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3 AUTHORS, INCLUDING:
Robynne Murray
Dominic Groulx
Dalhousie University
Dalhousie University
17 PUBLICATIONS 63 CITATIONS
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HT2012-58279
Robynne E. Murray
Mechanical Engineering, Dalhousie University
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Dominic Groulx
Mechanical Engineering, Dalhousie University
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Phase Change Material (PCM)
Lauric acid is the PCM being used in this study, as it is a
promising choice with nearly no supercooling and desirable
melting and freezing qualities [16]. The differential scanning
calorimeter (DSC) curve for lauric acid (dodecanoic acid;
CH3(CH2)10COOH; crude [< 80% pure, from Fisher Scientific])
shows a melting temperature range of 43.3 to 45.7C and
solidification temperature range of 38.8 to 35 C [16]. The
material properties are displayed in Table 1.
a)
Apparatus
Two types of LHESS were studied: a horizontal cylinder
and a vertical cylinder. Both PCM containers are made of
acrylic plastic to enable visualization. PCM containers are
insulated with fiberglass wool and all hot water pipes are
insulated with self-sealing foam pipe wrap to minimize heat
losses to the surroundings.
b)
Figure 1. a) 3D Solidworks rendering of the horizontal cylinder
LHESS, b) Picture of the horizontal cylinder LHESS before
charging containing the solid PCM.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Horizontal LHESS: Charging
Horizontal LHESS Experimental Procedure
For the horizontal cylinder, two modes are studied:
charging and discharging. At the beginning of the charging
process, lauric acid is solid in the container at room
temperature. Hot water from the constant temperature water
bath is pumped through the finned copper pipe, eventually
entirely melting the lauric acid. The charging portion of the
experiment is completed when the system reaches steady state.
Temperatures are recorded every minute. At this point in the
experiment, cold water from the municipal water supply is
passed through the system to solidify the lauric acid and recover
the stored thermal energy (discharging process). This second
leg of the experiment is concluded when the lauric acid is
entirely solid at room temperature. Table 2 presents the
experimental parameters used for those studies.
Table 2. Experimental Parameters for horizontal LHESS studies
Hot Flow Rate
Hot inlet temperature
Cold Flow Rate
Cold inlet temperature
a)
b)
Figure 9. Picture of PCM container after a) 2 hours of charging,
and b) 5 hours of charging (flow rate of 5 L/min).
Figure 2a) shows the horizontal LHESS when all the PCM
inside is solid, before charging. Figure 9 shows pictures taken
after 2 hours (a) and 5 hours of charging (b) with a flow rate of
5 L/min. After two hours of charging the PCM around the edge
of the fin melted and more PCM inside the container next to the
pipe has melted. After five hours, even more PCM melted
around the fins; with more melting in the top quadrants because
of natural convection. Also, knowing that the water flows from
left to right in Fig. 9b), more molten PCM can be observed
close to the inlet at left compared to the outlet at right.
Horizontal LHESS: Discharging
a)
From Figs. 11a) and b), for the probes on the hot side of the
container and the probes situated between the hot and cold
pipes, the PCM starts melting rapidly closer to the top of the
container. It takes a longer time for the PCM near the bottom to
melt, because most of the energy given off by the pipe and fins
is displaced upward by natural convection. The expected
temperature plateau leading to the melting temperature can be
observed on Fig. 11c); the PCM is again melting in layers, from
top to bottom, the process dominated by natural convection but
taking longer since the heat source is at the opposite side of the
container.
With the given flow rate, it took close to 48 hours to melt
the entire PCM, noting that the last layer of PCM at the bottom
of the tank and below the fins takes a considerable amount of
time to melt because natural convection from the melted PCM
layer above does not assist in the process.
The total amount of energy stored over time in the LHESS
with a charging flow rate of 0.55 L/min is presented in Fig. 12.
The rate of energy storage is nearly constant. During the
charging process, at any given time, some of the solid PCM is
being heated to the melting temperature (sensible heat), some of
the PCM is melting (latent heat), and some of the liquid PCM is
being heated beyond the melting temperature (sensible heat).
All these simultaneous contributions result in this nearly
constant rate of energy storage and result in a total of 5 MJ of
energy stored. As seen in Fig. 12, the error in the energy
calculations increases over time as the uncertainty on the
measured temperature between the water at the inlet and outlet
gets compounded over time. When this temperature difference
is small enough, the calibration uncertainty is the same order of
magnitude as the temperature difference. For this reason the
theoretical energy storage capacity is used as a benchmark to
increase confidence in the energy values calculated.
b)
c)
b)
c)
a)
a)
b)
c)
fin (the other fin being above the side fin and not contributing
to natural convection) remained solid much longer.
In the vertical system, the upper region melted more rapidly
because of the increased energy carried to it by convective
movement of the liquid melt.
During discharging, the effect of natural convection was
reduced in both systems.
Finally, during simultaneous
charging/discharging, a stratified state was found inside the
remaining liquid PCM.
Future work will include performing additional
experiments at different flow rates, as well as repeating these
same experiments with different thermocouple probe positions.
This will lead to more information about the temperature
profiles inside the LHESS, resulting in a better understanding of
the impact of natural convection. Phase change heat transfer
numerical models will also be created to increase the
understanding of heat transfer in LHESS and help in future
LHESS design. Those numerical models will be validated
using the experimental results.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
[2]
CONCLUSIONS
Results of experiments performed on both vertical and
horizontal cylindrical LHESS during charging, discharging, and
simultaneous charging/discharging have been presented. Each
pipe passing through the cylindrical PCM containers had four
longitudinal fins to enhance the overall rate of heat transfer in
and out of the systems.
Natural convection was found to play a crucial role during
charging
(melting)
and
during
simultaneous
charging/discharging (in the vertical LHESS).
During charging in the horizontal LHESS, the PCM in the
two upper quadrants melted faster due to the presence of natural
convection enhanced by the lower and side fins enclosing each
of the two quadrants. The PCM in the lower quadrants,
benefiting only from natural convection stemming from the side
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
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