PET-570 Reservoir Chemistry Project

Student name: Chunlei zhang

Student number: 230286
Date:04/17/2015

Project1 EFFECT OF CARBONATE ON WATER CHEMISTRY

OBJECTIVE
1. To study the change in pH over a range of temperature for different water systems in presence
of CO2 gas phase and Calcite equilibrium phase.
2. To study the dissolution of calcite with temperature in different water systems.

GIVEN DATA
The ion composition of the individual Water/brines that we will use are given in Table 0:

DI Water
mmol/l
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

Ions
Na+
K+
Ca+
Mg2+
ClSO42HCO3CO32TDS,g/l
IS

Table 0
Nacl
mmol/l
657.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
657.4
0.0
0.0
*
38.42
0.657

Nacl+Ca
mmol/l
617.7
0.0
13.0
0.0
643.7
0.0
0.0
*
37.54
0.657

SW
mmol/l
450.1
10,1
13.0
44,5
525,1
24,0
2,0
*
33,4
0.657

DI water
o Simulation result data for the DI water.
Table 1 simulation data for the DI water
DI

PH
DI+CO2

DI+CAL

25

3.809

9.907

Conc. Of
Ca(mmol/kg)
0.1241

50

6.632

3.894

9.336

0.1486

75

6.344

3.991

8.864

0.1726

100

6.12

4.094

8.47

0.1874

125

5.945

4.201

8.142

0.1879

150

5.813

4.311

7.876

0.1755

Temp()

o Diagram of PH vs Temperature for DI Water Solution

PH vs Temperature For DI Water Solution

12
9.907
10

PH

DI
9.336

6.632

DI with CO2

8.864

DI with Calcite

8.47

8.142

7.876

6.344

6.12

5.945

5.813

3.991

4.094

4.201

4.311

75

100

125

150

6
3.809

3.894

25

50

4
2
0
0

Temperature()

175

Fig 1 PH vs Temperature for DI water solution

o Comments on the pH effects of CO2 and Calcite

1. The effect of CO2 to the water is donating the H+ by acting as acid to the
water base. With the following reactions. The concentration of H+ is
increasing at the same temperature compared pure water without CO2
which results in the reduction of PH number. While the solubility of CO2 Is
decreased with temperature rise, the concentration of CO2 is reducing and
the PH number is increasing even higher temperature can increasing the
concentration of + .
2 + 2 2 3

(1)

2 3 + 2 31 + 3 +

(2)

2. The effect of Calcite to the water is absorbing the H+ by acting as base to the
water. With the following reactions. The concentration of is increasing at
the same temperature compared pure water without Calcite which results in the
rise of PH number. While the solubility of Calcite Is decreased with temperature
rise, the concentration of is reducing and the PH number and concentration
of H+ is increasing.
3 () 32 + +2
32 + 2 31 +

(3)
(4)

3. As for the pure water, the reaction would move to right as the temperature
increasing. The concentration of + is increasing and the PH number becomes
smaller than lower temperature.

o The dissolution of Calcite (CaCO3) vs Temperature.

Con. of Ca vs Temperature of DI Water

0.25

Con. of Ca(mmol/kg)

0.2

0.1874

0.1879

100

125

0.1726

0.1755

0.1486
0.15

0.1241

0.1

0.05

0
0

25

50

75

150

175

Temperature()

Fig 2. Concentration of Ca vs Temperature for DI water solution

As seeing from the diagram of conc. Of Ca, it would initially increase with the increasing
temperature. The solubility of calcite would decrease with temperature, however, the increasing
concentration of [H] would consume the 32(reaction 7). Under that conition the solubility of
calcite would increase which leave high [OH-] and lower [H]. At temperatue around 120, it reach the
peak. Then precipitation of Calcite (reaction 5) arising due to the temperatures effect on the
solubility override the increasing solubility caused by the increasing concentration of [H+].
3 () 3()

(5)

3 () +2 + 32
32 + 2 3 +

(6)
(7)

NaCl brine
o Simulation result data for the NaCl brine
Table 2 simulation data for the DI water
TEMP()
25
50
75
100
125
150

NACL
7
6.606
6.307
6.076
5.896
5.759

PH
NACL+CO2
3.858
3.946
4.046
4.151
4.259
4.368

NA+CAL
9.873
9.282
8.808
8.427
8.122
7.88

Conc. Of Calcite
(mmol/KG)
0.537
0.726
0.890
0.970
0.950
0.850

o Diagram of PH vs Temperature for NaCl brine Solution

PH vs Temperature of Nacl Brine

12
9.873
10
7

PH

9.282
6.606

NaCl Brine
8.808

NaCl with CO2

8.427

8.122

7.88

6.307

6.076

5.896

5.759

4.046

4.151

4.259

4.368

75

100

125

150

6
3.858

3.946

25

50

NaCl with Calcite

4
2
0
0

Temperature()

175

Fig 3 PH vs Temperature for NaCl brine

For different of NaCl brine, the temperature has various effect. As for the NaCl brine, the PH
number is decreasing with the increased temperature since more H+ has been donated by
water with higher temperature. While for the NaCl brine with CO2, the PH number is
increasing since the solubility of CO2 is reducing as higher temperature. For the NaCl brine
with Calcite, the concentration of [H+] is increasing with the temperature due to the
reducing solubility of Calcite which can consume proton(reaction 5,6,7).

o The dissolution of Calcite (CaCO3) vs Temperature.

Con. of Ca vs Temperature of Nacl Brine

1.200

0.970

Con. of Ca(mmol/kg)

1.000

0.890

0.950
0.850

0.726

0.800
0.537

0.600
0.400
0.200

0.1241

0.1486

0.1726

0.1874

0.1879

0.1755

25

50

75

100

125

150

0.000
0

175

Temperature()

Fig 4. Concentration of Ca vs Temperature for DI NaCl Brine

As we can see from the above diagram (Fig 4), the dissolution of calcite in NaCl-Brine is bigger than
DI water at same temperature .Although, the solubility variation trend is similar to each other,
increasing with temperature initially.

The reason of NaCl Brine is more soluble is because the adding ion Na+. It can form the complex [NaCO3-] (Molarity 2.96e10-4 @25) with 32 which results in move the reaction 6 to the right
side. Then more Calcite would dissolve into the NaCl brine.

NaCl+Ca2+ - brine
o Simulation result data for the NaCl brine
Table 3 simulation data for the NaCl+Ca2+ - brine
Temp()
25
50
75
100
125
150

PH
9.176
8.659
8.231
7.874
7.577
7.339

Ca(aq)(mmol/kg)
1.305E-02
1.308E-02
1.311E-02
1.313E-02
1.313E-02
1.312E-02

Ca(aq) fromCalcite
5.00E-02
8.00E-02
1.10E-01
1.30E-01
1.30E-01
1.20E-01

o Diagram of PH vs Temperature for NaCl+Ca2+ brine Solution

14
12
9.873
10
8

PH

9.176

9.282

8.659

8.808
8.231

8.427

8.122

7.88

7.874

7.577

7.339
PH for NaCl+Ca

PH for NaCl

2
0
0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

Temperature()

Fig 5 PH vs Temperature for NaCl+ Ca2+ and Nacl brine in equilibrium with Calcite
The diagram illustrate the PH number of calcite in equilibrium NaCl is bigger than that in NaCl+Ca.
The reason is due to the previous adding Ca2+ .It can reduce the solubility of Calcite as well as
decrease the concentration of 32 . Under this circumstance the concentration of [OH-] in NaCl+Ca
is lower than solution without Ca2+. Thus, the latter solution has smaller PH number.

o The dissolution of Calcite (CaCO3) vs Temperature.

0.970

Con. of Ca(mmol/kg)

1.00

0.890

0.950
0.850

0.726

0.80

Conc. Of Ca for NaCl+Ca

0.537

0.60

Conc. Of Ca for NaCl

0.40

Conc. Of Ca for DI Water

0.20
0.00
0

0.1486

0.1726

0.1874

0.1879

0.1241

0.1755

0.080
50

0.110

0.130

0.130

0.120

0.050
25

75

100

125

150

175

Temperature()

Fig 6. Concentration of Ca vs Temperature for NaCl+Ca2+ Brine and NaCl

The lowest solubility for the NaCl+Ca2+ - brine system of Calcite is due to the adding Ca2+. It highly
reduce the solubility of Calcite compare to the other two solution system.

SW brine
o The mineral precipitations for SW and SW+Calcite
Table 4 SI of mineral for SW and SW+Calcite
SI of ion for SW

)
25
50
75
100
125
150

Calcite
-0.35
-0.17
0.03
0.21
0.35
0.43

Dolomite
0
0.52
0.82
0.88
0.68
0.18

Anhydrite
-0.89
-0.7
-0.48
-0.24
0.01
0.27

Aragonite
-0.5
-0.29
-0.08
0.11
0.26
0.35

SI of ion for
SW+Calcite
Dolomite
0.7
0.85
0.76
0.47
-0.02
<0

o The PH number for SW and SW+Calcite

7.309

6.888

6.829

6.781

6.721

6.629

7.029

6.805

6.627

6.488

6.377

PH

5
4

PH for SW

PH for equlibrium of SW with Calcite

2
1
0
0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

Temperature()

Fig 7. pH vs temperature for the SW - brine and SW - brine in equilibrium with Calcite.
When seawater is in equilibrium with calcite, the existing HCO3- in seawater play a role to buffer the
reaction 7 moving to right side. Then concentration of OH- is much smaller than without adding
HCO3- in seawater. Then the concentration of H+ is increasing. The PH number turns out not much
higher than seawater without calcite. Around 75 , actually the reaction 5 actually totally move to
left hand. There is no soluble Calcite. During this process, it consume the OH- with reaction 7, which
results in concentration rising of H+ compare with latter. The PH number is smaller than the
seawater after that temperature.

o dissolution of Calcite (CaCO3) vs Temperature

0.11

0.12

Con. of Ca

0.10
0.07

0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

75

100

125

150

0.00
0

25

50

Temperature()

Fig 8. the dissolution of Calcite (CaCO3) vs Temperature

175

Around 75 , solubility of Calcite is reduced to Zero. The reason of this phenomenon is due to the
existing HCO3-. With temperature increasing, it acts as an acid buffer to maintain the PH varying in
small range. But the solubility of Calcite is continuously decreasing (reaction 5 moving to left hand).
Approximate 75 , it is become zero.

Project 2 Compatibility between FW and Injection brine (SW) - Scale

formation

Given Data
The ion composition of the SW and FW are given in Table 2.1:

Ions
Na+
+

Table 2.1
SeaWater SW

Formation Brine FW

mg/l

mmole/l

mg/l

mmole/l

10347.4

450.1

26574.4

1156.0

393.3

10,10

272.7

7.0

520.0

13.0

4008.5

100.0

2+

Ba
Sr2+

1082.4
0.0
0.0

44.5
0.0
0.0

533.5
540.8
1580.8

22.0
03.sep
18.0

Cl-

18617.4

525.1

51292.4

1446.8

SO42-

2306.0

24.0

0.0

0.0

HCO3-

123.5

2.0
33.39
0.657

7,30

0.1
84.72
1.591

Ca

Mg

2+

TDS,g/l
IS

SW
o The precipitation of mineral.
The precipitation of minerals can be attribute to saturation Index (SI) value. If SI value of less than zero
indicates dissolution and SI>0 indicated precipitation. The following minerals had positive SI value at
higher temperature.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Anhydrite
Aragonite
Calcite
Dolomite

o Plot the precipitate in mmol/kg conc. vs. temperature.

1). Anhydrite (CaSO4)

Table 2.2 Simulation Result of Anhydrite(CaSO4)

TEMP()

SI**

logIAP

logK

25
50
75
100
125
150

-0.89
-0.7
-0.48
-0.24
0.01
0.27

-5.16
-5.27
-5.39
-5.5
-5.62
-5.73

-4.28
-4.58
-4.91
-5.26
-5.63
-6

soluble
Conc.Ca2+
(mol/L)
0.00263
0.00232
0.00202
0.00178
0.00153
0.00100

Total Conc.of
Ca2+
(mol/kg)
0.00263
0.00232
0.00202
0.00178
0.00155
0.00136

precipation of
CaSO4(S)
(mmol/kg)
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.01773
0.36458

4 +2 + 42

(8)

According to the reaction of Anhydrite, then the precipitation would be emerge when the SI>0.
The total ion activity product is

[ +2 ][42 ]
[4 ]

=IAP. The activity of [4 ] is 1. Thus,

Total ion of [+2 ] is equal to (IAP) 0.5 which is equal to the molarity of CaSO4.
While the soluble concentration of CaSO4 can be computed by the equilibrium constant K.
The soluble concentration is K0.5. Then precipitation of CaSO4 is the difference, namely
conc. of precipation = 0.5 0.5

Conc.of
prepicipation(mmol/kg)

5.00E-01
3.65E-01

4.00E-01
3.00E-01
2.00E-01
1.77E-02

1.00E-01
0.00E+00
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Temp()

Fig 2.1. Conc. Of Anhydrite precipitation(CaSO4) vs Temperature

2). Aragonite (CaSO4)

160

Table 2.3 Simulation Result of Anhydrite(CaSO4)

Conc.of prepicipation(mmol/kg)

TMEP
()
25
50
75
100
125
150

SI**

logIAP

-0.5
-0.29
-0.08
0.11
0.26
0.35

-8.83
-8.83
-8.9
-9.06
-9.32
-9.72

soluble Conc.Ca2+
(mol/kg)

logK
-8.34
-8.54
-8.81
-9.17
-9.59
-10.07

3.84592E-05
3.84592E-05
3.54813E-05
2.60016E-05
1.60325E-05
9.22571E-06

Total Conc.of
Ca2+
(mol/Kg)
3.84592E-05
3.84592E-05
3.54813E-05
2.95121E-05
2.18776E-05
1.38038E-05

precipation of
CaSO4(S)
(mmol/kg)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00035
0.00058
0.00046

8.00E-03

6.00E-03

5.85E-03
4.58E-03

4.00E-03

3.51E-03

2.00E-03

0.00E+00
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Temp()

Fig 2.2 Conc. Of Aragonite precipitation (CaSO4) vs Temperature

3). Calcite (CaCO3)

Table 2.4 Simulation Result of Calcite (CaCO3)
TMEP
()

SI**

logIAP

logK

25
50
75
100
125
150

-0.35
-0.17
0.03
0.21
0.35
0.43

-8.83
-8.83
-8.9
-9.06
-9.32
-9.72

-8.48
-8.66
-8.93
-9.27
-9.68
-10.15

soluble
Conc.Ca2+
(mol/kg)
3.84592E-05
3.84592E-05
3.42768E-05
2.31739E-05
1.44544E-05
8.41395E-06

Total Conc.of
Ca2+
(mol/kg)
3.84592E-05
3.84592E-05
3.54813E-05
2.95121E-05
2.18776E-05
1.38038E-05

precipation of
CaSO4(S)
(mmol/kg)
0.00000
0.00000
0.00120
0.00634
0.00742
0.00539

Conc.of prepicipation(mmol/kg)

7.42E-03

8.00E-03
6.34E-03

5.39E-03

6.00E-03

4.00E-03
1.20E-03

2.00E-03

0.00E+00
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Temp()

Fig 2.3 Conc. Of Calcite precipitation (CaCO3) vs Temperature

4). Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2)

conc. of precipation = 0.25 0.35
Table 2.5 Simulation Result of Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2)
SI**

logIAP

logK

soluble Conc.Ca2+
(mol/kg)

Total Conc.of Ca2+

(mol/kg)

25
50
75
100
125
150

0
0.52
0.82
0.88
0.68
0.18

-17.09
-17.11
-17.26
-17.6
-18.14
-18.94

-17.09
-17.63
-18.08
-18.48
-18.82
-19.13

5.33949E-05
3.91291E-05
3.01995E-05
2.39883E-05
1.97242E-05
1.65006E-05

5.33949E-05
5.27837E-05
4.84172E-05
3.98107E-05
2.91743E-05
1.84077E-05

Conc.of prepicipation(mmol/kg)

temp

precipation of
CaSO4(S)
(mmol/kg)
0.00E+00
1.37E-02
1.82E-02
1.58E-02
9.45E-03
1.91E-03

3.00E-02
2.40E-02
1.82E-02
1.80E-02

1.58E-02

1.37E-02

9.45E-03

1.20E-02
6.00E-03

1.91E-03

0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Temp()

Fig 2.4 Conc. Of Dolomite precipitation(CaMg(CO3)2)vs Temperature

 Formation Water
o The precipitation of mineral.
With the temperature increasing, the SI for all the mineral is smaller than zero. Then there is no
precipitation for the formation water with temperature range 25-150

Compatibility of brines
o Precipitation of Minerals:
The precipitation of minerals can be attribute to saturation Index (SI) value. If SI value of less
than zero indicates dissolution and SI>0 indicated precipitation. The following minerals had
positive SI value at higher temperature.
1.
Anhydrite
2.
Aragonite
3.
Calcite
4.
Barite
5.
Celestite
6.
Dolomite
7.
H2O(g)

o Plot the precipitate in mmol/kg conc. vs. temperature.

1). Anhydrite (CaSO4)
Table 2.6 Simulation Result of Anhydrite (CaSO4)

temp()

SI**

logIAP

logK

soluble
Conc.Ca2+
(mol/kg)

Total Conc.of
Ca2+
(mol/kg)

precipation of
CaSO4(S)
(mmol/kg)

25
50
75
100
125
150

-0.7
-0.5
-0.27
-0.02
0.23
0.49

-4.97
-5.07
-5.18
-5.29
-5.4
-5.51

-4.28
-4.58
-4.91
-5.26
-5.63
-6

0.003273
0.002917
0.00257
0.002265
0.001531
0.001

0.00327341
0.00291743
0.0025704
0.00226464
0.00199526
0.00175792

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.464
0.758

Conc.of
prepicipation(mmol/kg)

1.00
0.80

7.58E-01

0.60
4.64E-01

0.40
0.20
0.00
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Temp()

Fig 2.5. Conc. Of Anhydrite precipitation(CaSO4) vs Temperature

2). Aragonite (CaSO4)

Table 2.7 Simulation Result of Anhydrite(CaSO4)

Temp()

SI**

Conc.of prepicipation(mmol/kg)

25
50
75
100
125
150

logIAP

-0.32
-0.16
0
0.11
0.15
0.07

logK

-8.66
-8.7
-8.82
-9.06
-9.44
-10

-8.34
-8.54
-8.81
-9.17
-9.59
-10.07

soluble
Conc.Ca2+
(mol/kg)
4.67735E-05
4.46684E-05
3.89045E-05
2.60016E-05
1.60325E-05
9.22571E-06

Total
Conc.of
Ca2+
(mol/kg)

precipation
of CaSO4(S)
(mmol/kg)

4.6774E-05
4.4668E-05
3.8905E-05
2.9512E-05
1.9055E-05
0.00001

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.004
0.003
0.001

5.00E-03
4.00E-03

3.51E-03
3.02E-03

3.00E-03
2.00E-03
7.74E-04

1.00E-03
0.00E+00
0

20

40

60

80

Temp()

100

120

140

Fig 2.6 Conc. Of Aragonite precipitation (CaSO4) vs Temperature

3). Barite (BaSO4)

160

Table 2.8 Simulation Result of Barite (BaSO4)

temp

SI**

Conc.of prepicipation(mmol/kg)

25
50
75
100
125
150

logIAP

3.39
3
2.76
2.63
2.59
2.61

logK

-6.58
-6.68
-6.78
-6.9
-7.02
-7.14

-9.97
-9.68
-9.54
-9.53
-9.6
-9.75

soluble
Conc.Ca2+
(mol/kg)

Total Conc.of
Ba2+
(mol/kg)

precipation
of CaSO4(S)
(mmol/kg)

1.03514E-05
1.44544E-05
1.69824E-05
1.71791E-05
1.58489E-05
1.33352E-05

0.00051286
0.00045709
0.00040738
0.00035481
0.00030903
0.00026915

0.503
0.443
0.390
0.338
0.293
0.256

8.00E-01
6.00E-01

0.503
0.443

0.390

0.338

4.00E-01

0.293

0.256

2.00E-01
0.00E+00
0

20

40

60

80

Temp()

100

120

140

160

Fig 2.7 Conc. Of Barite precipitation (BaSO4) vs Temperature

4). Calcite (CaCO3)

Table 2.9 Simulation Result of Calcite (CaCO3)

temp

25
50
75
100
125
150

SI**

-0.18
-0.04
0.11
0.21
0.24
0.15

logIAP

-8.66
-8.7
-8.82
-9.06
-9.44
-10

logK

-8.48
-8.66
-8.93
-9.27
-9.68
-10.15

soluble
Conc.Ca2+
(mol/kg)
4.67735E-05
4.46684E-05
3.42768E-05
2.31739E-05
1.44544E-05
8.41395E-06

Total
Conc.of Ca2+
(mol/kg)

precipation of
CaSO4(S)
(mmol/kg)

4.6774E-05
4.4668E-05
3.8905E-05
2.9512E-05
1.9055E-05
0.00001

0.000
0.000
0.005
0.006
0.005
0.002

Conc.of
prepicipation(mmol/kg)

1.00E-02
8.00E-03

0.006

6.00E-03

0.005

0.005

4.00E-03
0.002

2.00E-03
0.000

0.000

0.00E+00
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Temp()

Fig 2.8 Conc. Of Calcite precipitation (CaCO3) vs Temperature

5). Celestite (SrSO4)

Table 2.10 Simulation Result of Celestite (SrSO4)

temp

SI**

logIAP

logK

soluble
Conc.Ca2+
(mol/kg)

25
50
75
100
125
150

0.86
0.91
0.96
1.04
1.13
1.24

-5.8
-5.9
-6
-6.11
-6.23
-6.34

-6.66
-6.8
-6.97
-7.15
-7.36
-7.58

0.00047
0.00040
0.00033
0.00027
0.00021
0.00016

Total
Conc.of
Ca2+
(mol/kg)

precipation
of CaSO4(S)
(mmol/kg)

0.00126
0.00112
0.00100
0.00088
0.00077
0.00068

0.791
0.724
0.673
0.615
0.558
0.514

Conc.of
prepicipation(mmol/kg)

1.00E+00
0.791

0.724

8.00E-01

0.673

0.615

6.00E-01

0.558

0.514

4.00E-01
2.00E-01
0.00E+00
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Temp()

Fig 2.9 Conc. Of Celestite precipitation (SrSO4) vs Temperature

160

6). Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2)

Table 2.11 Simulation Result of Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2)

SI**

logIAP

logK

soluble
Conc.Ca2+
(mol/kg)

Total
Conc.of Ca2+
(mol/kg)

precipation of
CaSO4(S)
(mmol/kg)

25
50
75
100
125
150

-0.38
0.07
0.28
0.2
-0.23
-1.06

-17.47
-17.55
-17.8
-18.28
-19.06
-20.19

-17.09
-17.63
-18.08
-18.48
-18.82
-19.13

0.00004
0.00004
0.00003
0.00002
0.00002
0.00001

0.00004
0.00004
0.00004
0.00003
0.00002
0.00001

0.000
0.002
0.005
0.003
0.000
0.000

Conc.of prepicipation(mmol/kg)

temp

6.00E-03

0.005

5.00E-03
4.00E-03

0.003

3.00E-03
0.002

2.00E-03
1.00E-03

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.00E+00
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Temp()

Fig 2.10 Conc. Of Dolomite precipitation (CaMg(CO3)2) vs Temperature

o Problems caused by precipitation of Minerals-Scale Formation:

1) Severe problem in the reservoir
The damage of precipitation to reservoir mainly result in reducing the permeability. It could not only
reduce the production rate but also lower down the water-injection capacity.
2) Prevention of Scale Formation:
One of the most effective ways to prevent precipitation of minerals by avoiding mixing of incompatible
water. The following procedures can be used for the above incompatibility of SW and FW.
1. Diluting the offending ion to below solubility limit.
2. Removing Ba+2, Sr+2 or Ca+2 ions by ion exchange in the case of freshwater.
3. Sequestering or chelating the Ba+2, Sr+2 or Ca+2 ion.
Calcium Carbonate scale formation can be prevented by one of the following ways:
1. Lowering the pH.
2. Removing the calcium ion by one of the following means:

1.) Ion exchange

2.) Chemical Treatment; Peptization, Sequestering or chelating.
3.) Dilution to lower the solubility limit.
REFERENCES
1. PE570 Reservoir Chemistry Curriculum- Spring 2014 by Professor Skule Strand and Professor
Tina Puntervold.
2. PHREEQC manual or Guide.
3. PET 565- Core Scale Modelling and Water Chemistry curriculum- Spring 2014 (UiS) bu Pl
steb Andersen.