05landfill 2013

Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Rellenos Sanitarios
Institute of Waste Management
Marion Huber-Humer
Gudrun Obersteiner
Peter Beigl
Erwin Binner
Katharina Bhm
Robert Glanz
Marlies Hrad
Gnther Kraus
Sandra Lebersorger
Peter Lechner
Sabine Lenz
Roland Linzner
Peter Mostbauer
Florian Part
Andreas Pertl
Stefan Salhofer
Silvia Scherhaufer
Elisabeth Schmied
Felicitas Schneider
Thomas Ebner
Reinhold Ottner
Julia Nowotny
Zorica Stamenkovic
Erwin Binner MSc.

1
Mathias Stiedl
David Wiederschwinger
Julia Zeilinger
BOKUBOKU-University / Vienna
of Waste Management
Erwin Binner
Institute
LIMA 2013
Outlook
Emissions from Landfills (Gas and leachate)
Landfill Ordinance
Requirements on Wastes
Requirements on Location
Requirements on Landfill Construction
Landfill Aftercare
Methane Oxidation
Landfill Remidiation
Recultivation and Use of Landfills
2
Erwin Binner
ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 1
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Waste Collection in Austria

Source Separate Collection (Definitions)
Municipal Solid Waste collection centers
(MSW)
hazardous
household wastes
treatment
bulky wastes
electronic wastes
biowaste
treatment
landfill
residual waste
glass
paper
co
mp
os
ti
plastics metals
recycling
recycling banks
ng
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Separate Collection
Recycling Bank
paper
plastics
textiles
glass
white colour
metals
biowaste
Erwin Binner
glass
other colours
LIMA 2013
page 2
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Waste Management Concept

Waste Treatment Strategy for MSW
energy
incineration
residual
waste
landfill
MBT
recycling
clasificaton
organic
wastes
5
composting
agricultur
LIMA 2013
compost
Erwin Binner
Waste Management Concept

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
SS = sewage sludge
MBT = mechanical
biological pretreatment
recycling
use
resources
separate
collection
productio
n
residual
waste
MBT
landfill 4
MSW incineration
landfill 3
use?
recycling
thermal treatment
biogenous
resources
separate
productio
n
composting
consumption collected
soil
anaerobic treatment
biowaste
recycling
SS
anaerobic treatment
thermal treatment
excavated soil
construction and
Erwin Binner
waste
6demolition
biogas
reuse
recycling
composting
biogas
landfill 1
landfill 2 LIMA 2013
page 3
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Emissions from Landfills

Reactor Landfill (for Untreated Wastes)
~ 90 % of carbon
greenhousegas
CH4 = 21- 35 x CO2
3rd largest
source
Waste
Leachate
SO4 H S, HS
~ 10% of carbon
anaerob abbaubarer org. Stoff
NO N
many other pollutants
(heavy metals, chemicals,
HS SO4
organic compounds, )
--
Fe
++
Fe
+++
(fllt aus)
--
Rautenweg landfill
2013
Vienna,LIMA
2002
Erwin Binner

Methane Sources source: DEUTSCHER BUNDESTAG (1990)
Million tons CH 4 each year
Natural sources
Swamps, bogs, wetlands
Oceans
lakes
Decomposition of CH 4 Hydrates
Termites and other Insects
Fermentation (by wild ruminants)
All natural sources
Anthropogenic sources
Rice production
Cattle breed ing
landfills
Biomass burning (fire clearing)
Losses of natural gas through mining and
distribution
Coal mining
all anthropogenic sources
unknown fossil sources
All sources
Sinks
Chemical reaction with OH -radical in the
troposphere
Transport and photochemical degradation in the
stratosphere
Microbial oxidation in aerobic soils
Erwin Binner
All sinks
Accumulation in the atmosphere
115
10
5
5
40
5
180
(50-200)
(5-20)
(1-25)
(0-100)
(10-100)
(2-8)
(68-453)
130
75
40
40
30
(70-170)
(70-80)
(20-60)
(20-80)
(10-50)
35 (10-80)
350 (200-520)
60
590 (268-973)
470
50
15 - 30
550
40 - 55
LIMA 2013
page 4
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013

Relevance of Emissions form Landfills
million t CH4 / a
Austria
0.18
EU (15)
4.3
USA
World
11.8
40 - 60
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013

Relevance of Emissions form Landfills
70
60
Mio. t CH4/a
50
40
30
1995
2010
2025
20
10
0
10
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 5
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013

Increase of Methane Emissions in the World
0%
+5
2000
2025
until 2025 methane emissions will increase 50 %

main reason: landfills
11
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013

Anaerobic Degradation
polymer organic substance
carbon hydrate
proteins
lipids
hydrolysis
e.g. bacillus
e.g. clostridium
acidic digestion
monosaccharide
e.g. pseudomonas
amino acids
fatty acids
monomer organic substance
~ 1/3 of organic
acidogenic phase
material converted to
acid forming bacteria
CO2 and H2O aldehyde, ketones, butyric acid, propionic acid, alcohol
~2/3 to
acetic acid
acetic acid forming bacteria
acetogenic phase
methane forming bacteria
methanol
CO2, H2
acetic acid
requires
energy
formic acid
methanogenic phase
energy is released
12
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 6
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013

Phases of a Reactor Landfill
leachate
carbon acids mg/l
acetic acid
propionic acid
butyric acid
valeric acid
time
hydrolysis and acidification

acetogenic phase and start of methane formation
stable methanogenic phase
13
leaching phase
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013

Phases of a Reactor Landfill
leachate
sum
BOD, COD [mg/l]
sum methane
COD
BOD5
time
hydrolysis and acidification

acetogenic phase and start of methane formation
stable methanogenic phase
leaching phase
14
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 7
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013

Leachate
fermentativ-anaerobe
Phase
fermentative-anaerobic phase
saure Phase
Acidogenic
Phase
parameter
Einheit
unit
pH
15
---
Bereich
Mittelwert
range
average
4.5 7.5
6.1
stabilemethane
Methanphase
stabile
phase
Methanphase
Methanogenic
Phase
Bereich
Mittelwert
average
range
7.5 9
COD
mg/l
6,000 60,000
22,000
500 4,500
3,000
BOD5
mg/l
4,000 40,000
13,000
20 550
180
Ca
mg/l
10 2,500
1,200
20 600
60
SO4
mg/l
70 1,750
500
10 420
80
Zn
mg/l
0.1 120
Fe
mg/l
20 2,100
5
780
0.03 45
0.6
3 280
15
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013

Leachate
fermentative-anaerobic phase
fermentativ-anaerobe
Phase
Acidogenic
Phase
saure Phase
parameter
16
Einheit
unit
Bereich
range
stabile
phase
stabilemethane
Methanphase
Methanogenic
Phase
Methanphase
Mittel
average
Total N
mg/l
50 5,000
1,350
NH4-N
mg/l
30 3,000
750
Chloride
mg/l
100 5,000
2,100
Pb
mg/l
0.008 1.02
0.09
Cd
mg/l
0.0005 0.14
0.006
Cr
mg/l
0.03 1,6
0.3
Cu
mg/l
0.004 1.4
0.08
Ni
mg/l
0.02 2.05
0.2
AOX
g/l
320 3,350
2,000
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 8
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013

Organic Matter in Leachate
Acidic Phase
95 % of TOC are low carbon acids, i.e. substances with
low molecular weight (< 100 g/mol)
BOD5 is high
only a low percentage of
BOD5
substances with a high
ca. 0.5
molecular weight
COD
(>> 1,000 g/mol)
easily biological
Methane Phase
degradable
most of TOC are substances with a high molecular weight
17
BOD5 is low
BOD5
ca. 0.1
COD
Erwin Binner
not easily biological

degradable
compounds similar to humic
LIMA 2013
substance
Reduction of Emissions from Landfills

European Landfill Directive
the amount of disposed biological degradable
municipal waste needs to be reduced to
75% since 2006
50% since 2009
35% until 2016
of the amount disposed in 1995.
18
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 9
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013

Austrian Landfill Ordinance
2008 Landfill Ordinance (BGBL. 39/2008)
requirements at waste quality
(1st barrier = internal safety):
limit values for solids (e.g.: TOC < 5%, LOI < 8 %)
and eluate
mechanically-biologically pretreated wastes may
exceed TOC, if calorific value (content of energy)
Ho < 6,600 kJ/kg DM
19
respiration activity
AT4 < 7 mg O2/g DM
gas formation potential
GS21 < 20 Nl/kg DM
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013

requirements at waste quality:
and eluate
reduces

amendment 2004:
Ho < 6.600 kJ/kg DM
reactivity
AT < 7 mg O /g DM
GS21 < 20 Nl/kg DM
4
2
2012: 19 MBT-plants
on work
(~ 670,000 t/a)
20
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 10
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Legal Situation
Landfill Ordinance (BGBL. 39/2008)
concept of 3 barriers
3rd barrier = landfill construction
and operation
1st barrier =
internal safety =
waste quality
2nd barrier = exterior safety
= location
21
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Legal Situation
Landfill Ordinance (BGBL. 39/2008)
concept of 3 barriers
3rd barrier = landfill construction
and operation
1 barrier =
reduces
internal safety =
st
waste quality
emissions
2 barrier = exterior safety
nd
= location
22
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 11
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Quality of Wastes
1st Barrier
23
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Relevant Parameters for

Evaluation of Wastes Total Amounts
total amounts of hazardous compounds
= evaluation of emissions (risk) potential
(long term emissions)
24
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 12
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Analysis for Landfilling Wastes

Determination of Elements
waste sample
digestion
25
analytical technique
elements
ICP AES
As, Pb, Cd, Ni, Zn,

Cu, Cr...
Flame AAS
Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, ...
Hydride AAS
As, Sb, Se
Cold Vapour AAS
Hg
...
...
acid + energy
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Analysis of Wastes
(Heavy) Metal Analysis / Digestion
26
Erwin Binner
photo: Erwin Binner, 2006
LIMA 2013
page 13
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Analysis of Wastes
(Heavy) Metal Analysis / Digestion
Erwin Binner
27photo: Erwin
Binner, 2006
LIMA 2013

Evaluation of Wastes Soluble Amounts
amounts of soluble compounds
= evaluation of risk for ground water
(short term emissions)
28
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 14
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Analysis of Wastes
Pretreatment of Samples - Elution
100 g solid
sample
29
Erwin Binner
+ 1,000 ml
deionized
water
LIMA 2013
Analysis of Wastes
Pretreatment of Samples - Elution
30
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 15
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Centrifugation
30 min. with 6,000 rpm
Erwin Binner
31
LIMA 2013

Evaluation of Wastes Reactivity Parameters
amounts of soluble compounds
= evaluation of risk for ground water
(short term emissions)
limits for reactivity of wastes
= stability of wastes
(degradation, gas formation)
32
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 16
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Control (Analyses) at Landfill

According to Landfill Ordinance (DVO 2008)
conform to EU-landfill ordinance
basic characterisation
(grundlegende Charakterisierung)
detailed analyses prior 1st delivery
compliance test
(bereinstimmungsuntersuchung )
periodical (depending on amount) analyses
on site verification
(Kontrolle auf der Deponie)

visual check, quick tests, main parameters
33
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Control (Analyses) at Landfill

According to Landfill Ordinance (DVO 2008)
input control at landfill site
visual check (waster according to landfill type)
declaration,
quick tests, identity control
record of type, amount, origin and disposition of
wastes
retain sample each 1,000 t input
(not for immediate analyses but stored for 2 years)
34
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 17
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Waste Management in Austria

Landfill Ordinance / Types of Landfills
limits in solid matter and eluates (DEV S4),
(= 1st barrier)
typ 1: Bodenaushubdeponie (excavated soil)

typ 2a: Inertstoffdeponie
typ 2b: Baurestmassendeponie
(inert part of construction and demolition wastes)
typ 3: Reststoffdeponie
(e.g. residues from incineration plants)
typ 4: Massenabfalldeponie
(e.g. MSW = municipal solid wastes)
35
typ 5: Underground Landfill (for hazardous wastes)

Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Landfill Ordinance
Landfill-type Bodenaushubdeponie
36
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
photo: ABF-BOKU
page 18
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Landfill-type 1: Bodenaushubdeponie
total amount in solids
parameter
limit value [mg/kgDM]
amount in eluate (1:10, 24 hours)

parameter
limit value [mg/kgDM]
Zink
37
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Landfill Ordinance
Landfill-type 2b: Bauschuttdeponie
38
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
photo: Erwin Binner
page 19
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Landfill Ordinance
Landfill-type 3: Reststoffdeponie
39
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
photo: Erwin Binner
Landfill Ordinance
Landfill-type 4: Massenabfalldeponie
40
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
photo: Erwin Binner
page 20
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Landfill Ordinance / Landfill-types

Parameters Limited in the Solids
Bodenaushubdeponie
Landfill for Excavated Soil
TOC < 3 % (< 9% Humus)

As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni,
(not contaminated/cont. by geogene background) Hg, Zn, HC, PAHC, BTEX
Inertstoffdeponie
Landfill for Inert Wastes
TOC < 3 %
As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni,
Hg, Zn, KW, PAHC, PCBs,
BTEX
TOC < 3 %
like landfill for excavated soil
(similar to rock)
Baurestmassendeponie
Landf. f. Demolition Wastes
Reststoffdeponie
Landfill for Inert Residues mainly
inorganic, low solubility (e.g. bottom ash)
41
TOC < 5 %
only As, Cd, Hg, HC, PAHC,
BTEX
standard of landfill technique
parameters limited in solids:

allowed concentration of limit values
type of landfill:
Massenabfalldeponie
TOC < 5 %, As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni,
Landf. f. Organic Residues Hg, Ag, Zn, Ba, Ag, POX, HC, PAHC, BTEX,
Erwin Binner
e.g.waste
after MBT
2013
Cross Calorific Value, AT4, GS21 or GBLIMA
21
BodenInertBaurestMassenReststoffaushubabfallmassenabfalldeponie
deponie
deponie
deponie
deponie
I
II1)
Inorganic Contaminants
Arsenic (as As)
50
200
200
200
5,000
500
Barium (as Ba)
10,000
Lead (as Pb)
150
500
500
500
5,000
Cadmium (as Cd)
2
4
4
10
5,000
30
Chrometotal (as Cr)
300
500
500
500
8,000
Cobalt (as Co)
50
50
100
500
Copper (as Cu)
100
500
500
500
5,000
Nickel (as Ni)
100
500
500
500
2,000
Mercury (as Hg)
1
2
2
3
20 1)
20
Silver (as Ag)
100
Zinc (as Zn)
500 1,000
1,000
1,500
5,000
Organic Parameters
TOC (as C)
30,000 2)
30,000 1)
30,000 1)2) 50,000 2)3)
50,000 1)2)
Hydrocarbon3)
50/100/200
500
1,000
5,000
20,000
(wastes like slag, with Index
POX
(as
Cl)
1,000
very high concentrations
PAK (16
4)
4
20
30
300
300
of immobilized hazardous compounds)
compounds)
thereof
0.4
2
6
6
Benzo(a)pyren
PCB (7 comp.)
1
BTEX
6
6
6
Calorific Value and Stability Parameters for mechanical-biological treated wastes
according to 7 Z 7 lit. f (limit for TOC < 5% is not relevant)
(wastes like MBT, with Upper Calorific Value (Ho) in kJ/kg DM
6,600
Respiration Activity within 4 days (AT4) in mg O2/g DM
7
low concentrations
of
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Gassum in Incubation Test within 21 days (GS21) or Gasformation in
20
hazardous compounds) Fermentation Test within 21 days (GB21) in Nl/kg DM
limit values
in Solids
Parameter
according to
different
Austrian
landfill-types
(mg/kg DM)
>
>
>
<
soluble amounts
are more important
total amounts are

more important
42
page 21
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013

Parameters Limited in the Eluate (S/L = 1/10)
parameters limited in eluate:
Bodenaushubdeponie
Landfill for Excavated Soil
TOC < 200 mg/kg DM
Inertstoffdeponie
Landfill for Inert Wastes
TOC < 500 mg/kg DM

(similar to rock)
plus: Sb, Mo, Se, Cl, SO4, phenole
Baurestmassendeponie
Landf. f. Demolition Wastes
TOC < 500 mg/kg DM

Reststoffdeponie
Landfill for Inert Residues mainly
TOC < 500 mg/kg DM

plus: evap. residue, B, CrVI, Cl, SO4
plus: evap. Residue, Sb, Mo, Se,

without: NO3-N
Massenabfalldeponie
TOC < 2,500 mg/kg DM, like excavated soil
Landf. f. Organic Residues plus: evap. residue, CrVI, Mo, Se, SO4, phenole,
Erwin Binner
e.g.waste
after MBT
limit values
in Eluate (mg/kg DM)
according to
different Austrian
landfill-types
soluble amounts
are more
important
(wastes like slag, with
very high concentrations
of immobilized hazardous
totalcompounds)
amounts are
more important
(wastes like MBT, with
low concentrations of
hazardous compounds)
44
standard of landfill technique
(not contaminated/cont. by geogene background)
pH, EC, Al, As, Ba, Pb, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu,
Fe, Ni, Hg, Ag, Zn, Sn, NH4-N, CN, F,
NO3-N, NO2-N, PO4-P, HC, EOX, tensides
inorganic, low solubility (e.g. bottom ash)
43
allowed concentration of limit values
type of landfill:
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
without: EC, NO3-N, tensides
BodenInertBaurestMassenReststoffaushubabfallmassenabfalldeponie
deponie
deponie
deponie
deponie
pH-Value, Electr. Conductivity and Soluble Substance
pH-Value
6.5 bis 11 1) 6.5 bis 12 1)
6 bis 13 1) 6 bis 12 1) 2)
6 bis 13
Electr. Conductivity
150 2)
300 2) 3)
(*) 3)
150 2)
in mS/m
Parameter
Evaporation Residue
Inorganic Contaminants
Aluminium (as Al)
Antimony (as Sb)
Arsenic (as As)
Barium (as Ba)
Lead (as Pb)
Boron (as B)
Cadmium (as Cd)
Chrome gesamt (as Cr)
Chrome sexavalent (as Cr)
Cobalt (as Co)
Iron (as Fe)
Copper (as Cu)
Molybdenum (as Mo)
Nickel (as Ni)
Mercury (as Hg)
Selenium (as Se)
Silver (as Ag)
Zinc (as Zn)
Tin (as Sn)
Ammonia (as N)
Chloride (als Cl)
Cyanide, easy
purgeable (als CN)
Fluoride (als F)
Nitrate (als N)
Nitrite (als N)
Phosphate (als P)
Sulfate (als SO4)
Organic Parameters
TOC (als C)
Hydrocarbon-Index
EOX (als Cl)
anionenactive
Tensides (as MBAS)
Phenol-Index
25,000
(*)
3)
(*)
0.06
0.5
20
0.5
0.5
10
1
0.05
1
1
(*)3)
2
1
0.01
0.2
20
2
8
0.2
20
100
2
5
200
5
0.3 4)
1
3)
0.04
0.5
1
(*) 3)
2
0.5
0.4
0.01
0.1
0.2
4
2
8
800 4)
0.2
10
100
2
5
1,000 4)5)
0.75
20
2
30
0.5
2
0.5
2
<
10
2
0.05
1
20
10
40
5,000
100
0.7
2
100
10
<
100,000
4)
1
10
5
20 4)
50
10
10
0.1
0.5
1
50
20
300
5
25
300
50
<
5
70
20
50
100
30
40
0.5
7
10
200
200
10,000
20
50
500
10
50
6,000
150
500
500
5
0.3 6)
500
50
3 5)
60,000
15
50
1 000
25,000 1)
500
100
30 5)
2.500
200
30
LIMA
2013
20
1.000
page 22
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013

Standard of Technique
technical standard for base liner system
depends on waste quality
Bodenaushubdeponie - no bottom layer necessary
Inert- and Baurestmassendep. - two mineral layers (> 50 cm)
Massenabfall- and Reststoffdeponie - combination-liner
liner composed of different materials
plastic liner
3 mineral layers (clay)
45
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Disposal of
Incineration Residues
and Hazardous
Wastes
46
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 23
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Disposal of Hazardous Wastes

disposal (landfilling) is necessary
- for the residual amount of waste which
cannot be prevented or treated
- residue from waste treatment
options for wastes with high contents of

hazardous contaminants
- immobilization by means of pretreatment
- barriers which impede the diffusion of a
contaminant
source: Tabasaran, 1997
47
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Main Elements in MSWI Bottom Ash
N a2 O
MgO
3%
K2 O
0 ,8%
Cl
SO 3
0,5%
3%
SiO 2
3%
32 %
Ca O
19%
48
Erwin Binner
Fe 2 O 3
Al2 O 3
21%
12%
LIMA 2013
page 24
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Disposal of Incineration Residues

Example Vienna (2007)
bottom ash
storage in hall
160,000 t/a
> 50 mm
sieve
MSWI (3 plants)
sewage sludge inc.,
hazard waste incineration
APC
fly ashes
landfill
underground
landfill
< 50 mm
cement, water
separation
of iron and Al
49
mixer
compaction in landfill
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
source: MA48, 2009
Pretreatment of Ashes
Slag Consolidation in Vienna
bottom
ash
Schlacken:
EBS ca.
MVA 1 ca.
MVA 2 ca.
15.000 t/a
80.000 t/a
80.000 t/a
> 50 mm
landfill
Deponie
storage
Lagerung
in hall
in der
Halle
storage
Lagerung
silo
in in
Silos
ashes
Aschen:
EBS
42.600 t/a
MVA 1
8.000 t/a
MVA 2
8.000 t/a
screen,
Siebung,
magnetic
Magnetabscheidung
separation
0 - 50 mm
Scrap
Schrott
7.000 t/a
Mixer
Mischer
Water
Wasser
Cement
Zement
15.000 t/a
21000 t/a
262.600 t/a
disposal onverdichteter
landfill in layers
of in
consolidated
material
Lagenweise
Einbau
Deponie (Randwall)
(edge wall)
50
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
source: MA48, 2009
page 25
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013

Solidification Plant in Vienna
51
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
photo: ABF-BOKU,

Deposition of Solidified Waste
52
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
photo: ABF-BOKU,
page 26
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013

Deposition of Solidified Waste
embankment at landfill Rautenweg (Vienna),
5-10 years after disposal
53
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
photo: ABF-BOKU
Disposal of Hazardous
Wastes
54
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 27
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013

Underground Landfill
using cavities from mining for the disposal of
waste
particularly in evaporite (salt cavities)
advantages:
- huge natural barrier
- very distant from those zones, in which the
transport of contaminants affects humans
- the surface area can be re-cultivated and used
- can also be used as packing to improve the
stability of the cavities
55
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013

Underground Landfill
bore hole
overlying rock
mine shaft
type 2: caverne
type 1: mine
salt dome
56
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 28
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013

Types of Underground Landfills
1. landfill body above groundwater table
if the top side and the sides of the landfill body are
sealed by layers which are impermeable for water
if the groundwater level does not rise in the long run
2. landfill body in aquifer layer

no effective separation can be achieved long-term
can only be used for wastes, if an elution does not
cause relevant changes in the composition of the
groundwater (i.e. for water-insoluble waste)
3. landfill body below groundwater table

salt cavities situated in a layer which is
impermeable for water
57
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013

Underground Landfill in Cavities from Mining
overlying rock
evaporite
waste is permanently
excluded
during operating phase:
accessible, waste can be
retrieved
separate storage of waste
as well as storage in
containers is possible
particular sections can be
sealed
pits in the aquifer overlying
rock can be sealed
58
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 29
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013

Deep Well Injection
overlying rock
evaporite
waste is permanently excluded

wastes cannot be retrieved
borehole can be sealed in the
aquifer layer
waste can only be disposed in
cavities which have been pumped
dry before
only free-flowing and pumpable
waste can be disposed by means
of in-situ solidification
separate disposal of wastes
within one cavity is not possible
59
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Location of Landfills
2nd Barrier
60
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 30
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Landfill Ordinance
Requirements at Location of Landfills
requirements at location of landfills
(2nd barrier)
aim: long term protection from emissions
geology, hydro-geology, geo-technique
hydrographical conditions (water bodies like
rivers, ground-water, ...)
landscape and mode of landfill (no dumps, free
leachate run off ---> no pumping necessary)
climate
.......
61
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Landfill Ordinance
requirements at location of landfills
(2nd barrier)
geologic and hydro geologic location has to ensure
safety against possible emissions from the landfill
= 2nd barrier = exterior safety
it is not allowed to change
an inappropriate location
into an appropriate location
by using technical barriers
62
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 31
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Landfill Ordinance
assessing the hydro-geological properties:
- ground water situation
- underground flow situation
- groundwater layers
- groundwater catchment area, extension, thickness,
depth of groundwater blocker, aquifer
- system of different aquifers
- groundwater chemistry
- usage of ground water
- climatic situation
63
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Landfill Ordinance
positive criteria:
low permeability of rock
high potential to absorb toxic substances
good thickness and spatial extension of rock
no usage of ground water
restricting criteria:
site in the wider catchment area of used ground water
limited effectiveness of geological barrier
major groundwater bodies beneath the site
jointed or karst formation under a sufficient thick layer of
low permeability
64
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 32
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Landfill Ordinance
restricted areas
karst
Erwin Binner
65
clefty
lime stone
LIMA 2013
photo: Erwin Binner
Landfill Ordinance
proper area
clay
66
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
photo: Erwin Binner
page 33
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Landfill Ordinance
excludet locations
general
water-protection areas
spas areas
flood-water areas
67
Reststoff
Massenabfall
demolition waste
Reststoff
Massenabfall
erosion areas and areas where slops are not stable

areas with clefts (e.g. karsts-formation)
areas with highest ground water level < 1 m below level
of landfill
areas above confined ground water
areas for present or future use of groundwater

(for drinking or agricultural purpose)
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Landfill Ordinance
dump-landfill
(not allowed in Austria)
Freie Sickerwasservorflut !
= free leachate run off
(no accumulation of leachate)
slope-landfill
heap-landfill
68
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 34
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Landfill Ordinance
Requirements - Geo-technical Issues
a landfill has to be planned like a building:
- structural elements ( e.g.: bottom liner, side dams...)
- landfill body
subsidence have to be estimated
landfill base and top need to be designed
accordingly
=> in this way slope of base is determined in the
long term
69
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Landfill Ordinance
Requirements - Subsidence and Deformations
subsidence = deformation of the underground due to a load
sagging = low / lack of structural strength of waste
=> deformation on the surface
=> consequences for surface cover, gas collection
deformation behaviour of a landfill depends on:
- underground
- waste composition
- shape of landfill
- age of landfill
- performance of structural elements
70
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 35
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Landfill Ordinance
Requirements - Stability
exterior stability (land slide, base failure ...)
depends on ground static
internal stability (e.g.: breaking of single layers)
depends on biochemical degradation of waste
structural stability, depends on
- structure of the underground
- shear strength of underground
- shape of landfill
- shear strength of landfilled material
prognosis of structural stability must consider the
variability of a soils mechanical parameters over time
71
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Landfill Ordinance
Requirements at Construction of Landfills
requirements at construction of
landfills (3rd barrier)
assessment and examination of landfill emissions
base liner system
72
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 36
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Construction of Landfills
Base Liner System
base liner system
Bodenaushubdeponie - no bottom layer necessary
Inert- and Baurestmassendep. - two mineral layers (> 50 cm)
Massenabfall- and Reststoffdeponie - combination-liner
liner composed of different materials
plastic liner
3 mineral layers (clay) > 75 cm
73
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Base Liner System
consists of:
- leachate collection
- drainage
- bottom liner
leachate collection:
HDPE pipe, diameter 200-250 mm,
perforated or slotted, slope about 2 %
mineral drainage:
min. thickness 0,5 m,
leachate resistant,
slope about 3 %
mineral base liner:
(several layers)
- plastic layer (if necessary)
- 3 mineral layers
stabile underground
source: ABF-BOKU
74
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 37
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Bottom Liner
low permeability
prevents convective flows
absorption potential for toxic substances
reduces leaking of leachate components
combination of different materials prevents diffusion
lowest bottom liner always mineral layer
75
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Mineral Liner Materials
clay
sand-gravel mixtures improved with clay
requirements:
76
Erwin Binner
- technical leak prove

- ductile
- high toxic substance absorption potential
LIMA 2013
page 38
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Mineral Liner Materials
hydraulic conductivity (permeability):
by mixed grain size distribution
kf < 10-9 m/s
at a low hydraulic gradient:

- no active flow
- no transport of leachate components
problem:
- formation of cracks by shrinkage
- loss in ductility which causes cracks
- loss of absorption potential for toxic substances
setting free of before bound toxic substances
77
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Plastic Liner
from HDPE (produced in sheets in an extrusion process)
sheets are welded on landfill construction site
advantages:
- only a few mm thin
- chemical resistant
- constant properties by industrial manufacture
- hydraulic leak prove due to no pores
substance transfer solely by diffusion
permeation of hydrocarbon occurs
disadvantages:
- easily perforated
78
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 39
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Asphalt Liner
consists of:
- base- and even-up layer (sand and rubble)
- bottom liner from mineral components, bitumen,
additives
- seal layer (closure of pores) with matrix
properties:
(= Bitumen + stone flour)
- mechanical flexibility
- high chemical resistance
(can be dissolved on the surface)
- low pore volume => low permeability
79
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Combination of Liners
compensation of flaws in manufacture of materials by
combination of materials
materials have different permeability prosperities for
leachate and toxic substances
in general sheets of plastic and mineral layers are used
in interference fit assembly
80
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 40
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Bottom Liner System
mineral layer
81
plastic liner
Erwin Binner
photo: Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Landfill Ordinance
bottom liner system
drainage system
82
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 41
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Drainage System
drainage system
Freie Sickerwasservorflut = free leachate run off
no technique (pumping) necessary
no backwater in drainage system and waste
geo technical stability of the landfill body
83
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Drainage System
spatial drainage (horizontal filter)

coarse gravel kf > 10-2 m/s (high permeability)
hydraulic water head h(max) depends on
- permeability of filter gravel
- filter distance
- distance in between leachate pipes
- slope of landfill slope
84
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 42
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Drainage System Leachate Collection
slotted HDPE pipe
d > 200 mm (accessible with video camera)
requirements:
- monitoring
- flushing
- static
- chemical
- physical
resist strains from landfill
pipe line linear and not ramified

length depends on the range of flushing equipment
85
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Drainage System Shaft and Collector
purpose: - control
- revision of leachate pipe line system
have to be easily accessible on the long term
are located at the end of leachate collection pipes
(in general outside of landfill body) d > 2.5 m
86
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 43
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Drainage System Leachate Gallery
waste
50 cm drainage layer, 16/32 mm grain
geotextile
foil
min. 75 cm liner, min. 3 layers 20 cm
compressed concrete
mater
supply
electricity
supply
main collection pipe in

flexible fitting
drainage pipe 200 mm

diam, HDPE
collector reinforced
concrete
walkable leachate gallery in landfill base

87
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Drainage System
geotextile (protection)
3 mineral layers
plastic layer
gravel layer
(drainage)
88
basis liner system
Erwin Binner
photo: Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
drainage system
page 44
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Drainage System - Leachate Collection
photo: Erwin Binner
89
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Drainage System Leachate Well
photo: Erwin Binner
90
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 45
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Drainage System Leachate Gallery
leachate collector
landfill Crbern (D)
91
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Basis Liner System / San Ramon 2010
92
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 46
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Basis Liner System / San Ramon 2010
93
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Landfill Ordinance
bottom liner system
drainage system
leachate management
94
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 47
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Leachate Disposal Legal Requirements
directly discharged
limit values for leachate when
into a water system
indirectly discharged
Austria:
- Ordinance on the Limitation of Leachate from

Landfills
- General Ordinance on Waste Water
Emissions
Germany:
- Frame Ordinance on Waste Water

management (= Rahmen-AbwasserVerwaltungsverordnung)
- Ordinance on Waste Water (since 2004)
95
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Leachate Treatment Legal Requirements
EU
in
responsibility
of countries
Austria
Germany
limits for discharge similar to Austria

into:
waste water
treatment plants
water system
(river)
treatment often on
landfill site
96
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 48
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Comparison of Limit Values for Direct or

Indirect Discharge of Leachate
Parameter
Unit mg/l
97
Austria
Germany
(AEV 2003)
(AbwV 2004 Anhang 51)
direct
indirect
direct
indirect
COD
50
65% / 300
200
400
N-total
50
70
NH4-N
10
200
P-total
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
parameter
Germany (since 2004)
Austria (since 2003)
direct
indirect
direct
indirect
pH-Value
---
---
---
6.5 8.5
6.5 9.5
Filterable mat.
mg/l
---
---
20
---
BOD5
mg/l
20
10
COD
mg/l
200
50
65 %
degradable
5 of Input
> 4,000/---
---
---
Total P
mg/l
---
---
---
Total N
mg/l
70
---
50
---
NH4-N
mg/l
---
---
10
---
NH3-N
mg/l
---
---
0.5
20
NO3-N
mg/l
2 (NO2-N)
---
35
---
S-
mg/l
1 (H2S)
1 (H2S)
0.5
Erwin Binner
HydroCarb
tot.
mg/l
10
---
---
Output-COD
98
unit
LIMA
- - -2013
page 49
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
parameter
99
unit
Germany (since 2004)
Austria (since 2003)
direct
indirect
direct
indirect
AOX
g/l
500
500
500
500
CFC
mg/l
---
---
15
BTX
mg/l
---
---
0.1
0.5
Pb
mg/l
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Cd
mg/l
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Cr / Cr VI
mg/l
0.5 / 0.1
0.5 / 0.1
0.5
0.5
Cu
mg/l
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Ni
mg/l
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
Hg
mg/l
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.01
Zn
mg/l
0.5
0.5
As
mg/l
0.1
0.1
---
Erwin Binner
GF (tox. fish-eggs)
---
--LIMA 2013
---
Leachate Treatment
biological treatment
reduction of degradable organic compounds by
biocenosis
problem: changes in biodegradability (BOD5) with time =>
high age of sludge => poor flocculation and precipitation
properties, high salt content & AOX => blocks biology
in general: clearing pool necessary (N, waste water
treatment plant burden)
low COD-value limit requires chemical-physical aftercare
N-Elimination requires a source of C during
methanongenic phase (methanol)
100
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 50
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Leachate Treatment
chemical oxidation and UV- light => COD, TOC, AOX
=> without residue if completely mineralised
adsorption (adsorbent: activated coal)
=> COD, AOX
=> re-activate (water gas reaction) => waste air thermal
precipitation / flocculation => (COD, AOX partly), heavy metals
=> combined with biological process, adsorption necessary
=> treatment of sludge
=> landfilling
membrane processes (Micro-, ultra filtration, reverse osmosis)
=> mainly large organic molecules + salts
=> thermal treatment or pumped back into landfill (problematic!)
stripping
101
=> N in alkaline milieu (NH3)
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Leachate Treatment
problems with residues
quantity?
quality?
usability?
disposal properties?
solubility (salts!)
criteria of organic substance for landfills
102
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 51
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Leachate Treatment
does leachate recirculation make sense??
depending on climate situation!
low rainfall: evaporation helps to minimise leachate
high rainfall: low evaporation leachate runs through
amount gets bigger and bigger
example Aich Assach (Stmk/Austria)
103
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Experiences in Austria / Impact of MBT

Water Budget / Leachate Volumes
Plant Duration
of Treatment
[weeks]
Opening
of
Landfill
Leachate
Amount
[m3]
[l/t WM.a] [l/t DM.a]
28-36
1979
110,000
110 1)
10
Allerheiligen
30
1979
500,000
95
155
Siggerwiesen
1978
700,000
210
350
Taufkirchen
24
sc.1979
sc.1984
30,000
90,000
not separated
60
100
1, but not
necessary
500,000
300,000
not separated
not separated
not
necessary
1)
leachate recirculation
Erwin Binner
185 1)
17
Flushing of
DrainageSystem
per Year
Aich
Assach
14
1974
Luste0
sc.1984
nau
literature: MSW-landfill
experimental landfill Breitenau
(N = 500-750 mm/a)
30,000
104
Landfilled
Volume
not
possible
1, but not
necessary
2 to 3
30 to 60 (low precipitation,
intensive vegetation)
LIMA 2013
page 52
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Leachate Treatment
does leachate recirculation make sense??
leachate recirculation - yes or no?
depends on local situation
rainy season just for few months
storage during rainy season,
recirculation during dry season
surplus has to be treated
low annual rainfall (costal area)
recirculation whole over the year possible
high rainfall whole over the year
recirculation does not make sense
105
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Leachate Management
106
Erwin Binner
photo: Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
leachate collection
page 53
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Landfill Ordinance
bottom liner system
drainage system
leachate management
gas collection / gas management
107
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Gas Management
EU
Austria
Germany
like in EU, A
collection
collection
+
+
use or treatment use or treatment
108
Erwin Binner
for MBT landfill

passive exhaust
with methane
oxidation layer
possible
LIMA 2013
page 54
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Gas Management - Exhaust System
active exhaust: gas is removed and disposed by gas
torches
active exhaust + energy recovery:
- gas motor
- gas turbine
- gas liquefaction
passive exhaust: CH4- content is biologically oxidised

via gas windows
passive exhaust by biological methane oxidation,
construction of interim and final covers
109
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Gas Management - Exhaust System
active
passive
exhaust (sucking)
convective (low resistance)
gas well (vertical)
gas window
gas trench (vertical)
cover layer (horizontal)
combinations
gas drainage (horizontal)

combinations
energy
recovery
methane oxidation
cover layer
bio-filter
gas window
gas flare
discharge
of gases by
gravel-bed into
atmosphere
bio-filter
110
Erwin Binner
methane oxidation
LIMA 2013
page 55
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Construction of Landfills - Gas Management

Passive Exhaust System
gas migration (more than 100 m) causes explosion- and
suffocation danger in cellars and pits
gas flows via paths with least resistance:
is collected in gravel (gas window)
- in the plane
- combined in horizontal and vertical
migration layers (gas trenches)
passive exhaust is an appropriate measure for
- contaminated site
- methane oxidation
111
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Gas Management - Active Exhaust
low pressure
removes gas
only 40 60% of gas is collected
source: ABF-BOKU
112
Erwin Binner
horizontal
vertical
combined
exhaust systems
fan
compressor
ventilation
reasons: - gas formation starts shortly

after disposal=> gas removal is
not yet in operation
- small area of influence of gas
collection system
- obstruction by accumulated
leachate
LIMA 2013
page 56
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013

Exhaust System - Efficiency
active exhaust efficiency:
35 % landfill during operation (without cover)
65 % intermediate cover by clay
85 % final cover by mineral layer
90 % final cover by combination layer
40 60 % during whole life of landfill
40 %
CO2
60
% CH
4
< 1% (odorous)
trace gases
source: ABF-BOKU
113
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013

Active Gas Exhaust System
interim cover
ca. 65 %
final cover (e.g., infiltration barrier)
end of waste input
amount of methane
methane not captured
-10
operation phase
114
Erwin Binner
top cover
recovery rate
> 90 %
recovery system turn-off
without
daily or
interim
cover
ca. 35 %
produced methane
recovered methane
methane not captured
10
40
landfill closure and active aftercare phase
source: ABF-BOKU
years
passive aftercare phase (monitoring phase)
LIMA 2013
page 57
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
40 60 %
emissions
40 %
CO2
60
% CH
4
< 1% (odorous)
trace gases
40 60 %
source: ABF-BOKU
115
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013

in combination with
methan oxidation layer
there are only 5 10 %
emissions
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
40 %
CO2
60
% CH
4
< 1% (odorous)
trace gases
40 60 %
source: ABF-BOKU
116
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 58
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Methane Emissions
CO2 Emission
biofilter
flare
CO2 Emission
source: ABF-BOKU
117
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Generation & Utilization of Landfill Gas

Gas utilization and disposal facilities operation ranges (Haubrichs, 2004)
biocover
biofilter
4 5
10
15
20
25
30
active aftercare / landfill closure
passive ...
weak gas
medium gas
45 % CH4
35
landfill operation
strong gas
rich gas
economic
CHP
muffle/steam engine
high temperature combustion/flare

technical limit for high temp. combustion
upper explosion limit at 15 Vol %
fluidized bubbling bed combustion
118
lower explosion limit at 4,4 Vol % (acc. IEC 60079-20)

fluidized
Erwin Binner
bubbling bed combustion with pre-heating/auxillary gas
LIMA 2013
page 59
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013

Collection System
119
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
photo: Erwin Binner
Gas Management
energy win from landfill gas
and flare
120
Erwin Binner
photo: Erwin Binner
well for gas collection
LIMA 2013
page 60
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Fluidisation air
blower
Landfill gas
blower
Condensate trap
Erwin
Binner
Landfill Gas
SFBC
plant at Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Steinbrecht (2007)
121
LIMA 2013
Landfill Ordinance
bottom liner system
drainage system
leachate management
gas collection / gas management
surface cover (recultivation)
122
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 61
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Recultivation
surface cover
(recultivation)
123
Erwin Binner
photo: Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Landfill Cover
surface cover
surface liner
sometimes part of cover
surface liner
the landfill ordinance requires
- surface drainage
- surface liner
surface drainage
surface liner
reduces leachate
leaching
microbial degradation
conversion processes
prevented or
reduced
source: ABF-BOKU
124
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 62
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Landfill Cover - Components
125
components
design alternative
re-cultivating layer
with or without root barrier
drainage layer
sand, gravel resp. with soil filter

with geo-textile filter
geo-textile drainage- and filter layer
plastic drainage components with geo-textile filter
liner layer
mineral liner
plastic sheet liner (PL)
PL+ mineral liner (+ KDB)
PL+ geo-synthetic-mineral liner (+ PL)
exhaust and evenup layer
sand, gravel resp. with soil filter

geo textile drainage and filter layer
plastic drainage components with geo-textile filter
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Landfill Cover - Impacts on Cover
strains from the environment
sagging of landfill
- chemical impact:
landfill gas
frost
- moisture drying up
- erosion
- root penetration
- deformation and sagging
127
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 63
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Landfill Cover Landfill Ordinance
permeable cover layer <=> surface sealing
should the layer be water tight??
leaching and microbial degradation in
landfill-body stops or runs very slow
in future (e.g.100 years) times surface sealing will fail
processes in landfill will start

uncontrolled emissions
128
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Construction of Landfills - Gas Emissionst

35 Years Old MSW Landfill
paper found in a ca. 35 years old MSW landfill
covered with clay material
photo: ABF-BOKU
129
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 64
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
gas formation
Construction of Landfills Landfill Cover

Cover Sealing Yes or No?
breakdown of cover sealing at
time X ?
relevant gas amount
leachate
remaining gas
130
20 - 30 years
100 years
BOD short term

N and COD long term
source: ABF-BOKU
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Construction of Landfills Landfill Cover

Alternative Surface Cover
no: drainage liner
open system
high
transpiration
performance
re-cultivating layer
high water storage capacity
gas distribution layer
microbial
degradation
reduced leachate
production
source: ABF-BOKU
131
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 65
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Landfill Cover Landfill Ordinance
surface sealing
132
according to LO
recultivation-layer
= landfill ordinance
alternative
permeable cover-layers
drainage layer
kf > 10 m/s
for Reststoff- and
(without sealing)
protection
plastic liner d>2,5mm
Massenabfall
layer ofmineral
water
balance in adequate thickness;
layer
landfills
mind. 2-layers, kf < 10 m/s
material
with high water holding capacity
gas drainage
layer
(e.g.
compost)
in combination with
(CaCO and MgCO < 30 %)
vegetation with high evapotranspiration
-2
-9
compensation layer
grain size 100 mm
> 50 cm
> 30 cm
> 50 cm
> 50 cm
> 50 cm
vegetation
Erwin Binner
waste
LIMA 2013
Construction of Landfills - Recultivation

Influence of Vegetation on Leachate
leachate amount (%prec.)
miscanthus
bistort
poplar
grass
fallow
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
influence
of of
70cm
cover
layer
influence
70 cm
cover
layer
onon
leachate
amount
leachate
amount
(precipitation
740
mm)
(precipitation
740
mm)
15
10
5
0
substrate:
SSC 60 %
SSC 40 %
BIO 40 %
BIO 60 %
soil
source: Gomiscek, 1997
133
Erwin Binner
SSC = sewage sludge compost

BIO = bio waste compost
LIMA 2013
page 66
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013

Landfill Cover by Miscanthus
Upper Calorific Value Ho = 17 MJ/kg DM
year 1999
photo: ABF-BOKU
134
year 2001
photo: ABF-BOKU
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013

Landfill Cover by Miscanthus
135
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
photo: ABF-BOKU
page 67
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Management of
Landfills
136
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Management of Landfills
Landfill Ordinance / Input Control
area for input-control
balance for weighing waste amount
fence (>2 m)
separate streets for different compartments
cleaning of leaving trucks
manager + deputy for input control (they need
special qualification)
137
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 68
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Landfill Ordinance / Waste Placement
compaction according to geotechnical
properties of waste
avoidance of emissions (dust, aerosols, odour,
noise, movement of waste by wind, insects,
birds and animals) by proper placement
technique (intermediate cover)
data about water management
data about control of emission resp. immission
(control system around the landfill, collected
leachate, collected gas)
data about landfill stability
138
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Landfill Ordinance / Waste Placement
compactor
humus
embankment
dam
soil
horizontal gas drainage
2nd layer of waste (~50cm)

1st layer of waste
soil
leachate drainage
soil
basis liner system
139
Erwin Binner
vertical gas drainage
LIMA 2013
page 69
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Landfill Ordinance / Landfill Inspection
local public authority authorises a person for landfill
inspection
control intervals:
once a year for types Bodenaushub and Inert
every 3 months for other types
control of:
recorded data inclusive leachate management
sampling for identity control
sampling from landfill body if there is a
reasonable suspicion for wrong declaration
140
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Landfill Ordinance / Financial Save Guarding
financial save guarding for:
final surface cover
landfill aftercare (leachate treatment, gas collection
system, ) until landfill is out of aftercare period
141
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 70
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Landfill Aftercare
Landfill in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
142
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Landfill Aftercare
How Long is the Rattail?
Time for active aftercare?
EU-landfill directive: > 30 y
(ensured financial security)
Emissions:
Simulation and lab-data, modelling:
30 50 years for gas
150 200/300 years for leachate (N, COD)
143
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 71
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Landfill Aftercare
Strategies for Landfill Gas Aftercare
extension of
(profitable) gas
utilization phase
up-grading techniques
improved combustion
techniques
144
Erwin Binner
forced degradation of
landfilled waste =>
to shorten aftercare
watering measures
In-situ aeration
permeable cover
combinations
simple, robust, lowmaintenance gas

disposal
microbial methane
oxidation systems,e.g.
biocover
biofilter
bio-windows
LIMA 2013
Further Possibilities
for Reduction of
Emissions from
Landfills
145
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 72
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013

Reactor Landfill
in Europe the disposal of untreated
waste is in decline
degradation is dominated by
anaerobic processes (digestion):
organic C-compounds are converted
into CH4 and CO2 under absence of
air
146
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013

European Landfill Directive
the amount of disposed biological degradable
municipal waste needs to be reduced to
75% since 2006
50% since 2009
35% until 2016
of the amount disposed in 1995.
147
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 73
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013

requirements at waste quality
(1st barrier = internal safety):
and eluate
Ho < 6,600 kJ/kg DM
148
AT4 < 7 mg O2/g DM
GS21 < 20 Nl/kg DM
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013

requirements at waste quality:
and eluate
reduces

amendment 2004:
Ho < 6.600 kJ/kg DM
reactivity
AT < 7 mg O /g DM
GS21 < 20 Nl/kg DM
4
2
2005: 19 MBT-plants
on work
(~ 650,000 t/a)
149
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 74
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013

Gas Emissions
Gas Generation [Nl/kg DM]
Gas Generation Potential in Incubation Test Impact of Mechanical Biological Pretreatment

300
Oberpullendorf DANO-Output
GS21 = 34 Nl/kg DS - acidification!
250
Siggerwiesen 3 weeks
GS21 = 54 Nl/kg DS
200
Allerheiligen 5 weeks
GS21 = 35 Nl/kg DS
150
Allerheiligen 5 weeks
GS21 = 25 Nl/kg DS
100
Liezen 16 weeks
GS21 = 4 Nl/kg DS
Oberpullendorf 20 weeks
GS21 = 9 Nl/kg DS
50
0
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
390
420
450
480
Test Duration [days]

source: Binner, 1999
150
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013

Gas Emissions
Impact of Pretreatment on Gas Generation Potential
Gas Generation GS240 [Nl/kg DM]
300
Siggerwiesen
oxygen starvation during treatment
250
dried during treatment
Allerheiligen
Aich Assach
Oberpullendorf
200
dried during treatment
150
Oberpullendorf
(oxigen starvation)
Frojach Katsch / Frohnleiten
(very intensive
mech. treatment)
100
Zell am See
Liezen
50
Lneburg
Bassum
(anaerobic treatment)
0
0
12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68Darmstadt"Ringtest"
72 76 80
Duration of Pretreatment [weeks]
others
source: Binner, 1999
151
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 75
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013

Gas Emissions / Effects of MBT
152
reduction and stabilization of org. substance

better input-control at landfills
reduction of gas generation
reduction of leachate (amount and
concentrations)
lower consumption of landfill volumes
lower settlement
reduction of harmful substances
use of thermally valuable compounds
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Methane Oxidation
Layers
153
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 76
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013

Methane - Oxidation Layers
MSW-landfills / reactor landfill (50 sites in
Austria)
active gas collection

efficiency factor 40 - 60 %
old dumps have no gas collection system
~ 180.000 t CH4/year from landfills and old dumps in Austria
(UBA, 1997)
that is ~ 30 % of CH4- emissions in Austria

CH4 has 25-times (100 years-period) higher green house effect as CO2
3,5 Mio t CO2 / year
Kyoto goal: decrease of 10 Mio t CO2 until 2010

(13% reduction)
35 % of Kyoto goal
154
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013

Methane-Oxidation
or
ga
nic
su sub
bs sta
tra nc
te e
depth [cm
of
temperature
moisture
content
Biomass+
CH4 + 2 O 2 => CO2 + 2 H2O
CO22
nutrients
(N, P)
even supply
of O2and CH4
gas concentration [Vol%]

source: Huber-Humer
155
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 77
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013

Methane Oxidation / Lysimeter-Tests
soil column used in
laboratory tests
in a climate chamber
visible methane
oxidation layer
ripe sewage sludge compost
source: Huber-Humer
156
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013

157
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
source: Huber-Humer
page 78
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013

typical profile of gas-concentration
gas concentration (vol%)
gas-concentration (vol%)
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
methaneoxidation
10
CO2
30
O2
40
50
40
O2
50
60
70
70
80
80
90
90
Erwin Binner
CO2
30
60
Lys 1 - without methane
CH4
20
depth [cm]
20
depth [cm]
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 horizon
45 50 55 60of
10
158
Lys 4 - with methane

LIMA 2013
source: Huber-Humer

Methane Oxidation / Field Tests
biofilm of methanotrophs growing

under moderate methane supply
(150 l CH4/md)
biofilm of methanotrophs covered

with EPS growing under high
methane supply (355 l CH4/md)
EPS......exopolimeric substances, mainly sugar
159
Erwin Binner
source: Huber-Humer
LIMA 2013
page 79
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Methane Oxidation
Field Tests / Experimental Set-up
Field 2
Field 4
0.8 - 0.9 m waste compost

0.2 - 0.3 m gravel
0.3 m sewage sludge compost

0.3 m clayey soil
barrier to surroundings: mats

of bentonite/compost
Field 1
source: Huber-Humer
0.8 - 0.9 m sewage sludge comp.

0.2 - 0.3 m gravel
160
Field 3
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Methane Oxidation
Field Tests / FID-Measurement
10 C
5 - 10km/h
1019 mbar
in 10 cm: 45 - 50 C
0.9 m waste compost
0.3 m gravel
> 5,000 ppmv CH4

Field 2
wind
4 / m2.d
~ 800Field
l CH
4
gas well

0.3 m clayey soil
< 0.1 ppm

0.1-10 ppm
11-100 ppm
101-500 ppm
501-1,000 ppm
1,000-5,000 ppm
> 5,000 ppm
gas well
without cover
Field 1
Field 3

0.3 m gravel
F5 5
Field
Er d a b d e
measuring point gas
measuring point temperature
161
Erwin Binner
source: Huber-Humer
c ku ng
LIMA 2013
page 80
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Methane Oxidation
0 - 220 l CH4 / m2.d
10 - 510 l CO2 / m2.d
0 - 3 l CH4 / m .d
15 - 80 l CO2 / m. d
Field 2
10 C
5 - 10km/h
1019 mbar
wind
Field 4
gas well
< 0.1 ppm
0.1-10 ppm
11-100 ppm
101-500 ppm
501-1,000 ppm
1,000-5,000 ppm
> 5,000 ppm
gas well 2 1,100 l CH / m.d

4
10 - 715 l CO2 / m.d
Field 1
Field 3
F5 5
Field
Er d a b d e
0 0.1 l CH4 /
2.d
m
10
240 l CO2 / m2.d
0 - 990 l CH4 / m.d

5 1,500 l C02 / m.d source: Huber-Humer
measuring point gas

measuring point temperature
162
c ku ng
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
Methane Oxidation
field 5 - open landfill-body
cover layer
2 1,100 l/md
average reduction
field 1: 0.9 m SS-compost

0.3 m gas distribution
(0 0.14) 0,1 l/md
99 100%
field 2: 0.9 m MSW-compost

(0 3.0) 3,0 l/md
97 98%
(0 900) 350 l/md
60 - 65%

0.3 m clayey soil
(0 220) 150
70 - 80%
l/md
source: Huber-Humer
163
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 81
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Methane Oxidation
field 5 - open landfill-body
2 1,100 l/md
average reduction
cover layer
gas distribution
layer
(0 0.14)
0,1 l/md
99 100%
is essential
field 2: 0.9 m MSW-compost

(0 3.0) 3,0 l/md
for function
97 98%
(0 900) 350 l/md
60 - 65%

0.3 m clayey soil
(0 220) 150
70 - 80%
l/md
source: Huber-Humer
164
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013

Construction of CH4-Oxidation Layers
Oxidation Layer > 1,0 m
important for function in winter
100 - 150 cm Compost
Methane - Oxidation - Layer
TOC: 15 18 % DM
AT 7: < 8 mg O2/g DM (AT4 < 5 mg O2/g DM)
NH4-N:
< 350 mg/kg DM
rough structure: e.g. 5 15 %(weight)

wood chips ( 2063 mm)
50 - 60 cm
Gas Distribution - Layer
(gravel, poor of lime)
(e.g. 16 /32 mm)
source: Huber-Humer
165
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 82
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013

design of landfill top cover to reduce
methane emissions
the uppermost layer of waste should no
longer be actively compacted.
this should be covered with 0.5 0.6 m
low-lime, coarse gravel to permit areal
distribution of the landfill gas.
this layer should be covered with 1.0 m
- 1.5 m of compost.
166
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013

methane oxidation - substrates
167
requirements
nutrients and organic matter
parameters
TOC > 8 % DM;
C/N-ratio 15
stability of organic matter
Respiratory Activity in 7 days

AT7 8 mg O2/g DM;
high humic substance content
most nitrogen should already be

bound in humic substances
Ammonia < 350 ppm DM
high pore volume
sufficient content of bulky material, e.g.

wood chips 5 15 % DM
water-holding capacity
> 80 % wet substance
Erwin Binner
Nitrite: non-existent
LIMA 2013
page 83
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013

top cover with methane oxidation function
design of the landfill perimeter
slope
run-off
for surface water
driveway
HDPE geomembrane
1.2 m oxidation layer

0.5 m
0.5 m gas distribution layer
embankment made of
dense material, e.g.
loam
landfill body
demolition waste (optional)

for gas distribution and
stability of embankment
168
source: Huber-Humer
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013

Methane Oxidation - Measurement
photo: ABF-BOKU
169
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 84
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013

Methane Oxidation - Comparison of Emissions
emissions of CH4
g/md
landfill
(with collection and incineration of gases)
35 - 40
methane oxidation layer

0,9 m Compost
0,1
0,4 m Compost
12
peat bogs
0,09 0,38
Bubier et al., 1995
(up to 1,35)
rice fields
170
0,07 7,4
Chen et al., 1997
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
In Situ Aeration
171
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 85
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Landfill Remediation
In-situ Aeration
methane-emissions
TOC-loss (CO2)
gas
treatment
water Infiltration
forced
aeration
exhaust
gas
gas (diffusiv)
solid waste
mineralisation
TOC
mobile organics
reactivity
stability
leachate
172
Erwin Binner
stabilisation
landfill gas
CH4
CH4 / CO2
gas formation
leachate
leachate
treatment
leachate
org. content
org. + inorg. pollutants
source: ABF-BOKU
LIMA 2013
In-situ Aeration / Investigations
lab-scale (LSR)
photo: ABF-BOKU
173
Erwin Binner
pilot-scale
photo: ABF-BOKU
LIMA 2013
page 86
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
In-situ Aeration / Investigations
174
Erwin Binner
photos: ABF-BOKU
LIMA 2013
In-situ Aeration / Results and Conclusions
In-Situ aeration is possible and effective also to
remediate rather old MSW-landfills (> 25 years)
cost effective remediation technology (2 - 5 Euro / m3)
proposed remediation duration: 4 - 6 years
monitoring the quality of the aerated waste material is
suitable for process control
identification of most suitable parameters for process
control: BOD, COD, NH4-N, RA4 and infrared
spectroscopy
definition of target values for properties of solid waste
material, leachate and the exhaust gas
175
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 87
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
In-situ Aeration / Results and Conclusions
gas phase:
increased C- discharge
mainly CO2
strongly decreased CH4
16
methane C (anaerobic)
carbon discharge [g C / kg DM]
14
total C (anaerobic)
total C
discharge:
+ 530%
methane C (aerated)
12
total C (aerated)
10
8
6
4
methane
emissions:
- 485%
2
0
0
176
50
Erwin Binner
100
150
200
250
time [d]
300
350
400
450
500
source: Prantl et al., 2005
LIMA 2013
Recultivation and Use

of Landfill Sites
177
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 88
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013
Recultivation and Use of Landfill Sites
source: Tintner et al., 2009
178
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013

Photovoltaic Power Plant
179
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 89
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013

Photovoltaic Power Plant
Solarpark Leipziger
Land, Germany
180
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013

Parks (Donaupark, Vienna)
181
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 90
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013

Golf Course (USA)
182
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013

Dry Lawn
Dry Lawn are areas with

grass and herbage,
characterised by dryness and
low nutrient content
183
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 91
Curso Doctorado
Landfill
September 2013

Dry Lawn
184
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
e.binner@boku.ac.at
http://www.wau.boku.ac.at
Sustainable MBT-Landfill
Muchas
Gracias por
Su Atencion
Miscantus
1-2 m mature compost
0,5 m non calcareous gravel

mechanical-biological
pretreated waste
landfill liner (DVO)
drainage system for surface runoff
185
free leachate discharge
Erwin Binner
LIMA 2013
page 92

05landfill 2013

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Curso Doctorado

Erwin Binner MSc.

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

Waste Collection in Austria

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

Waste Management Concept

Waste Management Concept

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

Emissions from Landfills

Emissions from Landfills

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

Emissions from Landfills

Emissions from Landfills

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

Emissions from Landfills

until 2025 methane emissions will increase 50 %

Emissions from Landfills

monomer organic substance

acid forming bacteria

acetic acid forming bacteria

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

Emissions from Landfills

hydrolysis and acidification

Emissions from Landfills

BOD, COD [mg/l]

hydrolysis and acidification

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

Emissions from Landfills

Emissions from Landfills

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

Emissions from Landfills

not easily biological

Reduction of Emissions from Landfills

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

Reduction of Emissions from Landfills

AT4 < 7 mg O2/g DM

gas formation potential

GS21 < 20 Nl/kg DM

Reduction of Emissions from Landfills

mechanically-biologically pretreated wastes may

gas formation potential

GS21 < 20 Nl/kg DM

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

Relevant Parameters for

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

Analysis for Landfilling Wastes

As, Pb, Cd, Ni, Zn,

Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, ...

Cold Vapour AAS

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

photo: Erwin Binner, 2006

Relevant Parameters for

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

30 min. with 6,000 rpm

Relevant Parameters for

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

Control (Analyses) at Landfill

(Kontrolle auf der Deponie)

Control (Analyses) at Landfill

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

Waste Management in Austria