A Modified Newton-Raphson Power Flow Method

Considering Wind Power

Yan Li, Yulei Luo, Buhan Zhang, Chengxiong Mao
College of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Wuhan 430074, Hubei Province, China
Email: liyanhust@mail.hust.edu.cn

AbstractPower flow calculation is an important constituent

of the distribution system with DG, the improved

in power system analysis, it is very necessary to modify the

backward-forward sweep is adopted in paper[3-5], paper[6]

Newton-Raphson power flow Method that can accurately

developes the RX model of the wind generators, considering

describe the characteristics of wind power in order to obtain

the slippage iteration in power flow calculation. Paper[7]

accurate

expands

introduces the steady model of wind turbines with an

Newton-Raphson power flow method with the wind power, the

asynchronous generator, based on the conventional RX

asynchronous generator and doubly-fed induction generator

model, the difference between mechanical power and

are discussed in detail, the Jacobian matrix is revised

electric power for a wind turbine, and the slip of an

correspondingly; at last the modified Newton-Raphson power

asynchronous generator are introduced into the correction

flow Method applies to IEEE-5 system, the results are checked

function of Newton iteration method to form an expanded

by PSASP platform, the case study show that the modified

correction function. Paper[8] develops a joint iteration

Newton-Raphson power flow Method is better in convergence.

method based on the simplified steady-state equivalent

calculation

results.

This

paper

Keywords-modified Newton-Raphson power flow method;

wind power; Jacobian matrix

I.

circuit of asynchronous generator in order to calculate load

flow of power system containing wind farms, by means of
modifying Jacobian matrix, the iteration process is
simplified.

INTRODUCTION

Wind power is a cost-effective renewable source; it can

Above all, power flow calculation with wind power has

smoothly be integrated into the power system by application

been improved in different ways, but as a popular method in

of

worldwide

practice, Newton-Raphson power flow (NRPF) method has

development of wind power make it as an important type of

the good property of exact problem formulation and very

distributed generation, it will have an impact on the power

good convergence. This paper expands NRPF method with

adequate

control

technologies.

The

[1]

system stability and operation . Power flow study is

the wind power generation nodes, the steady state equivalent

conducted to determine the steady state operating condition

circuit of an asynchronous generator(AG) and doubly-fed

of power system and is most frequently carried out by power

induction generator(DFIG) are discussed in detail, the power

utilities, with the development of wind power combined to

equations are modified according to the PQ(V) character, the

the grid; the accurate power flow analysis is becoming an

Jacobian matrix is revised correspondingly; at last a program

important issue.

based on the modified NRPF method is designed to calculate

Many studies have been carried out on this focus, a new

algorithm which is an improvement to Zbus method is
developed in paper[2], different interfaces between DG and
the power grid are discussed, the operation modes and
control characteristics of typical DG including the
asynchronous and synchronous generators. For the load flow

the power flow with the wind power, then the power
analysis work has been done on Power System Analysis
Software Package (PSASP), the same results have been
achieved by these two different ways, but the modified
NRPF method developed by this paper is better in
convergence.

978-1-4244-6255-1/11/$26.00 2011 IEEE

II.

THE STEADY STATE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF THE

P = Ps + Pr =

TYPICAL WIND GENERATION

rr xss2 ( Ps2 + Qs2 )

xm2 Vs

The popular forms which combine the wind power to the

grid are through AG and DFIG today, the circuit models of
these two types of the wind generators are discussed, the
operation modes and control characteristics are considered

A. The steady state equivalence of DFIG

Vr

represents

the

(2)

Where, xss = xs + xm
When DFIG is combined to the grid, the constant power

Q Qs = Ps tan

The steady state equivalence of DFIG is shown in

Fig.1[9], Vs represents the stator voltage, Is represents the
current,

r V
2rr xss
Qs + (1 s) Ps + r 2s
xm2
xm

factor mode is adopted, if the power factor is set to be

cos , then

in the equivalence.

stator

rotator

voltage,

(3)

Consider (2) and (3),

Ir represents the rotator current, rs and xs represent the stator

resistance and reactance respectively, rr and xr represent the

rotator resistance and reactance respectively, xm is the

rr xss2 (
P=

excitation reactance, s is the slip ratio.

xs

rs

xr

Is
Vs

xm

The output active power P is decided by wind speed, it

rr s
Ir

Q 2
) (1 + tan 2 )
r V
2r x tan
Q
tan
+ (1 + r ss 2
s)
+ r 2s
2
2
tan
xm
xm
xm Vs

will be a fixed value in the power flow calculation[11-12].

Suppose P is constant, the equation in form Q = f (Vs ) is

Vr s

determined in (4).
Figure1 The circuit model of DFIG

According to the steady state equivalent circuit, the

2r x
rr xss2
1 s 2
rr 4
2
Q 2 + r 2 ss +
Vs Q + 2 Vs PVs = 0 (4)
2
x sin
x
tan
x

m
m

2
m

voltage across the stator and the rotator of the doubly-fed

Assume that a =

induction generator can be got in (1).

Vs = Is ( rs + jxs ) + ( Is + Ir ) jxm

Vr
r

= Ir r + jxr + ( Is + Ir ) jxm

s

rr xss2
r
2r x
, b = r 2 ss + 1 s , c = r2 , d = P ,
xm
tan
x sin 2
xm
2
m

(4) is rewritten in (5).

(1)

The real power P generated by DFIG includes two parts,

one part is the stator power Ps , another part is the rotator
power Pr , if s>1, Pr is positive, the rotator provide power to
the grid, if s<1, Pr is negative, the rotator absorb power

aQ 2 + bVs 2Q + cVs 4 dVs 2 = 0

(5)

The Q-V relationship is determined in (6).

Q=

b 2
Vs +
2a

(b

4ac )Vs 4 + 4adVs 2

2a

(6)

from the grid.

B. The steady state equivalence of AG

The reactive power of the doubly-fed induction

generator Q also includes two parts, one part is the stator

The steady state equivalence of asynchronous generator

is shown in Fig.2[2]. Where, xm is the excitation reactance,

reactive power Qs , another part is the converter reactive

x1 is the leakage reactance of the stator, x2 is the leakage

power Qr , to the variable speed wind power DFIG based

reactance of the rotator, xc is the capacitance of the

generation systems, Qr 0 the reactive power Q can be

capacitor in parallel with the generator, R2 is the rotator

considered as Qs approximately.

resistance, s is the slip ratio.

The power of the DFIG is given in (2) [10].

P + jQ

jx1

jxc

R2 s

Pi = Pis Pi

jx2

j =1

j =1

= Pis ei ( Gij e j Bij f j ) f i ( Gij f j + Bij e j ) = 0

Qi = Qis Qi

jxm

2
b 2
( ei + fi 2 ) + 21a ( b2 4ac )( ei2 + fi 2 ) + 4ad ( ei2 + fi 2 )
2a
n

j =1

j =1

fi ( Gij e j Bij f j ) + ei ( Gij f j + Bij e j ) = 0

1
2

(10)

Figure2 The circuit model of AG

From the equivalent circuit, we can get (7) and (8)

Where,

below.

V=

P ( s 2 x 2 + R22 )
R2 s

V 2 Px
Q =
s
+
xP R2

Where x = x1 + x2 , x p =

(7)

(8)

(11)

2) Power equation of AG:

= Pis ei ( Gij e j Bij f j ) f i ( Gij f j + Bij e j ) = 0

j =1
j =1

Qi = Qis Qi

1
2
1
1 2
1
2
2
2 2
2 2
= + ( ei + f i ) +
( ei + fi ) 4 Pis x
2x
xP 2 x

n
n

f i ( Gij e j Bij f j ) + ei ( Gij f j + Bij e j ) = 0

j =1
j =1

which could be considered as a fixed value in the load flow

calculation. Consider (7) and (8), the Q-V relationship can
be determined in (9)[2] .
V 2
V
+
xp

Pi = Pis Pi

xc xm
xc xm

The output active power P is also decided by wind speed,

Q =

b 2 1

2
4
2
Qis = 2a Vis + 2a ( b 4ac )Vis + 4adVis

V = e 2 + f 2 12
i )
is ( i

V 4 4P 2x2
2x

(9)

In the proposed steady state equivalence, the coupling

relation among the terminal voltage, active power, reactive
power of wind turbine and the slip is taken into account, in

(12)

Where,

2
1
1 2
1
2
( ei2 + fi 2 ) 4 Pis2 x 2
Qis = + ( ei + fi ) +
2
2
x
x
x
P

2
2
2
Vis = ( ei + f i )

(13)

NRPF method, elements of Jacobian matrix are computed

from the standard expressions, which are functions of bus
voltages, bus powers and the elements of bus admittance
matrix, the power equation of the wind power will be set up

D. Modification on NRPF Method

The iteration function of the universal NRPF method is:

in order to calculate the corresponding elements in the

+P
H
+Q = M

2
+U
R

Jacobian matrix, the modified NRPF will improve its

convergence when it is applied to the grid with wind power.
C. Power Equations of the wind generation
Define Pis as the real power, PQ(V) nodes can be used
to express the wind power nodes, their corresponding power
equations are expressed below.
1) Power equation of DFIG:

N
L
S

+e
+ f

Considering the power equation of the wind power, M

and L in the Jacobian matrix should be revised
correspondingly; to the diagonal elements( i = j ), if they
are wind power nodes, they should be modified respectively
as below:
1) DFIG


b
4( b2 4ac)( ei2 + fi2 ) ei + 8adei
Qi n
= ( Gik fk + Bikek ) + Biiei Gii fi + ei +
ei k=1
a 4a b2 4ac e2 + f 2 2 + 4ad e2 + f 2
(
)( i i )
(i i)

1
2

b
4( b2 4ac)( ei2 + fi2 ) fi + 8adfi
Qi n
= ( Gikek Bik fk ) + Giiei + Bii fi + fi +
2
fi k=1
a
4a ( b2 4ac)( ei2 + fi2 ) + 4ad ( ei2 + fi2 )

1
2

Calculation results show the modification is right, The

difference of PSASP and the modified NRPF method is that
(14)

UD model of PSASP doesnt change the iteration at all,

instead, it considers the wind power farm as a PQ node in
the iteration, the imbalance of reactive power is amended out
of the iteration, as a result, it has two iteration processes. On

2) AG

the contrary, the modified NRPF method improves the

2 1

fi ( ei2 + fi2 )
Qi n
= ( Gikek Bik fk ) + Giiei + Bii fi + + fi +

1
2
2
fi k =1
xP x
x ( ei2 + fi2 ) 4Pis2x2

2 1
ei ( ei2 + fi2 )
Qi
= ( Gik fk + Bikek ) + Biiei Gii fi + + ei +
ei k =1
x
x
P
x e2 + f 2 2 4P2 x2
( i i ) is

1
2

Jacobi matrix, which the imbalance of reactive power is

amended in the iteration. The convergence comparison is
(15)

simulated in PSASP, the square astringency would be

suffered, it may not converges with more wind generators.
while the modified NRPF method wont be influenced by
the number of the wind generators in theory, it has a good

CASE STUDY

III.

shown in Fig.4. On the other hand, the core process which is

The wind generation node is added to the IEEE-5 system

from bus 2 as shown in Fig.3, bus B5 is the slack bus, bus

potential in the power flow calculations to the large grid

with wind power.

B4 is PV and bus B1B2B3 are PQ respectively, bus B6

0.7

is a wind generator, it is set as PQ(V) node. All the given

0.6

parameter in Fig.3 are in pu. ( S B = 100 MVA)

B1

0.1 + j 0.35

0 + j 0.03

MAX(DVR DVI)

B3

1:1.05

1.6 + j 0.1

0.4
0.3
0.2

0.08 + j 0.3

0.1

3.7 + j1.3

0.4 + j 0.25

B5

0.5

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
-0.1
iteration

B2

B6

0 + j 0.02

B4

1.05 :1

1:1.05
2 + j 3.5

The modified NRPF method

PSASP

Figure4 The convergence of two kinds of power flow calculation

0 + j 0.015

IV.

Figure3 IEEE-5 system with wind generation node

Rated condition of AG is 600kW/690V, total number is

30[2], Rated condition of the DFIG is 864kW/690V, total
number is 58[13]. Compare the power flow results calculated

CONCLUSION

Power flow study is conducted to determine the steady

state operating condition of power system and is most
frequently carried out by power utilities. This paper explores

by user-defined model (UD) of PSASP and the modified

the modified NRPF method in order to consider the wind

NRPF Method, the results are shown in Table 1.

power.

TABLE I

THE COMPARISON OF THE NRPF AND UD OF PSASP

DFIG

Bus

modified NRPF

AG
UD of
PSASP

modified NRPF

The steady state equivalent circuit of AG and DFIG

are discussed in detail.

UD of
PSASP

The power equations are modified according to the

B1

0.968435

0.96854

0.974638

0.97462

PQ(V) character, the Jacobian matrix is revised

B2

1.049882

1.05000

1.046532

1.0465

correspondingly.

B3

1.035748

1.03577

1.040276

1.04027

B4

1.050000

1.05000

1.050000

1.05000

paper is better in convergence, it has the good

B5

1.050000

1.05000

1.050000

1.05000

potential to calculate the large grid with wind power.

B6

1.004835

1.00509

0.994930

0.99484

The modified NRPF method developed by this

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to acknowledge that this research

[6]

project is supported by the Key Project of National Natural

[7]

Science Foundation of China (50837003) and the National

Basic Research Program of China (2009CB219702).

[8]

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