6th class NCERT

1. Bhimbhetka
The Bhimbetka rock shelters are an archaeological site of the Paleolithic,
exhibiting the earliest traces of human life on the Indian subcontinent, and thus
the beginning of the South Asian Stone Age. It is located in the Raisen District in
the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, near Abdullaganj town and inside the
Ratapani Wildlife Sanctuary. At least some of the shelters were inhabited b y
Homo erectus more than 100,000 years ago. Some of the Stone Age rock
paintings found among the Bhimbetka rock shelters are approximately 30,000
years old.[3] The caves also deliver early evidence of dance. They were declared
a World Heritage Site in 2003.
The word Bhimbetka is said to derive from Bhimbaithka, meaning "sitting place of
Bhima". Bhimbetka was first mentioned in Indian archeological records in 1888
as a Buddhist site.

2. Burzahom
The site of Burzahom is a Neolithic settlement and cemetery in the Kashmir state
of India, occupied between about 3000-1500 BC. The earliest houses at the site
were semisubterranean pithouses (that is, partially excavated into the ground).
After 2000 BC, the residences were all above-ground mud-brick residences.

3. Mehrgarh
Mehergarh or Mehrgar, is one of the most important Neolithic (6500 BCE to c.
2500 BCE)
sites
in archaeology.
It
lies
on
the Kacchi
Plain of Balochistan, Pakistan. It is one of the earliest sites with evidence of
farming and herding in South Asia.

Early Mehrgarh residents lived in mud brick houses, stored their grain in
granaries, fashioned tools with local copper ore, and lined their large basket
containers
with bitumen.
They
cultivated
six
row barley, einkornand emmer wheat, jujubes and dates, and herded sheep,
goats and cattle. Residents of the later period (5500 BCE to 2600 BCE) put much
effort into crafts, including flint knapping, tanning, bead production, andmetal
working.[4] Mehrgarh is probably the earliest known center of agriculture in South
Asia.[5]

4. Belum Caves
Belum Caves is the second largest cave in Indian subcontinent and the longest
caves in plains of Indian Subcontinent, known for its stalactite and stalagmite
formations. Belum Caves have long passages, spacious chambers, fresh water
galleries and siphons. It is a natural underground cave formed by the constant
flow of underground water. The caves reach its deepest point (150 feet from
entrance level) at the point known as Pataalaganga. Belum Caves derive their
name from "Bilum" Sanskrit word for caves. Belum Caves is located at Belum
Village in Kolimigundla Mandal of Kurnool District in State of Andhra Pradesh.
Also known as Kurnool Caves.

5. Hallur
Karnatkaarchiological site (Map attached in last)

6. Chirand
Chirand is a stratified Neolithic, Chalcolithic, and Iron Age settlement in the
eastern Ganges Valley of Bihar in northern India, between about 2500-AD. The
Neolithic occupation (2500-1345 BC) contains evidence of small circular huts,
and small scale farming of wheat, rice, mung, masur, and peas.

7. Pressure Flaking Technique - Making stone tools.

8. Palaeolithic = Palaeo means old Lithos means stone.2 million years
ago to 12000 years agothis span of time covers 99 percent of human history.

9. Mesolithic means middle stone = 12000 yrs ago to 10000 years ago
when there started change in environment. Stone tools found in this age are
generally tiny and called microliths.

10. Neolithic=
11. Ostrices eggs were found in india of paliolithic age.
Keyword: Domestication; Beginnings of domestication (about 12,000 years
ago)

12. Catal Huyuk: Archiological site in Turkey.

13. Mohan jodro
Mohenjo-daro Mound of the Dead is an archeological site in the province
of Sindh, Pakistan. Built around 2600 BCE. Significant excavation has since
been conducted at the site of the city, which was designated a UNESCO World
Heritage Site in 1980.

14. Kalibangan
Kalibangn is a town located at banks of the Ghaggar (Ghaggar-Hakra River),
identified by some scholars with Sarasvati River in Tehsil Pilibangn, between
Suratgarh and Hanumngarh in Hanumangarh district, Rajasthan. It is also
identified as being established in the triangle of land at the confluence of
Drishadvathi and Sarasvathi Rivers.[3] Kalibangan is distinguished by its unique
fire altars and "world's earliest attested ploughed field".

15. Harappa
Harappa is an archaeological site in Punjab, eastern Pakistan, The site takes its
name from a modern village located near the former course of the Ravi River.
The site of the ancient city contains the ruins of a Bronze Age fortified city

16. Dholavira, Lothal Gujarat

Keyword: Craft person

17. Budh : Belongs to sakhaya gana; passed in kushinara.
18.Kisagotmi: a lady who asked Budh to make her son alive
19. Zoroastar
Zoroaster was an Iranian prophet. His teachings are contained in a book called
the Avesta. The language of the Avesta, and the practices described in it are very
similar to those of the Vedas. The basic teachings of Zoroaster are contained in
the maxim Good thoughts, Good Words and Good Deeds. For more than a
thousand years, Zoroastrianism was a major religion in Iran. Later, some
Zoroastrians migrated from Iran and settled down in the coastal towns of Gujarat
and Maharashtra. They were the ancestors of todays Parsis.

20. Mahavira and Buddha : about 2500 yrs ago.

21. Ashoka
The empire that Ashoka ruled was founded by his grandfather, Chandragupta
Maurya, more than 2300 years ago. Chandragupta was supported by a wise man
named Chanakya or Kautilya. Many of Chanakyas ideas were written down in a
book called the Arthashastra. Chandragupt > Bindusara > Ashoka

22. Taxila : in Rawalpindi Pakistan; known as city of cut stones.

23. Megasthenes

was the ambassador of Selecus Nicator to

Chandergupta Maurya.

24. Kalinga : name of coastal Orrisa.

25. Use of iron began 3000 yrs ago.
26. Village headman was known as the grama bhojaka. Usually, men from the
same family held the position for generations. In other words, the post was
hereditary. The grama bhojaka was often the largest landowner. Generally, he
had slaves and hired workers to cultivate the land. Besides, as he was powerful,

the king often used him to collect taxes from the village. He also functioned as a
judge, and sometimes as a policeman.

27. Grihapatis : Smaller landowners.

28. Dasa karmakara: did not own land, and had to earn a living
working on the fields owned by others.

29. In the Tamil region, large landowners were known as vellalar, ordinary
ploughmen were known as uzhavar, and landless labourers, including slaves,
were known as kadaisiyar and adimai.

30. The earliest Tamil compositions: Sangam literature, were composed

around 2300 years ago. These texts were called Sangam because they were
supposed to have been composed and compiled in assemblies (known as
sangams) of poets that were held in the city of Madurai.

31. Jatakas:

These were stories that were probably composed by

ordinary people, and then written down and preserved by Buddhist monks.

32. Mathura became the second capital of kushanas.

33. Shrenis: Many crafts persons and merchants now formed associations
known as shrenis.

34. Arikamedu: Arikamedu was a coastal settlement where ships

unloaded goods from distant lands.

35. Silk Route: Techniques of making silk were first invented in China
around 7000 years ago. While the methods remained a closely guarded secret
for thousands of years, some people from China who went to distant lands on
foot,
Horse back, and on camels, carried silk with them. The paths they followed came
to be known as the Silk Route. Some kings tried to control large portions of the
route. This was because they could benefit from taxes, tributes and gifts that
were brought by traders travelling along the route. In return, they often protected
the traders who passed through their kingdoms from attacks by robbers. The
best-known of the rulers who controlled the Silk Route were the Kushanas, who
ruled over central Asia and north-west India around 2000 years ago. Their two
major centres of power were Peshawar and Mathura. Taxila was also included

in their kingdom. During their rule, a branch of the Silk Route extended from
Central Asia down to the seaports at the mouth of the river Indus, from where silk
was shipped westwards to the Roman Empire. The Kushanas were amongst the
earliest rulers of the subcontinent to issue gold coins. These were used by
traders along the Silk Route.

36. The spread of Buddhism

The most famous Kushana ruler was Kanishka, who ruled around 1900 years
ago. He organized a Buddhist council, where scholars met and discussed
important matters. Ashvaghosha, a poet who composed a biography of the
Buddha, the Buddhacharita, lived in his court.

37.
Kalidas, the poet and astronomer Aryabhata were during the time of
Chandrgupta II i.e Vikramayaditya

Showing Important Cities and Kingdoms

38. Harshavardhana, ruled India nearly 1400 years ago. His court poet,
Banabhatta, wrote his biography, the Harshacharita, in Sanskrit. This gives us the
genealogy of Harsha, and ends with his becoming king. Xuan Zang, Chinese
visitor, also spent a lot of time at Harshas court and left a detailed account of
what he saw.

39. The Pallavas, Chalukyas and Pulakeshins

prashasti
The Pallavas and Chalukyas were the most important ruling dynasties in south
India.
kingdom of the Pallavas: spread from the region around their capital,
Kanchipuram, to the Kaveri delta,
Kingdom of Chalukyas: Centred around the Raichur Doab, between the rivers
Krishna and Tungabhadra. Aihole, the capital of the Chalukyas, was an important
trading centre. It developed as a religious centre, with a number of temples.
The best known Chalukya ruler was Pulakeshin II.
Both the Pallavas and the Chalukyas gave way to new rulers belonging to the
Rashtrakuta and Chola dynasties.

40. Administration Structure

Poet Harishena was:
Maha-danda-nayaka, or chief judicial officer,
Kumar-amatya, meaning an important minister, and a
Sandhi-vigrahika, meaning a minister of war and peace.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Nagara shreshthi means chief banker or merchant of the city.
sarthavaha or leader of the merchant caravans
prathama-kulika or the chief craftsman, and the head of the kayasthas or
scribes.

41. Samantas.
There were military leaders who provided the king with troops whenever he
needed them. They were not paid regular salaries. Instead, some of them
received grants of land. They collected revenue from the land and used this to
maintain soldiers and horses, and provide equipment for warfare. These men
were known as samantas. Whenever the ruler was weak, samantas tried to
become independent.

42. Assemblies in Southern Kingdoms

sabha, :Assembly of brahmin land owners. This assembly functioned through
subcommittees, which looked after irrigation, agricultural operations, making
roads, local temples, etc.
Ur : Village assembly found in areas where the land owners were not brahmins.
Nagaram: An organisation of merchants. It is likely that these assemblies
were controlled by rich and powerful landowners and merchants.

43. Stupa
Stupa means a mound. Generally, there is a small box placed at the centre or
heart of the stupa. This may contain bodily remains (such as teeth, bone or
ashes) of the Buddha or his followers, or things they used, as well as precious
stones, and coins. This box, known as a relic casket, was covered with earth.
Later, a layer of mud brick or baked brick was added on top. And then, the dome
like structure was sometimes covered with carved stone slabs.
Amaravati was a place where a magnificent stupa once existed. The most
important part of the temple was the room known as the garbhagriha, where the
image of the chief deity was placed.

44. Ajanta Caves

Ajanta: Most of canes in Ajanta were monasteries for Buddhist monks, and
some of them were decorated with paintings. The colours, which are vivid even
after 1500 years, were made of plants and minerals.

45. Books
Silappadikaram : A famous Tamil epic, the Silappadikaram, was composed by a
poet named Ilango, around 1800 years ago.
Manimekalai : Tamil epic, the Manimekalai was composed by Sattanar around
1400 years ago.
Meghadutta: Kalidas best known poem.
Aryabhatiyam: Wrote by aryabhatta.
Paper; invented by Chinese man Cai Lun.
.