express the final form as a relationship among the Pi terms and think about what it means.

Similitude: to achieve similarity between model and prototype it is required complete geometric,
kinematic, and dynamic similarity. In addition, all the corresponding Pi terms must be equal
between model and prototype.

Internal Incompressible Viscous Flow (Flow in Pipe)

Major Head losses

l V 2
H loss = f Darcy Weisbach equation
D 2g
for laminar flow, f = (Re)

for turbulent flow, H l = f = Re, ;

Equation-Based Correlations for the Darcy Friction Factor:

Minor Head Losses

H loss = K i

V2
where K i -> loss coefficient
2g

minor losses can be also calculated using equivalent lengths,

H lossm

Le V 2
= f
D 2g

Re =

VD

External Flow
Boundary Layer flow over a flat plate

Laminar flow

5.48
=
;
x
Re x

0.730
Re x

Cf =

y y 2
u
= 2 )

U

Turbulent flow ( 5 10 5 < Re x < 10 7 )

0.382
=
;
x Re x1 5

(using a velocity profile

Cf =

0.0594
15
Re x

(using a velocity profile

where the Skin friction coefficient Cf is given by C f =

17
u y
= )
U

w

1
U 2
2

Drag Coefficient

CD =

FD
1
V 2 A
2

dA

PS

1
V 2 A
2

where PS : plate surface

Pure Friction Drag: Flow over a flat plate parallel to the flow

Laminar flow: CD =
Turbulent flow:

1.33
;
Re L
CD =

0.0742
(valid for 5 10 5 < Re L < 10 7 )
15
Re L

CD =

0.455
(logRe L ) 2.58

(valid for Re L < 10 9 )

For a Boundary layer that is initially laminar and undergoes transition at some point on the plate
CD =

CD =

0.0742 1740
(valid for 5 10 5 < Re L < 10 7 )
15
Re L
Re L

0.455
1610

(valid for 5 10 5 < Re L < 10 9 )

2.58
(logRe L )
Re L


Geometric Properties of some common shapes

Table A.9 Properties of Air at Atmospheric Pressure (U.S. Customary Units)

Table A.10 Properties of Air at Atmospheric Pressure (SI Units)

Table A.7 Properties of Water (U.S. Customary Units)

Table A.8 Properties of Water (SI Units)