Plane Wave Reflection and Transmission

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EE2011
Plane Wave Reflection and Transmission

1 Normal Incidence at a Conducting Boundary
Medium 1 air or dielectric medium
(1 = 0)
(1 , 1 )
Medium 2 perfect conductor
Er
k r
Hr
E2 (z ) = H 2 (z ) = 0
Ei
k i
z
Js
+++
Hi
(2 = )
z=0
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Surface current density

Surface charge density
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Incident fields:
Ei ( z ) = x Ei 0 e
H i ( z ) = y
-j1 z
Reflected electric field:

E r ( z ) = x Er 0 e
Ei 0
H r ( z ) = y
+ j 1 z
Transmitted fields in medium 2:
e-j1z
E r 0 e + j 1 z
E2 (z ) = H 2 (z ) = 0
Boundary conditions,
n 1 E1 ( z ) E2 ( z )
z =0
n 1 H1 ( z ) H 2 ( z )
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z =0
=0
E1 ( z ) = Ei ( z ) + Er ( z )
= Js
H1 ( z ) = H i ( z ) + H r ( z )
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Note that the boundary conditions are prescribed and

cannot be theoretically derived or proved.
Note that as only one unknown Er0 is to be found, we
only need the electric field boundary condition.
Tangential
component of E1
Let,
E1|| ( 0 ) = n 1 E1 ( z ) z =0
E2|| ( 0 ) = n 1 E2 ( z ) z =0
Then,
E1|| (0 ) = E2|| (0 ) = 0
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Total electric field in medium 1:

E1 ( z ) = Ei ( z ) + E r ( z )
- j 1 z
+ j 1 z
= xEi 0 e
+ x Er 0 e
At z = 0, using the boundary condition,
E1|| (0 ) = 0 Ei 0 + Er 0 = 0
Er 0 = Ei 0
Total electric field:

E1 ( z ) = Ei (z ) + E r (z )
- j 1 z
+ j 1 z
= xEi 0 e
e
= x j 2 Ei 0 sin (1 z )
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Reflected electric field :

E r ( z ) = x Ei 0 e + j1z
Reflected magnetic field :

1
H r ( z ) = ( z ) E r (z )
=
=
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1
1
+ j 1 z
( z ) ( x )Ei 0e
y Ei 0 e + j1z
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Total magnetic field in medium 1:

H1 ( z ) = H i ( z ) + H r ( z )
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= y
Ei 0
= y
Ei 0
(e
= y
Ei 0
2 cos(1 z )
- j 1 z
- j 1 z
+e
y Ei 0 e + j1z
+ j 1 z
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Instantaneous fields:
E1 ( z , t ) = Re{E1 (z )e jt } = x 2 Ei 0 sin (1 z )sin (t )
H1 ( z , t ) = Re{H1 ( z )e
jt
}= y 2
Ei 0
cos(1 z )cos(t )
Note that both the total electric and total magnetic fields
in medium 1 are standing waves*.
By setting sin( z)=0 in E
1
1. They are to each other and 90 out of phase.

2. The electric field vanishes at z = -n/2, n = 0,1,2,
3. The magnetic field vanishes at z =-(/4 + n/2).
By setting cos(1z)=0 in H1
* See animation Formation of a Pure Standing Wave to show the making of a standing wave from
two traveling waves moving in opposite directions
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Total electric and magnetic fields in medium 1

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Example 1
A uniform plane wave (Ei, Hi) at a frequency of 100 MHz
travels in air in the +x direction. The electric field is
polarised in the y direction. The wave impinges normally on
a perfectly conducting plane at x = 0. The amplitude of the
incident electric field is 610-3 V/m and its initial phase is
zero.
(a) Write phasor and instantaneous expressions for Ei, Hi.
(b) Write phasor and instantaneous expressions for Er, Hr.
(c) Write phasor and instantaneous expressions for E1, H1 in
air.
(d) Determine the position nearest to the conducting plane
where E1 = 0.
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Solutions
(a)
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(b)
(x)
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(c)
(d) The electric field vanishes at x = -n/2, n = 0,1,2,.Except at the boundary

surface (n = 0), the nearest null will be at n = 1. That is, x = - /2 = -1.5 m.
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2 Normal Incidence at a Dielectric Boundary

Medium 1 air or dielectric medium
( 1 = 0)
(1 , 1 )
Medium 2 dielectric medium
k r
Hr
Ei
Hi
( 2 = 0)
( 2 , 2 )
Er
k i
Et
Ht
k t
z=0
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Incident, reflected, and transmitted fields:

Ei 0 - j1z
-j1 z
Ei (z ) = x Ei 0 e
H i ( z ) = y
e
E r ( z ) = x Er 0 e j1z
H r (z ) = y
Et (z ) = x Et 0 e
H t ( z ) = y
-j 2 z
Medium parameters:
1 = 11 ,
1
1 =
,
1
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Er 0
Et 0
e j 1 z
e - j 2 z
2 = 2 2
2
2 =
2
14
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Boundary conditions:
E1|| (0 ) = E2|| (0 )
H1|| (0 ) = H 2|| (0 )
E1|| (0 ) = Ei 0 (0 ) + Er 0 (0 ),
H1|| (0 ) =
Ei 0 (0 )
Er 0 (0 )
E2|| (0 ) = Et 0 (0 )
,
H 2|| (0 ) =
Et 0 (0 )
The boundary conditions lead to:

Ei 0 Er 0 Et 0
Ei 0 + Er 0 = Et 0
Solving for Er0 and Et0,
2 1
Er 0 =
Ei 0
2 + 1
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Et 0 =
Ei 0
2 + 1
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Define:
Er 0 2 1
Reflection coefficient, =
=
Ei 0 2 + 1
Et 0
2 2
Transmission coefficient, =
=
Ei 0 2 + 1
Note:
1+ =
1
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Using and , the field expressions in the media can be

expressed in terms of the incident field amplitude Ei0:
Incident
Ei (z ) = x Ei 0 e
-j1 z
Reflected E r ( z ) = x Ei 0 e
Transmitted Et (z ) = x Ei 0 e
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j1 z
-j 2 z
17
H i ( z ) = y
Ei 0
H r ( z ) = y
- j 1 z
Ei 0
j1 z
Ei 0 - j z
H t ( z ) = y
e
2
2
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Power Density Relationship
Reflected power density, Sr

1
= Re {Er ( z ) H*r ( z )}
2
1 Ei 0
=
2 1
1
2 Ei 0
= Re ( z )
1
2
= incident power density
1 Ei 0
= incident power density
2 1
reflected power density

=
= fraction of power reflected
incident power density
2
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Transmitted power density, St

1
= Re {Et ( z ) H*t ( z )}
2
1
= Re z
2
Ei 0
2
2
1 1 Ei 0
=
2 2 1
2 1
=
2
2
1 transmitted power density
=
= fraction of power transmitted
2
2
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Since the media are lossless,

Fraction of reflected power + Fraction of transmitted power = 1
That is,
1
+
=1
2
2
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Total average power density in medium 1, S1

1
= Re {E1 ( z ) H1* ( z )}
2
1
= Re Ei ( z ) + Er ( z ) H*i ( z ) + H*r ( z )
2
1
1
*
= Re {Ei ( z ) H i ( z )} + Re {Er ( z ) H*r ( z )}
2
2
Ei 0
21
= 1
Ei 0
21
) incident power density
= transmitted power density
1
=
2
2
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Total electric field in medium 1:
E1 ( z ) = Ei (z ) + E r ( z ) = x Ei 0 e-j1z + x Er 0 e j1z
(
)
[(1 + )e + (e e )]
[(1 + )e + j2 sin( z )]
[e + j 2 sin( z )]
= x Ei 0 e- j1z + e j1z
= x Ei 0
= x Ei 0
= x Ei 0
- j 1 z
j 1 z
- j 1 z
- j 1 z
travelling wave
(amplitude: Ei 0 )
- j 1 z
|E1|
standing wave
(amplitude: 2Ei 0 )
The total electric field in medium 1 has local maximum and

minimum values but does not go to zero at any location.
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Computer Animation of a Standing Wave

See animation Standing Wave (with Different Reflection
Coefficients) to show the making of a general standing wave from
two traveling waves with different amplitudes (A1 and A2) moving
in opposite directions.
Total resultant wave = E1 ( z ) = x Ei 0 e-j1z + x Er 0 e j1z

= x A1e- j1z + x A 2e j1z
= Er 0 / Ei 0 = A2/A1 = reflection coefficient
Note that inside the website you can change the ratio of A2/A1 (i.e.,
the reflection coefficient) to investigate the effect on the resultant
standing wave.
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Total magnetic field in medium 1:

H1 ( z ) = H i ( z ) + H r ( z )
= y
Ei 0
(e
= y
Ei 0
([ 1 + )e- j z (e j z + e- j z )]
= y
Ei 0
[e
1
1
1
- j 1 z
e j1z
1
- j 1 z
)
1
2 cos(1 z )
Note: The total fields in medium 2 are the transmitted

waves and they are pure travelling waves.
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= e j
Maxima and minima of EM fields:
(
)
(1 + e e )
[1 + e ( ) ]
-j1 z
j2 1 z
E1 ( z ) = xEi 0 e 1 + e
E1 ( z ' ) = x Ei 0 e j1z '
j - j2 1 z '
= x Ei 0 e j1z '
H1 ( z ) = y
Ei 0 e-j1z
H1 ( z ' ) = y
= y
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Ei 0 e
- j 2 1 z '
(1 e )
j 1 z '
Ei 0 e j1z '
25
z' = z
j2 1 z
(1 e
j - j2 1 z '
[1 e (
- j2 1 z ' )
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E1 ( z ' ) = Ei 0 1 + e-j(2 1z ' )
H1 ( z ' ) =
magnitude
Ei 0
1 e-( j2 1z ' )
E1 achieves a maximum at zM when e-j(2 1z ' M ) = 1 such that:

E1 ( z' M ) = Ei 0 1 +
That is, when:

2 1 z ' M = 2n ,
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n = 0,1,2,"
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If the media are lossless, 1 and 2 are both real.
2 1 > 0,
=
2 + 1 < 0,
when
when
= 0,
= e
= ,
j
when
when
2 > 1
2 < 1
2 > 1
2 < 1
Therefore,
21 z 'M = 2n ,
21 z 'M = ( 2n + 1) ,
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when
when
2 > 1
2 < 1
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E1 achieves a minimum at zm when e-j(2 1z 'm ) = 1 such that:

E1 ( z' m ) = Ei 0 1
Using the same analysis as for the maximum position,

21 z 'm = ( 2n + 1) ,
21 z 'm = 2n ,
when
when
2 > 1
2 < 1
H1s maxima and minima are opposite to those of E1s.

All the maxima and minima are summarized in the
following Table.
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Table for positions of the maxima and

minima of the EM field in medium 1
Note that : E1 max = Ei 0 (1 +

E1 min = Ei 0
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)
(1 )
|E1|max
29
|E1|min
z
zM
zm 0
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The ratio of |E1|max to |E1|min is called the standing wave

ratio S:
S=
E1 max
E1 min
1+
=
1
S 1
=
S +1
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Example 2
A beam of yellow light with a wavelength of 0.6 m is
normally incident from air (z > 0) on to a glass (z < 0) . If
the glass surface is at the plane z = 0 and the relative
permittivity of glass is 2.25, determine:
(a) the locations of the electric field maxima in medium
1 (air),
(b) the fraction of the incident power transmitted into
the glass medium.
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Solutions
(a) We determine the medium parameters,
1
0 ~
=
120 ( )
1 =
1
0
2
0 1 ~ 120
=
= 80 ( )
2 =
2
0 r
2.25
2 1 80 120
=
= 0.2
=
2 + 1 80 + 120
2 2
160
=
= 0.8
=
2 + 1 80 + 120
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Electric-field magnitude is a maximum at (with < 0):

z' M =
+n
(n = 0,1,2,...)
4
2
with 1 = 0.6 m
(b) The fraction of the incident power transmitted into

the glass medium is
Note : Pavi Pav1
i 2
i 2
E0
E0
Pav2
2 1
2
2 120
=
= 0 .8
= 0.96
=
/
2
Pavi
80
22 21
Pav2
2
2
Alternatively,
= 1 = 1 (0.2 ) = 0.96 or 96%
Pavi
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Plane Wave Reflection and Transmission

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