Pernos Molino Sag Mantos de Oro PDF

INFORME TECNICO
SIS N 56-1 / 2011
CLIENTE: COMPAA MINERA MANTOS DE ORO

EQUIPO: MOLINO SAG.
COMPONENTES: PERNOS Y TUERCAS
DESCRIPCION: VERIFICACION DE LA CALIDAD MEDIANTE ENSAYOS
MECANICOS, ANALISIS QUIMICO Y OTROS.
CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES.
INFORME TCNICO
SIS N 56-1 / 2011
CLIENTE:
COMPAA MINERA MANTOS DE ORO
EQUIPO:
MOLINO SAG
DESCRIPCIN:
VERIFICACIN DE LA CALIDAD DE 4 CONJUNTOS DE PERNOS Y

TUERCAS. CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES.
1. INTRODUCCIN
Mantos de Oro, ha considerado necesario verificar la calidad de los pernos y tuercas
que se estan utilizando actualmente. Esto debido a que ha observado una mayor
filtracin y sospecha que algo no esta funcionando adecuadamente en el apriete de
los pernos.
Para dicha investigacin Mantos de Oro procede a enviar 4 pernos 2 cabeza
ovalada y 2 cabeza cuadrada con sus correspondientes 4 tuercas. Tambien adjunta
hoja de especificaciones de TORQUE suministrada por el fabricante de los lifter.
Adems informa que estos pernos se compran con especificaciones del fabricante
segn las siguientes normas:
Para Perno 2:
SAE J429 Grado 5
Tuerca 2:
ASTM A-194 Grado 2H.
El presente informe detalla los resultados de los anlisis qumicos, ensayos

mecnicos, medicin de durezas y algunas metalografas realizadas a las tuercas, e
Indica las conclusiones finales y agrega algunas recomendaciones.
2. COMENTARIOS SOBRE ENSAYOS DE TRACCIN A 4 PERNOS.

Realizados los ensayos mecnicos a los 4 pernos se puede observar que los
valores de: rea inicial, carga de fluencia, carga mxima, tensin de fluencia, tensin
mxima, alargamiento y reduccin de rea: son cumplidos con largueza por las 4
unidades.
Ms aun, estos pernos estn en un nivel superior a la Norma J429 la cual no cubre
el dimetro 2(solo alcanza a 1 ).
Los 4 pernos segn sus propiedades mecnicas se clasifican
ASTM-A-193-B7.
en
la norma
3. ANLISIS QUMICO A LOS 4 PERNOS.

Los resultados de las 4 muestras son muy homogneas y nuevamente cumplen con
las especificaciones validas para ASTM A-193 B7.
Los anlisis indican que el material base de fabricacin es un acero SAE 4140.
La norma J-429 solo indica C 0.28 0.55% y regularmente se utiliza un acero SAE
1040 en su fabricacin.
4. ANLISIS QUMICO DE LAS TUERCAS.

La composicin qumica de las tuercas comparadas con la norma ASTM-A-194
Grado 2H indica:
Ninguna tuerca cumple con el mnimo de carbono, todas se encuentran

levemente bajo el 0.40 especificado como mnimo.
La composicin qumica de las tuercas indicara que se trata de acero

SAE 4140.
5. DUREZA DE PERNOS.
La dureza de pernos segn norma J-429 Grado 5 indica de 19 a 30 HRC.
La dureza de pernos segn norma ASTM A-193 B7 indica solo el mximo 35 HRC.
Las cuatro unidades medidas tienen en promedio entre 30.7 a 33.4 HRC. Esto
nuevamente cumple con la norma ASTM A-193 B7.
6. DUREZA DE LAS TUERCAS.

La norma indicada por el proveedor es la ASTM A-194 Grado 2H y especifica una
dureza entre 25 34 HRC.
Una de las muestras tiene una dureza muy por debajo de la norma con un
promedio de 19.9 HRC.
Las tres muestras restantes estn levemente sobre el mnimo con 25.4;
25.8 y 27.1 HRC.
Esto ltimo asociado a la composicin qumica estara indicando un acero con un

tratamiento trmico deficiente, razn por la que se solicitan 2 metalografas a las
tuercas para confirmar su estructura cristalina.
7. METALOGRAFAS DE LAS TUERCAS.

El resultado de la metalografa es concordante con la dureza medida en la tuerca
blanda.
Presenta una estructura compuesta por perlita fina y presencia de ferrita en los
bordes de grano. Por tanto no tiene tratamiento de temple y revenido y no cumple
con la norma.
8. COMENTARIOS SOBRE EL TORQUE.

Al estudiar la hoja de recomendacin de torque y procedimiento de instalacin
suministrada por el proveedor, nuestros comentarios son:
La tabla indica Recommended Torque Class 7.8 8.8 Grado 5 Standard

Bolts 2800 Nm (2060 ft-lb)
Llama la atencin la propuesta del fabricante de utilizar un torque al 50%

correspondiente al perno Class 8.8.
Se sabe que la aplicacin define el torque; para el caso de tan bajo

torque, se tiende a pensar que se debe a unin con empaquetadura o al
tipo de Lifter?
Ahora si consideramos que el perno que se esta utilizando ASTM A 193 B7 de 2

podemos indicar:
El perno ASTM A 193 B7 ha demostrado la mejor performance en la

aplicacin de corazas de molino, lo que le ha valido el uso generalizado
por su excelente comportamiento a la fatiga.
Su aplicacin molinos con corazas de acero con pernos de 2 de dimetro

se realiza con torques entre 6000 y 7000 lb/pie.
Este torque concuerda con la utilizacin de la norma SAE J 1701 donde el

factor K utilizado alcanza 0.15 a 0.20. (Ver informe USACH)
Por otra parte, para el perno ASTM A 193 B7 es nefasto trabajar con
bajo torque, que en este caso solo alcanza al 33% del torque
recomendado para l.
El bajo torque en los pernos ASTM A 193 B7 causa bsicamente dos

tipos de fallas: Soltura prematura y fractura por fatiga, al aparecer
esfuerzos de flexin sobre el perno.
Llama la atencin la utilizacin de pernos de alta resistencia y la

recomendacin de torque tan bajos.
9. RECOMENDACIONES.
Mantener los pernos ASTM A 193 B7.
Cambiar las tuercas por partidas confiables con certificacin de calidad

segn ASTM A 194 2H con dureza media de 28-30 HRC.
Revisar el torque con el proveedor de los Lifter.
Recordamos que el
torque depende de la aplicacin del perno y la recomendacin de la

ingeniera de diseo, ya que solo ella sabe los valores aceptables para los
Lifter, empaquetaduras, etc.
10. DOCUMENTOS ADJUNTOS.
Este informe incluye certificado AM 4684 0101 de SIMET USACH

que indica, ensayo de traccin, anlisis qumico, dureza y metalografas.
Norma ASTM A 193
Norma ASTM A 194
Recomendacin de torque del proveedor de lifter.
Santiago, 23 de Septiembre 2011.
Mario Fandez Bustos.

Servicios Integrados Sntesis S.A.
INFORME DE RESULTADOS
AM-4684-0101
SINTESIS
Cliente
Direccin
Tipo de Muestra
Cantidad
Tipo de Ensayo
Solicitante
Fecha: 22 de Septiembre de 2011

Revisin: 01.Pgina 1 de 15
:
:
:
:
:
Servicios Integrados Sntesis.

Eliodoro Ynez N 1984 oficina 305, Providencia, Santiago.
Material metlico.
04
Ensayo de Traccin,
Fecha de Recepcin
: 07-09-11
Qumico y Dureza.
: Sr. Mario Faundez.
Fecha Emisin Informe
: 12-09-11
A.- Identificacin de las Muestras:

ID
ITEM
Identificacin del cliente
4684-01
Identificada por el cliente como: Perno 1, cabeza ovalada.
4684-02
Identificada por el cliente como: Perno 2, cabeza ovalada.
4684-03
Identificada por el cliente como: Perno 3, cabeza cuadrada.
4684-04
Identificada por el cliente como: Perno 4, cabeza cuadrada.
4684-05
Identificada por el cliente como: Tuerca 1, Perno cabeza ovalda.
4684-06
Identificada por el cliente como: Tuerca 2, Perno cabeza ovalada.
4684-07
Identificada por el cliente como: Tuerca 3, Perno cabeza cuadrada.
4684-08
Identificada por el cliente como: Tuerca 4, Perno cabeza cuadrada.
La figura A.1 muestra una imagen de los pernos recibidos y su correspondiente

designacin para el anlisis.
La figura A.2 muestra una imagen donde se puede apreciar la identificacin de las
tuercas respectivas de cada perno.
UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE

Departamento de Ingeniera Metalrgica
Laboratorio de Ensayos e Investigacin de Materiales SIMET-USACH
Av. Ecuador 3769, Estacin Central-Santiago-Chile
Fono-Fax: 56-2-3234780, Email: simet@usach.cl
www.simet.usach.cl
AM-4684-0101
SINTESIS

4684-01
4684-02
4684-03
4684-04
Figura A.1 Imagen de muestras recibidas e identificacin de los pernos.
4684-05
4684-06
4684-07
4684-08
Figura A.2 Imagen de muestras recibidas e identificacin de las tuercas.

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AM-4684-0101
SINTESIS

B.- Ensayo de Traccin:

En la tabla B.1 se presenta un resumen de los datos obtenidos del ensayo de
traccin, realizado a los pernos.
Tabla B.1 Resumen de los datos obtenidos.
ID
ITEM
rea Inicial
2
(mm )
Carga de
Fluencia
0,2 % Def.
(Kgf)
Carga
Mxima
(Kgf)
Tensin de
Fluencia
0,2% Def.
(MPa)
Tensin
Mxima
(MPa)
Alarg.
Sobre 50
mm
(%)
Reduccin
de rea
(%)
4684-T01
119,60
10.854
12.090
890
991
21
58
4684-T02
120,57
10.881
12.200
885
992
19
59
4684-T03
120,96
9.929
11.690
805
948
19
57
4684-T04
119,40
11.043
12.550
907
1.031
17
53
2 y menor.
720
860
16
50
Sobre 1 a 1
558
724
14
35
Referencia
ASTM
A193 B7
Referencia
SAE J 429.
No existen especificaciones mecnicas para un perno de 2 pulg. De dimetro,

segn norma SAE j 429.
C.- Resultados de Anlisis Qumico:

Se realiz anlisis de composicin qumica a los pernos y tuercas.
En la tabla C.1 se muestran los valores resultantes del anlisis qumico para los
pernos y la tabla C.2 muestra los valores resultantes para las tuercas, obtenidos mediante
Espectrometra de Emisin ptica.

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AM-4684-0101
SINTESIS

Tabla C.1 Resultados de Anlisis qumico de las muestras de pernos.

ID
ITEM
4684-Q01
ID
ITEM
4684-Q02
ID
ITEM
4684-Q03
ID
ITEM
4684-Q04
%C
%Si
%Mn
%P
%S
%Cr
%Ni
%Mo
%Al
%Cu
0,398
0,291
0,79
0,021
0,019
1,09
0,005
0,160
0,033
0,007
%Co
%Ti
%Nb
%V
%W
%Sn
%Fe
0,004
0,001
<0,0040
0,005
<0,0070
0,006
Resto
%C
%Si
%Mn
%P
%S
%Cr
%Ni
%Mo
%Al
%Cu
0,393
0,288
0,79
0,022
0,020
1,08
0,005
0,159
0,032
0,007
%Co
%Ti
%Nb
%V
%W
%Sn
%Fe
0,004
0,001
<0,0040
0,005
<0,0070
0,006
Resto
%C
%Si
%Mn
%P
%S
%Cr
%Ni
%Mo
%Al
%Cu
0,382
0,233
0,78
0,026
0,026
1,03
0,082
0,179
0,011
0,174
%Co
%Ti
%Nb
%V
%W
%Sn
%Fe
0,008
<0,0005
<0,0040
0,005
<0,0070
0,023
Resto
%C
%Si
%Mn
%P
%S
%Cr
%Ni
%Mo
%Al
%Cu
0,386
0,234
0,79
0,028
0,028
1,03
0,079
0,180
0,010
0,175
%Co
%Ti
%Nb
%V
%W
%Sn
%Fe
0,007
<0,0005
<0,0040
0,005
<0,0070
0,024
Resto
%C
%Si
%Mn
%P
%S
%Fe
Mx.
0,030
Mx.
0,050
Resto
%Mo
%Fe
0,150,25
Resto
Referencia
SAE J-429
Grado 5
1
0,280,55
Referencia
ASTM A
193 grado
B7
%C
%Si
%Mn
%P
%S
%Cr
0,370,49
0,150,35
0,651,10
Mx.
0,035
Mx.
0,040
0,751,20

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AM-4684-0101
SINTESIS

Tabla C.2 Resultados de Anlisis qumico de muestras de tuercas.

ID
ITEM
4684-Q05
ID
ITEM
4684-Q06
ID
ITEM
4684-Q07
ID
ITEM
4684-Q08
Referencia
ASTM A194 Grado
2H
%C
%Si
%Mn
%P
%S
%Cr
%Ni
%Mo
%Al
%Cu
0,388
0,178
0,76
0,022
0,020
0,98
0,079
0,155
0,008
0,145
%Co
%Ti
%Nb
%V
%W
%Sn
%Fe
0,005
<0,0005
<0,0040
0,004
<0,0070
0,020
Resto
%C
%Si
%Mn
%P
%S
%Cr
%Ni
%Mo
%Al
%Cu
0,382
0,174
0,76
0,023
0,021
0,97
0,083
0,155
0,008
0,145
%Co
%Ti
%Nb
%V
%W
%Sn
%Fe
0,006
<0,0005
<0,0040
0,004
<0,0070
0,020
Resto
%C
%Si
%Mn
%P
%S
%Cr
%Ni
%Mo
%Al
%Cu
0,391
0,222
0,76
0,021
0,020
0,96
0,084
0,181
0,009
0,099
%Co
%Ti
%Nb
%V
%W
%Sn
%Fe
0,006
<0,0005
<0,0040
0,004
<0,0070
0,015
Resto
%C
%Si
%Mn
%P
%S
%Cr
%Ni
%Mo
%Al
%Cu
0,391
0,221
0,76
0,021
0,020
0,97
0,086
0,182
0,009
0,098
%Co
%Ti
%Nb
%V
%W
%Sn
%Fe
0,006
<0,0005
<0,0040
0,004
<0,0070
0,015
Resto
%C
%Si
%Mn
%P
%S
%Fe
Mn.
0,40
Mx.
0,40
Mx.
1,00
Mx.
0,040
Mx.
0,050
Resto

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AM-4684-0101
SINTESIS

D.- Ensayo de Dureza:

La medicin de dureza fue realizada en escala Rockwell C para los pernos y tuercas.
La tabla D.1 muestra los resultados del ensayo realizado a los pernos y la tabla D.2 muestra
los resultados obtenidos para las tuercas.
Tabla D.1 Resultados de las durezas de los pernos.
ID
ITEM
Dureza
HRC
Promedio
4684-D01
30,8
30,8
30,4
30,9
30,7
4684-D02
31,1
30,9
30,7
31,0
30,9
4684-D03
30,8
31,2
30,8
31,3
31,0
4684-D04
32,1
33,1
34,4
33,8
33,4
Referencia
SAE J-429 Grado 5
Sobre 1 a 1
19-30 HRC
Referencia
ASTM A 193 grado B7
Mx. 35 HRC
Tabla D.2 Resultados de las durezas de las tuercas.

ID
ITEM
Dureza
HRC
Promedio
4684-D05
26,0
27,3
23,9
25,0
25,0
25,4
25,4
4684-D06
21,8
19,8
20,1
20,7
18,0
18,8
19,9
4684-D07
25,9
26,0
25,6
25,6
25,7
26,0
25,8
4684-D08
27,8
25,8
26,4
27,3
25,7
29,5
27,1
Referencia
ASTM A-194 Grado 2H
25-34 HRC

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AM-4684-0101
SINTESIS

E.- Anlisis Metalogrfico:
Con el objetivo de verificar la microestructura y posible tratamiento trmico, se

procedi a realizar anlisis metalogrfico de dos tuercas, las cuales correspondieron a la
tuerca 2 y tuerca 3.
Tuerca 2:
Para realizar el anlisis de la tuerca 2, se procedi a realizar un desbaste con lija

nmero 120 hasta la nmero 1200 y a continuacin se puli la superficie utilizando almina 1,
2 y 3 respectivamente como abrasivo. Posteriormente la muestra fue observada al
microscopio ptico. La figura E.1 muestra una imagen sin ataque a 100 aumentos de la tuerca
2, donde se pueden observar inclusiones no metlicas.
200 m
Figura E.1 Imagen atacada a 100 aumentos de la tuerca 2.
Para poder revelar las fases presentes en la muestra, se ha procedido a atacar

qumicamente la superficie con Nital al 3% (cido Ntrico 3%V/V) durante 20 segundos. La
figura E.2 muestra una imagen atacada a 100 aumentos, en donde se aprecia una estructura
perltica con ferrita en bordes de grano.

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AM-4684-0101
SINTESIS

200 m
40 m

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AM-4684-0101
SINTESIS

La figura E.3 muestra una imagen atacada a 500 aumentos de la tuerca 2, donde se
puede observar una microestructura compuesta por perlita fina y presencia de ferrita en los
bordes de grano.
La estructura no es coincidente con un tratamiento trmico de temple y revenido.
Tuerca 3:
La figura E.4 muestra una imagen sin ataque a 100 aumentos de la tuerca 3, donde
se pueden observar inclusiones no metlicas en el material.
200 m
Para poder revelar las fases presentes en la muestra, se ha procedido a atacar

qumicamente la superficie con Nital al 3% (cido Ntrico 3%V/V) durante 20 segundos. La
figura E.5 muestra una imagen atacada a 100 aumentos de la tuerca 3, donde se puede
observar una microestructura compuesta por martensita revenida, homogneamente
distribuida.

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AM-4684-0101
SINTESIS

200 m
40 m

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AM-4684-0101
SINTESIS

La figura E.6 muestra una imagen atacada a 500 aumentos de la tuerca 3, donde se puede
observar martensita revenida en su microestructura, caracterstica de un tratamiento trmico
de temple y revenido.
F. Estimacin de Torque para el material ensayado:
El siguiente clculo relaciona el torque especificado para un perno grado 5 de 2

pulgadas de dimetro, segn referencia del cliente especificado en documento PS 1.04.1
Recomended torque and installation procedure.doc
La figura F.1 muestra la tabla 1 del documento en referencia, donde se indica el
torque especificado.
Figura F.1 Imagen de tabla 1, documento en referencia.

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AM-4684-0101
SINTESIS

El documento indica segn tabla que el torque recomendado correspondiente para un

perno de 2, es equivalente a 2.800 Nm o 2060 ftlb.
Segn norma SAE J1701, la relacin y clculo de torque est bajo la siguiente
ecuacin (extracto de norma SAE J 1701).
Para un torque de 2.800 y la ecuacin T=KDW, se obtiene un K=0,0844.
Considerando que los pernos son clasificables como ASTM A193 B7, equivalente a
un perno 9.8 segn norma ISO, es posible establecer que bajo 75% de un proof load de 650
Mpa, se obtiene un torque de 3.571 Nm. Este clculo fue realizado considerando un
K=0,0844 (obtenido a partir de la informacin del fabricante), lo que es considerado un K bajo.
Normalmente el K se encuentra en un rango de 0,10 a 0,15, para materiales con golilla.
Es importante sealar que el factor K, tiene importante significancia en el torque a
aplicar.
La tabla F.1 muestra la variacin del torque aplicado en funcin de la variacin del
factor K.

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AM-4684-0101
SINTESIS

Tabla F.1 Variacin del torque en funcin del factor K.

Perno SAE grado 5, SAE J429
Proof load 510 Mpa.
Perno ASTM A 193 grado

B7.
Proof load 650 Mpa.
Factor K
Torque Nm
Torque Nm
0,0844
2.802
3.571
0,1000
3.319
4.231
0,1500
4.979
6.346
0,2000
6.639
8.461

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AM-4684-0101
SINTESIS

G.- Comentarios:
De los anlisis realizados, es posible decir lo siguiente:
G.1 Referente a su clasificacin:
Respecto de los pernos:
Los pernos no son clasificable bajo norma SAE J 429 Grado 5, ya que estos
presentan dimetros superiores a lo especificado por la norma (dimetro menor a 1 ).
Los pernos pueden ser clasificados bajo norma ASTM A 193 grado B7, cumpliendo
con las propiedades mecnicas, composicin qumica y dureza.
Respecto a las tuercas:
Es posible decir que las cuatro muestras, no cumplen con el mnimo exigido en el
porcentaje de carbono, para la norma ASTM A 194 2H.
La tuerca identificada como tuerca 2, perno cabeza ovalada, adems, no cumple con
la dureza exigida por la norma ASTM A 194 2H.
G.2 Referente al anlisis metalogrfico de las tuercas:
Es posible decir que las tuercas analizadas presentaron tratamientos trmicos
diferentes, siendo la tuerca 2 la muestra con menor dureza y una microestructura coherente
con esta baja dureza, compuesta por perlita fina y ferrita en bordes de grano. La tuerca 2 no
presenta un tratamiento trmico de temple y revenido o tratamiento trmico deficiente.
La tuerca clasificada como 3, presenta una microestructura de martensita revenida, lo
que es coherente con un tratamiento trmico de temple y revenido.
G.3 Referente al torque de los pernos:
Es posible decir que en revisin de los torques recomendados para un perno grado 5
segn SAE J 429 y para un ASTM A193 grado B7, los torque tienen diferencias en sus
magnitudes, por lo que es posible suponer que si los pernos clasificados como ASTM A 193
grado B7 fueron torqueados bajo la especificacin de un perno grado 5 SAE J429, el torque
se encontrara por debajo de lo recomendado.
No es posible establecer el grado de incidencia en la prestacin ya que se
desconocen las condiciones de esfuerzos del conjunto en servicio.

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AM-4684-0101
SINTESIS

NOTAS:
Los resultados obtenidos son vlidos slo para las muestras ensayadas y entregadas por el cliente.
Este informe no puede ser reproducido parcial ni totalmente sin la aprobacin escrita del laboratorio.
El laboratorio SIMET-USACH no se responsabiliza por las muestras ensayadas a contar de 30 das de la
fecha de emisin de informe.
Los ensayos de traccin fueron realizados en una mquina de traccin marca Tinius & Olsen Mod. Sper L,
con capacidad para 30 toneladas (certificado de calibracin IDIC N F-792, con fecha 08 julio de 2010).
Los ensayos fueron realizados con un espectrmetro de emisin de lectura directa, modelo
SPECTROMAXx.
Las mediciones de dureza fueron realizadas en un durmetro con reporte de datos digital, marca Emco
Test tipo M4R 075.
Dr. Ing. Alfredo Artigas A.

Gerente Tcnico.
Ing. Alejandro Castillo A.

Departamento de Ing. Metalrgica.

www.simet.usach.cl
PS 1.04.1 Recommended torque and

installation procedure.doc
Document type
Product Specification Skega Mill Linings
Date
2005-04-27
Issued by / version by Lars Furtenbach / Mattias Karlsson
Version
Status
1 (5)
4
Approved 2010-10-28
1.04.1 Recommended torque and installation procedure

1.04.1.1 Recommended torque values Rubber and Poly-Met
Torque values for lifter bar attachments
Table 1. Torque values for lifter bar attachments.
Attachment channel and clamp (aluminium and steel)
Recommended
Attachment types
torque*
M
UNC
M12
Class 7.8-8.8/Grade 5
Standard bolts
1/2
[Nm]
70
[ft lb]
50
M16
5/8
100
75
M16
5/8
150
110
M20
3/4
150
110
H (RAC)
M (RAC)
A (RAC)
M (RAC)
B (RAC)
M20
3/4
300
220
K
M24
M30
M36
1
1
1
500
700
1200
370
D
F2
510
880
V (alu)
M48
2800
F2
V6 (steel)
2060
W6 (steel)
Notes:
* Recommended torque is the minimum allowed for bolts of each diameter specified.
Maximum torque not to exceed recommended torque +10% (M12-M20) or +20% (M24-M48).
(RAC) Removable Attachment Clamp No bonding, detachable and recyclable.
(BAC) Bonded Attachment Channel Channel bonded to rubber. All attachments except those
designated (RAC) in table 1.
Skega Mill Linings
PRINTED PAPER COPY IS UNCONTROLLED
UNAUTHORISED COPYING OR DISTRIBUTION IS PROHIBITED

Document type
Date
2005-04-27
Version
Status
2 (5)
4
Approved 2010-10-28
Torque values for manhole covers

Torque 250 Nm / 185 ft lb
(M24 & 1 UNC)
Torque 100 Nm / 75 ft lb
(M16 & 5/8 UNC)
1.04.1.2 Cleaning and lubrication of bolts

Dirt and debris on mating threads will significantly reduce the attachment system pre-load
regardless of whether the recommended torque is attained. The bolt threads must be cleaned
after inserting the bolts through the mill shell and it is recommended that they be lubricated
using grease or heavy oil before tightening the nuts. Lubrication of the contacting surfaces
between the nut and cup washer is also suggested.
1.04.1.3 Recommended torque order

Torque order for Lifter Bar attachments
Poly-Met bars with 3 or more attachments (bolts) must be tightened in a specific order to achieve
a correct and consistent bolt tension on all attachment points. Failure to follow these
recommendations can result in bolt tension variations of 25% or more.
A specific torque order for the final tightening to reach recommended torque is required for
Poly-Met bars with 3 or more attachment points. It is important to always tighten the middle
attachments last. The torque must be applied in a sequence (between all bolts on same lifter) with
at least 2 tightening cycles on each bolt to reach recommended torque.
Final torque order for P-M bars with 3 bolts is 1-3-2.
Final torque order for P-M bars with 4 bolts is 1-4-2-3
Rubber bars or Poly-Met bars with 1 or 2 attachments (bolts) are less sensitive to the order in
which the bolts are tightened. The torque must however be applied in a sequence (between all
bolts on same lifter) with at least 2 tightening cycles on each bolt to reach recommended torque.
Skega Mill Linings


Document type
Date
2005-04-27
Version
Status
3 (5)
4
Approved 2010-10-28
Torque order for manhole covers

The torque must be applied in a sequence (between all pin bolts on same manhole cover) with at
least 2 tightening cycles on each bolt to reach recommended torque.
Skega Mill Linings


Document type
Date
2005-04-27
Version
Status
4 (5)
4
Approved 2010-10-28
1.04.1.4 Re-torque recommendations

Re-torque is required to compensate for settling & relaxation of attachment system components.
In many cases it is sufficient to re-torque all nuts just prior to mill start-up, as most of the
relaxation takes place within minutes from initial tightening.
In the case of attachment systems using long bolts (as found on grate walls) additional retorque is recommended to compensate for the self-adjustment / settling of components after
the mill has been put into service. Since long bolts tend to act as torsion springs during
tightening with impact tools, it is recommended that such assemblies be tightened at slow
speeds and in the lubricated condition.
Table 2. Re-torque procedure for rubber and Poly-Met linings.
Part of mill
Application
type
- Feed end head

- Grate discharge
- Shell
wall
- Discharge end head
for overflow mills
AG and SAG Mills

Primary Ball Mills
Rubber + 10/3 m
Poly-Met all sizes
Secondary Ball Mills
Rubber + 14/4.3 m
Poly-Met all sizes
Prior to start up
Prior to start up
and after 2-24 hours
Rod Mills
(shell only)
Prior to start up
Other Mills
Not required (rubber)
- Diaphragm wall
Diaphragm walls
not applicable for this
application
Grate discharge walls

Diaphragm walls
not applicable for this not applicable for this
application
application
Prior to start up
and after 2-24 hours
Prior to start up
and after 1-4 days
Prior to start up (P-M)

Recycling Plant Ball Mills
(Waste Mills)
Prior to start up
After 1 week
Check every month
(or 500 hrs) and
retorque if value is
below 60% of
recommended
torque
Prior to start up
After 2-24 hrs
Check every month
(or 500 hrs) and
retorque if value is
below 60% of
recommended
torque
Diaphragm walls
not applicable for this
application
Skega Mill Linings


Document type
Date
2005-04-27
Version
Status
5 (5)
4
Approved 2010-10-28
1.04.1.5 Example of general arrangement drawing notes

General drawing note for all assembly drawings
Complete the following table with torque values from table 1 for the applicable bolt dimensions.
Recommended torque for standard hex nuts (7.8 - 8.8

M12 ______ Nm (or ft lb)
M16 ______ Nm
M20 ______ Nm
M24 ______ Nm
Etc.
Grade 5):
Torque must be applied in a sequence (between all bolts on same lifter)

with at least 2 tightening cycles on each bolt to reach recommended torque.
Examples of additional drawing notes depending on application/lining type

Combine the following drawing notes depending on application/lining type.
All lining attachments to be re-tightened to the recommended torque prior to mill start-up.
Nuts on the discharge head to be re-tightened to the recommended torque following two
(2) to 24 hours of mill operation.
Nuts on diaphragm walls to be re-tightened to the recommended torque the following day
or within four (4) days of mill operation.
A specific torque order for the final tightening to reach recommended torque is required
for Poly-Met bars with 3 or more attachment points. It is important to always tighten the
middle attachments last.
Final torque order for P-M bars with 3 bolts is 1-3-2.
Final torque order for P-M bars with 4 bolts is 1-4-2-3
Skega Mill Linings

Designation: A 193/A 193M 08b
Standard Specification for
Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for High

Temperature or High Pressure Service and Other Special
Purpose Applications1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 193/A 193M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1.5 Supplementary Requirements S1 through S14 are provided for use when additional tests or inspection are desired.
These shall apply only when specified in the purchase order.
1.6 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units
and in SI units. However, unless the order specifies the
applicable M specification designation (SI units), the material
shall be furnished to inch-pound units.
1.7 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system
must be used independently of the other. Combining values
from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the
specification. Within the text, the SI units are shown in
brackets.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification2 covers alloy and stainless steel bolting material for pressure vessels, valves, flanges, and fittings
for high temperature or high pressure service, or other special
purpose applications. The term bolting material as used in this
specification covers bars, bolts, screws, studs, stud bolts, and
wire. Bars and wire shall be hot-wrought. The material may be
further processed by centerless grinding or by cold drawing.
Austenitic stainless steel may be carbide solution treated or
carbide solution treated and strain-hardened. When strain
hardened austenitic steel is ordered, the purchaser should take
special care to ensure that Appendix X1 is thoroughly understood.
1.2 Several grades are covered, including ferritic steels and
austenitic stainless steels designated B5, B8, and so forth.
Selection will depend upon design, service conditions, mechanical properties, and high temperature characteristics.
1.3 The following referenced general requirements are indispensable for application of this specification: Specification
A 962/A 962M.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards: 3
A 153/A 153M Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on
Iron and Steel Hardware
A 194/A 194M Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel
Nuts for Bolts for High Pressure or High Temperature
Service, or Both
A 320/A 320M Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless
Steel Bolting Materials for Low-Temperature Service
A 354 Specification for Quenched and Tempered Alloy
Steel Bolts, Studs, and Other Externally Threaded Fasteners
A 788/A 788M Specification for Steel Forgings, General
Requirements
A 962/A 962M Specification for Common Requirements
for Steel Fasteners or Fastener Materials, or Both, Intended
for Use at Any Temperature from Cryogenic to the Creep
Range
B 633 Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Zinc
on Iron and Steel
NOTE 1The committee formulating this specification has included

fifteen steel types that have been rather extensively used for the present
purpose. Other compositions will be considered for inclusion by the
committee from time to time as the need becomes apparent.
NOTE 2For grades of alloy-steel bolting material suitable for use at
the lower range of high temperature applications, reference should be
made to Specification A 354.
NOTE 3For grades of alloy-steel bolting material suitable for use in
low temperature applications, reference should be made to Specification
A 320/A 320M.
1.4 Nuts for use with this bolting material are covered in
Section 14.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
A01.22 on Steel Forgings and Wrought Fittings for Piping Applications and Bolting
Materials for Piping and Special Purpose Applications.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2008. Published September 2008. Originally
approved in 1936. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as A 193/A 193M-08a.
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications, see related Specification SA-193 in Section II of that Code.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Thu Oct 2 14:38:16 EDT 2008
Downloaded/printed by
Universadad Santiago de Chile pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
A 193/A 193M 08b

finishing (Class 1A), and carbide solution treated and strainhardened (Classes 2, 2B and 2C), for the austenitic stainless
steels; Classes 1B and 1C apply to the carbide solution-treated
nitrogen-bearing stainless steels; Class 1D applies to material
carbide solution treated by cooling rapidly from the rolling
temperature),
3.1.2 Description of items required (that is, bars, bolts,
screws, or studs),
3.1.3 Nuts, if required by purchaser, in accordance with
14.1,
3.1.4 Supplementary requirements, if any, and
3.1.5 Special requirements, in accordance with 7.1.5.1,
7.2.6, 9.1, 14.1, and 15.1.
3.2 CoatingsCoatings are prohibited unless specified by
the purchaser (See Supplementary Requirements S13 and S14).
When coated fasteners are ordered the purchaser should take
B 695 Specification for Coatings of Zinc Mechanically

Deposited on Iron and Steel
B 696 Specification for Coatings of Cadmium Mechanically
Deposited
B 766 Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Cadmium
E 18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic
Materials
E 21 Test Methods for Elevated Temperature Tension Tests
of Metallic Materials
E 112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
E 139 Test Methods for Conducting Creep, Creep-Rupture,
and Stress-Rupture Tests of Metallic Materials
E 150 Recommended Practice for Conducting Creep and
Creep-Rupture Tension Tests of Metallic Materials Under
Conditions of Rapid Heating and Short Times4
E 151 Recommended Practice for Tension Tests of Metallic
Materials at Elevated Temperatures With Rapid Heating
and Conventional or Rapid Strain Rates4
E 292 Test Methods for Conducting Time-for-Rupture
Notch Tension Tests of Materials
E 328 Test Methods for Stress Relaxation for Materials and
Structures
E 566 Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy-Current) Sorting
of Ferrous Metals
E 709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing
E 606 Practice for Strain-Controlled Fatigue Testing
F 1940 Test Method for Process Control Verification to
Prevent Hydrogen Embrittlement in Plated or Coated
Fasteners
F 1941 Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings on
Threaded Fasteners (Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN/
UNR))
F 2329 Specification for Zinc Coating, Hot-Dip, Requirements for Application to Carbon and Alloy Steel Bolts,
Screws, Washers, Nuts, and Special Threaded Fasteners
2.2 ANSI Standards:5
B18.2.1 Square and Hex Bolts and Screws
B18.2.3.1M Metric Hex Cap Screws
B18.3 Hexagon Socket and Spline Socket Screws
B18.3.1M Metric Socket Head Cap Screws
2.3 AIAG Standard:6
AIAG B-5 02.00 Primary Metals Identification Tag Application Standard
4. Common Requirements
4.1 Material and fasteners supplied to this specification shall
conform to the requirements of Specification A 962/A 962M.
These requirements include test methods, finish, thread dimensions, marking, certification, optional supplementary requirements, and others. Failure to comply with the requirements of
Specification A 962/A 962M constitutes nonconformance with
this specification. In case of conflict between this specification
and Specification A 962/A 962M, this specification shall prevail.
5. Manufacture (Process)
5.1 The steel shall be produced by any of the following
processes: open-hearth, basic-oxygen, electric-furnace, or
vacuum-induction melting (VIM). The molten steel may be
vacuum-treated prior to or during pouring of the ingot or strand
casting.
5.2 QualitySee Specification A 962/A 962M for requirements.
6. Discard
6.1 A sufficient discard shall be made to secure freedom
from injurious piping and undue segregation.
7. Heat Treatment
7.1 Ferritic Steels
7.1.1 Ferritic steels shall be allowed to cool to a temperature
below the cooling transformation range immediately after
rolling or forging. Materials to be liquid quenched shall then be
uniformly reheated to the proper temperature to refine the grain
(a group thus reheated being known as a quenching charge),
quenched in a liquid medium under substantially uniform
conditions for each quenching charge, and tempered. Materials
to be normalized and tempered or air-quenched and tempered
shall be reheated to the proper temperature to refine the grain,
cooled uniformly in air to a temperature below the transformation temperature range and tempered. The minimum tempering temperature shall be as specified in Tables 2 and 3.
3. General Requirements and Ordering Information

3.1 The inquiry and orders shall include the following, as
required, to describe the desired material adequately:
3.1.1 Heat-treated condition (that is, normalized and tempered, or quenched and tempered, for the ferritic materials, and
carbide solution treated (Class 1), carbide solution treated after
4
Withdrawn.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
6
Available from Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG), 26200 Lahser Rd.,
Suite 200, Southfield, MI 48033, http://www.aiag.org.
5
2
A 193/A 193M 08b

TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements (Composition, percent)A
Type . . . . . . . . .
Ferritic Steels
Grade . . . . . . . .
B5
B6 and B6X
Description. . . . . . . .
5% Chromium
12 % Chromium
UNS Designation . . . . . . . .
S41000 (410)
Carbon
Manganese, max
Phosphorus, max
Sulfur, max
Silicon
Chromium
Molybdenum
Range
Product Variation,
Over or UnderB
Range
Product Variation
Over or UnderB
0.10 min
1.00
0.040
0.030
1.00 max
4.06.0
0.400.65
0.01 under
0.03 over
0.005 over
0.005 over
0.05 over
0.10
0.05
0.080.15
1.00
0.040
0.030
1.00 max
11.513.5
...
0.01 over
0.03 over
0.005 over
0.005 over
0.05 over
0.15
...
Type . . . . . . . . . .
Ferritic Steels
Grade . . . . . .
B7, B7M
B16
C
Description . . . . . . . . .
Carbon
Manganese
Phosphorus, max
Sulfur, max
Silicon
Chromium
Molybdenum
Vanadium
Aluminum, max %E
Range
Product Variation,
Over or UnderB
Range
Product Variation,
Over or UnderB
0.370.49D
0.651.10
0.035
0.040
0.150.35
0.751.20
0.150.25
...
...
0.02
0.04
0.005 over
0.005 over
0.02
0.05
0.02
...
...
0.360.47
0.450.70
0.035
0.040
0.150.35
0.801.15
0.500.65
0.250.35
0.015
0.02
0.03
0.005 over
0.005 over
0.02
0.05
0.03
0.03
...
Austenitic Steels,F Classes 1, 1A, 1D, and 2
Type
Grade . .
B8, B8A
B8C, B8CA
UNS Designation . . . . . . S30400 (304)
Carbon, max
Manganese, max
Phosphorus, max
Sulfur, max
Silicon, max
Chromium
Nickel
Molybdenum
Columbium +
tantalum
S34700 (347)
Range
Product Variation,
Over or UnderB
0.08
2.00
0.045
0.030
1.00
18.020.0
8.011.0
...
...
0.01 over
0.04 over
0.010 over
0.005 over
0.05 over
0.20
0.15
...
...
Range
0.08
0.01 over
2.00
0.04 over
0.045
0.010 over
0.030
0.005 over
1.00
0.05 over
17.019.0
0.20
9.012.0
0.15
...
...
10 x carbon 0.05 under
content, min;
1.10 max
B8N, B8NA
UNS Designation . . . . S30451 (304N)

......
Carbon, max
Manganese, max
Phosphorus, max
Sulfur, max
Silicon, max
Chromium
Nickel
Molybdenum
Nitrogen
Copper
Product Variation,
Over or UnderB
B8M, B8MA, B8M2, B8M3
B8P, B8PA
S31600 (316)
S30500
Range
Product Variation,
Over or UnderB
Range
Product Variation,
Over or UnderB
0.08
2.00
0.045
0.030
1.00
16.018.0
10.014.0
2.003.00
...
0.01 over
0.04 over
0.010 over
0.005 over
0.05 over
0.20
0.15
0.10
...
0.12
2.00
0.045
0.030
1.00
17.019.0
11.013.0
...
...
0.01 over
0.04 over
0.010 over
0.005 over
0.05 over
0.20
0.15
...
...
Austenitic Steels,F Classes 1A, 1B, 1D, and 2
Type . . . . . . . . . .
Grade . . . . .
Chromium-Molybdenum-Vanadium
Chromium-Molybdenum
B8MN, B8MNA
B8MLCuN, B8MLCuNA
S31651 (316N)
S31254
Range
Product Variation,
Over or UnderB
Range
Product Variation,
Over or UnderB
Range
Product Variation,
Over or UnderB
0.08
2.00
0.045
0.030
1.00
18.020.0
8.011.0
...
0.100.16
...
0.01 over
0.04 over
0.010 over
0.005 over
0.05 over
0.20
0.15
...
0.01
...
0.08
2.00
0.045
0.030
1.00
16.018.0
10.013.0
2.003.00
0.100.16
...
0.01 over
0.04 over
0.010 over
0.005 over
0.05 over
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.01
...
0.020
1.00
0.030
0.010
0.80
19.520.5
17.518.5
6.06.5
0.180.22
0.501.00
0.005 over
0.03 over
0.005 over
0.002 over
0.05 over
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.02
...
3
A 193/A 193M 08b

TABLE 1
Continued
Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Austenitic SteelsF, Classes 1, 1A, and 2
Grade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B8T, B8TA
UNS Designation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S32100 (321)
Carbon, max
Manganese, max
Phosphorus, max
Sulfur, max
Silicon, max
Chromium
Nickel
Titanium
Nitrogen
Grade
B8R, B8RA
UNS Designation
S20910
0.08
2.00
0.045
0.030
1.00
17.019.0
9.012.0
5 x (C + N) min, 0.70 max
0.10 max
0.01 over
0.04 over
0.010 over
0.005 over
0.05 over
0.20
0.15
0.05 under
...
B8S, B8SA
S21800
Range
Product Variation,
Over or UnderB
Range
Product Variation,
Over or UnderB
0.06
4.06.0
0.045
0.030
1.00 max
20.523.5
11.513.5
1.503.00
0.200.40
0.100.30
0.100.30
0.01 over
0.05
0.005 over
0.005 over
0.05 over
0.25
0.15
0.10
0.02
0.05
0.02
0.10
7.09.0
0.060
0.030
3.54.5
16.018.0
8.09.0
...
0.080.18
...
...
0.01 over
0.06
0.005 over
0.005 over
0.15
0.20
0.10
...
0.01
...
...
Austenitic SteelsF, Classes 1, 1A and 1D
Type
Grade
B8LN, B8LNA
UNS Designation
S30453
Carbon, max
Manganese
Phosphorus, max
Sulfur, max
Silicon
Chromium
Nickel
Molybdenum
Nitrogen
Product Variation,
Over or UnderB
Austenitic SteelsF, Classes 1C and 1D
Type
Carbon, max
Manganese
Phosphorus, max
Sulfur, max
Silicon
Chromium
Nickel
Molybdenum
Nitrogen
Columbium + tantalum
Vanadium
Range
B8MLN, B8MLNA
S31653
Range
Product Variation,
Over or UnderB
Range
Product Variation,
Over or UnderB
0.030
2.00
0.045
0.030
1.00
18.020.0
8.011.0
...
0.100.16
0.005 over
0.04 over
0.010 over
0.005 over
0.05 over
0.20
0.15
...
0.01
0.030
2.00
0.045
0.030
1.00
16.018.0
10.013.0
2.003.00
0.100.16
0.005 over
0.04 over
0.010 over
0.005 over
0.05 over
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.01
The intentional addition of Bi, Se, Te, and Pb is not permitted.

Product analysisIndividual determinations sometimes vary from the specified limits on ranges as shown in the tables. The several determinations of any individual
element in a heat may not vary both above and below the specified range.
C
Typical steel compositions used for this grade include 4140, 4142, 4145, 4140H, 4142H, and 4145H.
D
For bar sizes over 312 in. [90 mm], inclusive, the carbon content may be 0.50 %, max. For the B7M grade, a minimum carbon content of 0.28 % is permitted, provided
that the required tensile properties are met in the section sizes involved; the use of AISI 4130 or 4130H is allowed.
E
Total of soluble and insoluble.
F
Classes 1 and 1D are solution treated. Classes 1, 1B, and some 1C (B8R and B8S) products are made from solution treated material. Class 1A (B8A, B8CA, B8MA,
B8PA, B8TA, B8LNA, B8MLNA, B8NA, and B8MNA) and some Class 1C (B9RA and B8SA) products are solution treated in the finished condition. Class 2 products are
solution treated and strain hardened.
B
4
A 193/A 193M 08b

TABLE 2 Mechanical Requirements Inch Products
Grade
Diameter, in.
Minimum
Tempering
Temperature,
F
Tensile
Strength,
min, ksi
Yield Strength,
min, 0.2 %
offset,
ksi
Elongation Reduction
in 4D,
of Area,
min, %
min, %
Hardness,
max
Ferritic Steels
B5
4 to 6 % chromium
B6
13 % chromium
B6X
13 % chromium
B7
Chromium-molybdenum
B7M Chromium-molybdenum
B16
Chromium-molybdenum-vanadium
Grade, Diameter, in.
up to 4, incl
1100
100
80
16
50
...
up to 4, incl
1100
110
85
15
50
...
up to 4, incl
1100
90
70
16
50
26 HRC
212 and under
1100
125
105
16
50
over 212 to 4
1100
115
95
16
50
over 4 to 7
1100
100
75
18
50
4 and under
1150
100
80
18
50
over 4 to 7
1150
100
75
18
50
321 HB or
35 HRC
321 HB or
35 HRC
321 HB or
35 HRC
235 HB or
99 HRB
235 BHN or
99 HRB
212 and under
1200
125
105
18
50
over 212 to 4
1200
110
95
17
45
over 4 to 8
1200
100
85
16
45
Tensile
Strength,
min, ksi
Heat TreatmentB
Yield
Strength,
min, 0.2
% offset,
ksi
321 HB or
35 HRC
321 HB or
35 HRC
321 HB or
35 HRC
in 4 D, of Area,
min %
min %
Hardness,
max
Austenitic Steels
carbide solution treated
75
30
30
50
223 HBC or 96 HRB
75
30
30
50
223 HBC or 96HRB
carbide solution treated in the finished

condition
75
30
30
50
192 HB or 90 HRB
Classes 1B and 1D: B8N, B8MN, carbide solution treated

and
B8MLCuN, all diameters
Classes 1C and 1D: B8R, all
diameters
Class 1C: B8RA, all diameters
condition
80
35
30
40
223 HBC or 96 HRB
100
55
35
55
271 HB or 28 HRC
100
55
35
55
271 HB or 28 HRC
Classes 1 and 1D; B8, B8M, B8P,

B8LN,
B8MLN, all diameters
Class 1: B8C, B8T, all
diameters
Class 1A: B8A, B8CA, B8MA,
B8PA, B8TA, B8LNA, B8MLNA,
B8NA, B8MNA
B8MLCuNA, all diameters
Classes 1C and 1D: B8S, all

diameters
Classes 1C: B8SA,
all diameters
Class 2: B8, B8C, B8P, B8T, and
B8N,D
34 and under
over 34 to 1, incl
over 1 to 114 , incl
95
50
35
55
271 HB or 28 HRC

condition
carbide solution treated and strain
hardened
95
50
35
55
271 HB or 28 HRC
125
100
12
35
321 HB or 35 HRC
115
105
100
80
65
50
15
20
28
35
35
45
321 HB or 35 HRC
321 HB or 35 HRC
321 HB or 35 HRC
Class 2: B8M, B8MN, B8MLCuND

34 and under
over 34 to 1 incl
Over 1 to 114 , incl
Class 2B: B8, B8M2D
2 and under

hardened
110
95
15
45
321 HB or 35 HRC
100
95
90
95
80
65
50
75
20
25
30
25
45
45
45
40
321
321
321
321

hardened
5
HB
HB
HB
HB
or
or
or
or
35
35
35
35
HRC
HRC
HRC
HRC
A 193/A 193M 08b

TABLE 2
Grade, Diameter, in.
Continued
Tensile
Strength,
min, ksi
Heat TreatmentB
Yield
Strength,
min, 0.2
% offset,
ksi
in 4 D, of Area,
min %
min %
Hardness,
max
Austenitic Steels
over 2 to 212 incl
over 212 to 3 incl
Class 2C: B8M3D
2 and under
over 2

hardened
90
80
85
65
55
65
30
30
30
40
40
60
321 HB or 35 HRC
321 HB or 35 HRC
321 HB or 35 HRC
85
60
30
60
321 HB or 35 HRC
To meet the tensile requirements, the Brinell hardness shall be over 200 HB (93 HRB).
B
Class 1 is solution treated. Class 1A is solution treated in the finished condition for corrosion resistance; heat treatment is critical due to physical property requirement.
Class 2 is solution treated and strain hardened. Austenitic steels in the strain-hardened condition may not show uniform properties throughout the section particularly in
sizes over 34 in. in diameter.
C
For sizes 34 in. in diameter and smaller, a maximum hardness of 241 HB (100 HRB) is permitted.
D
For diameters 112 and over, center (core) properties may be lower than indicated by test reports which are based on values determined at 12 radius.
TABLE 3 Mechanical Requirements Metric Products
Class
Minimum
Tempering
Temperature,
C
Diameter, [mm]
Tensile
Strength,
min,
MPa
Yield Strength,
min, 0.2 %
offset,
MPa
in 4D,
of Area,
min, %
min, %
Hardness,
max
Ferritic Steels
B5
4 to 6 % chromium
B6
13 % chromium
B6X
13 % chromium
B7
Chromium-molybdenum
B7MAChromium-molybdenum
B16
Chromium-molybdenum-vanadium
up to M100, incl
593
690
550
16
50
...
up to M100, incl
593
760
585
15
50
...
up to M100, incl
593
620
485
16
50
26 HRC
M64 and under
593
860
720
16
50
over M64 to M100
593
795
655
16
50
over M100 to M180
593
690
515
18
50
M100 and under
620
690
550
18
50
over M100 to M180
620
690
515
18
50
321 HB or
35 HRC
321 HB or
35 HRC
321 HB or
35 HRC
235 HB or
99 HRB
235 BHN or
99 HRB
M64 and under
650
860
725
18
50
over M64 to M100
650
760
655
17
45
over M100 to M180
650
690
585
16
45
Class Diameter, mm
Tensile
Strength,
min,
MPa
Heat Treatment
Yield
Strength,
min, 0.2
% offset,
MPa
in 4 D, of Area,
min %
min %
321 HB or
35 HRC
321 HB or
35 HRC
321 HB or
35 HRC
Hardness,
max
Austenitic Steels
Classes 1 and 1D; B8, B8M, B8P, B8LN,
B8MLN, all diameters
Class 1: B8C, B8T, all
diameters
Class 1A: B8A, B8CA, B8MA, B8PA,
B8TA, B8LNA, B8MLNA, B8NA, B8MNA
B8MLCuNA, all diameters
Classes 1B and 1D: B8N, B8MN, and

B8MLCuN, all diameters
Classes 1C and 1D: B8R, all diameters
Class 1C: B8RA, all diameters
Classes 1C and 1D: B8S, all diameters
515
205
30
50
223 HBC or 96 HRB
515
205
30
50
223 HBC or 96HRB

condition
515
205
30
50
192 HB or 90 HRB
550
240
30
40
223 HBC or 96 HRB

condition
690
690
380
380
35
35
55
55
271 HB or 28 HRC
271 HB or 28 HRC
655
345
35
55
271 HB or 28 HRC
6
A 193/A 193M 08b

TABLE 3
Class Diameter, mm
Continued
Tensile
Strength,
min,
MPa
Heat TreatmentB
Yield
Strength,
min, 0.2
% offset,
MPa
in 4 D, of Area,
min %
min %
Hardness,
max
Austenitic Steels
Classes 1C: B8SA,
all diameters
condition
Class 2: B8, B8C, B8P, B8T, and B8N,D carbide solution treated and strain
M20 and under
hardened
over M20 to M24, incl
Class 2: B8M, B8MN, B8MLCuN,D
M20 and under
Class 2B: B8, B8M2,D
M48 and under
Class 2C: B8M3,D
M48 and under
over M48

hardened

hardened

hardened
655
345
35
55
271 HB or 28 HRC
860
690
12
35
321 HB or 35 HRC
795
725
690
550
450
345
15
20
28
35
35
45
321 HB or 35 HRC
321 HB or 35 HRC
321 HB or 35 HRC
760
655
15
45
321 HB or 35 HRC
690
655
620
655
550
450
345
515
20
25
30
25
45
45
45
40
321
321
321
321
620
550
585
450
380
450
30
30
30
40
40
60
321 HB or 35 HRC
321 HB or 35 HRC
321 HB or 35 HRC
585
415
30
60
321 HB or 35 HRC
HB
HB
HB
HB
or
or
or
or
35
35
35
35
HRC
HRC
HRC
HRC
To meet the tensile requirements, the Brinell hardness shall be over 200 HB (93 HRB).
B
Class 1 is solution treated. Class 1A is solution treated in the finished condition for corrosion resistance; heat treatment is critical due to physical property requirement.
Class 2 is solution treated and strain hardened. Austenitic steels in the strain-hardened condition may not show uniform properties throughout the section particularly in
sizes over M20 mm in diameter
C
For sizes M20 mm in diameter and smaller, a maximum hardness of 241 HB (100 HRB) is permitted.
D
For diameters M38 and over, center (core) properties may be lower than indicated by test reports which are based on values determined at 12 radius.
7.1.2 Use of water quenching is prohibited for any ferritic

grade when heat treatment is performed after heading or
threading.
7.1.3 Except as permitted below for B6X; material that is
subsequently cold drawn for dimensional control shall be
stress-relieved after cold drawing. The minimum stress-relief
temperature shall be 100 F [55 C] below the tempering
temperature. Tests for mechanical properties shall be performed after stress relieving.
7.1.4 B6 and B6X materials shall be held at the tempering
temperature for a minimum time of 1 h. B6X material may be
furnished in the as-rolled-and-tempered condition. Cold working after heat treatment is permitted for B6X material provided
the final hardness meets the requirements of Tables 2 and 3.
7.1.5 B7 and B7M bolting material shall be heat treated by
quenching in a liquid medium and tempering. For B7M
bolting, the final heat treatment, which may be the tempering
operation if conducted at 1150 F [620 C] minimum, shall be
done after all machining and forming operations, including
thread rolling and any type of cutting. Surface preparation for
hardness testing, nondestructive evaluation, or ultrasonic bolt
tensioning is permitted.
7.1.5.1 Unless otherwise specified, material for Grade B7
may be heat treated by the Furnace, the Induction or the
Electrical Resistance method.
7.1.6 Material Grade B16 shall be heated to a temperature

range from 1700 to 1750 F [925 to 955 C] and oil quenched.
The minimum tempering temperature shall be as specified in
Tables 2 and 3.
7.2 Austenitic Stainless Steels
7.2.1 All austenitic stainless steels shall receive a carbide
solution treatment (see 7.2.2-7.2.5 for specific requirements for
each class). Classes 1, 1B, 1C (Grades B8R and B8S only), 2,
2B, and 2C can apply to bar, wire, and finished fasteners. Class
1A (all grades) and Class 1C (grades B8RA and B8SA only)
can apply to finished fasteners. Class 1D applies only to bar
and wire and finished fasteners that are machined directly from
Class 1D bar or wire without any subsequent hot or cold
working.
7.2.2 Classes 1 and 1B, and Class 1C Grades B8R and
B8SAfter rolling of the bar, forging, or heading, whether
done hot or cold, the material shall be heated from ambient
temperature and held a sufficient time at a temperature at which
the chromium carbide will go into solution and then shall be
cooled at a rate sufficient to prevent the precipitation of the
carbide.
7.2.3 Class 1DRolled or forged Grades B8, B8M, B8P,
B8LN, B8MLN, B8N, B8MN, B8R, and B8S bar shall be
cooled rapidly immediately following hot working while the
temperature is above 1750 F [955 C] so that grain boundary
carbides remain in solution. Class 1D shall be restricted to
applications at temperatures less than 850 F [455 C].
7.2.4 Class 1A and Class 1C Grades B8RA and B8SA
Finished fasteners shall be carbide solution treated after all
rolling, forging, heading, and threading operations are complete. This designation does not apply to starting material such
NOTE 4Stress-relaxation properties may vary from heat lot to heat lot
or these properties may vary from one heat-treating method to another.
The purchaser may specify Supplementary Requirement S8, when stressrelaxation testing is desired.
7
A 193/A 193M 08b

as bar. Fasteners shall be heated from ambient temperature and
held a sufficient time at a temperature at which the chromium
carbide will go into solution and then shall be cooled at a rate
sufficient to prevent the precipitation of the carbide.
7.2.5 Classes 2, 2B, and 2CMaterial shall be carbide
solution treated by heating from ambient temperature and
holding a sufficient time at a temperature at which the
chromium carbide will go into solution and then cooling at a
rate sufficient to prevent the precipitation of the carbide.
Following this treatment the material shall then be strain
hardened to achieve the required properties.
At = stress area of the thread section, square inches or

square milimetres, as shown in the Cone Proof Load
Tables in Specification A 962/A 962M.
10.2 Hardness Requirements:
10.2.1 The hardness shall conform to the requirements
prescribed in Table 2. Hardness testing shall be performed in
accordance with either Specification A 962/A 962M or with
Test Methods F 606.
10.2.2 Grade B7MThe maximum hardness of the grade
shall be 235 HB or 99 HRB. The minimum hardness shall not
be less than 200 HB or 93 HRB. Conformance to this hardness
shall be ensured by testing the hardness of each stud or bolt by
Brinell or Rockwell B methods in accordance with 10.2.1. The
use of 100 % electromagnetic testing for hardness as an
alternative to 100 % indentation hardness testing is permissible
when qualified by sampling using indentation hardness testing.
Each lot tested for hardness electromagnetically shall be 100 %
examined in accordance with Practice E 566. Following electromagnetic testing for hardness a random sample of a minimum of 100 pieces of each heat of steel in each lot (as defined
in 13.1.1) shall be tested by indentation hardness methods. All
samples must meet hardness requirements to permit acceptance
of the lot. If any one sample is outside of the specified
maximum or minimum hardness, the lot shall be rejected and
either reprocessed and resampled or tested 100 % by indentation hardness methods. Product that has been 100 % tested and
found acceptable shall have a line under the grade symbol.
10.2.2.1 Surface preparation for indentation hardness testing shall be in accordance with Test Methods E 18. Hardness
tests shall be performed on the end of the bolt or stud. When
this is impractical, the hardness test shall be performed
elsewhere.
NOTE 5Heat treatment following operations performed on a limited

portion of the product, such as heading, may result in non-uniform grain
size and mechanical properties through the section affected.
7.2.6 If a scale-free bright finish is required; this shall be

specified in the purchase order.
8. Chemical Composition
8.1 Each alloy shall conform to the chemical composition
requirements prescribed in Table 1.
8.2 The steel shall not contain an unspecified element for
the ordered grade to the extent that the steel conforms to the
requirements of another grade for which that element is a
specified element. Furthermore, elements present in concentrations greater than 0.75 weight/% shall be reported.
9. Heat Analysis
9.1 An analysis of each heat of steel shall be made by the
manufacturer to determine the percentages of the elements
specified in Section 8. The chemical composition thus determined shall be reported to the purchaser or the purchasers
representative, and shall conform to the requirements specified
in Section 8. Should the purchaser deem it necessary to have
the transition zone of two heats sequentially cast discarded, the
purchaser shall invoke Supplementary Requirement S3 of
Specification A 788.
11. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance

11.1 Bolts, screws, studs, and stud bolts shall be pointed and
shall have a workmanlike finish. Points shall be flat and
chamfered or rounded at option of the manufacturer. Length of
point on studs and stud bolts shall be not less than one nor more
than two complete threads as measured from the extreme end
parallel to the axis. Length of studs and stud bolts shall be
measured from first thread to first thread.
11.2 Bolt heads shall be in accordance with the dimensions
of ANSI B18.2.1 or ANSI B18.2.3.1M. Unless otherwise
specified in the purchase order, the Heavy Hex Screws Series
should be used, except the maximum body diameter and radius
of fillet may be the same as for the Heavy Hex Bolt Series. The
body diameter and head fillet radius for sizes of Heavy Hex
Cap Screws and Bolts that are not shown in their respective
tables in ANSI B18.2.1 or ANSI B18.2.3.1M may be that
shown in the corresponding Hex Cap Screw and Bolt Tables
respectively. Socket head fasteners shall be in accordance with
ANSI B18.3 or ANSI B18.3.1M.
10. Mechanical Properties

10.1 Tensile Properties:
10.1.1 RequirementsThe material as represented by the
tension specimens shall conform to the requirements prescribed in Tables 2 and 3 at room temperature after heat
treatment. Alternatively, stainless strain hardened headed fasteners (Class 2, 2B, and 2C) shall be tested full size after strain
hardening to determine tensile strength and yield strength and
shall conform to the requirements prescribed in Tables 2 and 3.
Should the results of full size tests conflict with results of
tension specimen tests, full size test results shall prevail.
10.1.2 Full Size Fasteners, Wedge Tensile TestingWhen
applicable, see 13.1.3, headed fasteners shall be wedge tested
full size. The minimum full size load applied (lbf or kN) for
individual sizes shall be as follows:
W 5 T s 3 At
12. Retests
12.1 If the results of the mechanical tests of any test lot do
not conform to the requirements specified, the manufacturer
may retreat such lot not more than twice, in which case two
additional tension tests shall be made from such lot, all of
which shall conform to the requirements specified.
(1)
where:
W = minimum wedge tensile load without fracture,
Ts = tensile strength specified in ksi or MPa in Tables 2 and
3, and
8
A 193/A 193M 08b

13. Test Specimens
13.1 Number of TestsFor heat-treated bars, one tension
test shall be made for each diameter of each heat represented in
each tempering charge. When heat treated without interruption
in continuous furnaces, the material in a lot shall be the same
heat, same prior condition, same size, and subjected to the
same heat treatment. Not fewer than two tension tests are
required for each lot containing 20 000 lb [9000 kg] or less.
Every additional 10 000 lb [4500 kg] or fraction thereof
requires one additional test.
13.1.1 For studs, bolts, screws, and so forth, one tension test
shall be made for each diameter of each heat involved in the
lot. Each lot shall consist of the following:
tive showing the results of the chemical analysis, macroetch

examination (Carbon and Alloy Steels Only), and mechanical
tests, and state the method of heat treatment employed.
16.2 Certification shall also include at least the following:
16.2.1 A statement that the material or the fasteners, or both,
were manufactured, sampled, tested, and inspected in accordance with the specification and any supplementary requirements or other requirements designated in the purchase order
or contract and was found to meet those requirements.
16.2.2 The specification number, year date, and identification symbol.
Diameter, in. [mm]

118 [30] and under
Over 118 [30] to 134 [42], incl
Over 134 [42] to 212 [64], incl
Over 212 [64]
17.1 The marking symbol and manufacturers identification

symbol shall be applied to one end of studs 38 in. [10 mm] in
diameter and larger and to the heads of bolts 14 in. [6 mm] in
diameter and larger. (If the available area is inadequate, the
marking symbol may be placed on one end with the manufacturers identification symbol placed on the other end.) The
marking symbol shall be as shown in Table 4 and Table 5.
Grade B7M, which has been 100 % evaluated in conformance
with the specification, shall have a line under the marking
symbol to distinguish it from B7M produced to previous
specification revisions not requiring 100 % hardness testing.
17.2 For bolting materials, including threaded bars, furnished bundled and tagged or boxed, the tags and boxes shall
carry the marking symbol for the material identification and the
manufacturers identification symbol or name.
17.3 For purposes of product marking, the manufacturer is
considered the organization that certifies the fastener was
manufactured, sampled, tested, and inspected in accordance
with the specification and the results have been determined to
meet the requirements of this specification.
17.4 Bar CodingIn addition to the requirements in 17.1,
17.2, and 17.3, bar coding is acceptable as a supplementary
identification method. Bar coding should be consistent with
AIAG Standard B-5 02.00. If used on small items, the bar code
may be applied to the box or a substantially applied tag.
17. Product Marking
Lot Size
1500 lb [780 kg] or fraction thereof
100 pieces or fraction thereof
13.1.2 Tension tests are not required to be made on bolts,

screws, studs, or stud bolts that are fabricated from heat-treated
bars furnished in accordance with the requirements of this
specification and tested in accordance with 13.1, provided they
are not given a subsequent heat treatment.
13.1.3 Full Size Specimens, Headed FastenersHeaded
fasteners 112 in. in body diameter and smaller, with body
length three times the diameter or longer, and that are produced
by upsetting or forging (hot or cold) shall be subjected to full
size testing in accordance with 10.1.2. This testing shall be in
addition to tensile testing as specified in 10.1.1. The lot size
shall be as shown in 13.1.1. Failure shall occur in the body or
threaded section with no failure, or indications of failure, such
as cracks, at the junction of the head and shank.
14. Nuts
14.1 Bolts, studs, and stud bolts shall be furnished with
nuts, when specified in the purchase order. Nuts shall conform
to Specification A 194/A 194M.
15. Rejection and Rehearing
15.1 Unless otherwise specified in the basis of purchase, any
rejection based on product analysis shall be reported to the
manufacturer within 30 days from the receipt of samples by the
purchaser.
15.2 Material that shows defects subsequent to its acceptance at the place of manufacture shall be rejected, and the
manufacturer shall be notified.
15.3 Product AnalysisSamples that represent rejected material shall be preserved for two weeks from the date of the test
report. In the case of dissatisfaction with the results of the test,
the manufacturer may make claim for a rehearing within that
time.
18. Keywords
18.1 hardness; heat treatment
TABLE 4 Marking of Ferritic Steels

Grade
Marking Symbol
B5
B6
B6X
B7
B7MA
B5
B6
B6X
B7
B7M
B7M
B16
B16R
B16
B16 +
Supplement S12
16. Certification
16.1 The producer of the raw material or finished fasteners
shall furnish a certification to the purchaser or his representa-
For explanations, see 10.2.2 and 17.1.
9
A 193/A 193M 08b

TABLE 5 Marking of Austenitic Steels
Class
Grade
Marking Symbol
Class 1
B8
B8C
B8M
B8P
B8T
B8LN
B8MLN
B8
B8C
B8M
B8P
B8T
B8F or B8LN
B8G or B8MLN
Class 1A
B8A
B8CA
B8MA
B8PA
B8TA
B8LNA
B8MLNA
B8NA
B8MNA
B8MLCuNA
B8A
B8B or B8CA
B8D or B8MA
B8H or B8PA
B8J or B8TA
B8L or B8LNA
B8K or B8MLNA
B8V or B8MA
B8W or B8MNA
B9K or B8MLCuNA
Class 1B
B8N
B8MN
B8MLCuN
B8N
B8Y or B8MN
B9J or B8MLCuN
Class 1C
B8R
B8RA
B8S
B8SA
B9A or B8R
B9B or B8RA
B9D or B8S
B9F or B8SA
Class 1D
B8
B8M
B8P
B8LN
B8MLN
B8N
B8MN
B8R
B8S
B94
B95
B96
B97
B98
B99
B100
B101
B102
Class 2
B8
B8C
B8P
B8T
B8N
B8M
B8MN
B8MLCuN
B8SH
B8CSH
B8PSH
B8TSH
B8NSH
B8MSH
B8YSH
B0JSH
Class 2B
B8M2
B8
B9G or B8M2
B9
Class 2C
B8M3
B9H or B8M3
SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS
These requirements shall not apply unless specified in the order and in the Ordering Information,
in which event the specified tests shall be made before shipment of the product.
as agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser. When
testing temperatures are as low as those specified in Specification A 320/A 320M, bolting should be ordered to that specification in preference to this specification.
S1. High Temperature Tests

S1.1 Tests to determine high temperature properties shall be
made in accordance with Test Methods E 21, E 139, and E 292,
and Practices E 150 and E 151.
S2. Charpy Impact Tests
S2.1 Charpy impact tests based on the requirements of
Specification A 320/A 320M, Sections 6 and 7, shall be made
10
A 193/A 193M 08b

determined in accordance with Test Methods E 112. The grain
size so determined shall be reported on the Certificate of Test.
S3. 100 % Hardness Testing of Grade B7M

S3.1 Each Grade B7M bolt or stud shall be tested for
hardness by indentation method and shall meet the requirements specified in Table 2.
S10. Hardness Testing of Class 2 Bolting Materials for

ASME Applications
S4. Hardness Testing of Grade B16

S4.1 For bolts or studs 212 in. [65 mm] or smaller, the
hardness for Grade B16 shall be measured on or near the end
of each bolt or stud using one of the methods prescribed in
10.2.1 for the Brinell or Rockwell C test. The hardness shall be
in the range 253319 HB or 2534 HRC.
S10.1 The maximum hardness shall be Rockwell C35 immediately under the thread roots. The hardness shall be taken
on a flat area at least 18 in. [3 mm] across, prepared by
removing threads, and no more material than necessary shall be
removed to prepare the flat areas. Hardness determinations
shall be made at the same frequency as tensile tests.
S5. Product Marking

S5.1 Marking and manufacturers identification symbols
shall be applied to one end of studs and to the heads of bolts of
all sizes. (If the available area is inadequate, the marking
symbol may be marked on one end and the manufacturers
identification symbol marked on the other end.) For bolts
smaller than 14 in. [6 mm] in diameter and studs smaller
than 38 in. [10 mm] in diameter and for 14 in. [6 mm] in
diameter studs requiring more than a total of three symbols, the
marking shall be a matter of agreement between the purchaser
and the manufacturer.
S11. Thread Forming

S11.1 Threads shall be formed after heat treatment. Application of this supplemental requirement to grade B7M or the
grades listed in 7.2.4 is prohibited.
S12. Stress Rupture Testing of Grade B16
S12.1 One test shall be made for each heat treat lot. Testing
shall be conducted using a combination test bar in accordance
with Test Methods E 292. Rupture shall occur in the smooth
section of each test specimen. The test shall be conducted at
1100 F [595 C] and 20 ksi [140 MPa]. The test shall be
continued until the sample ruptures. Rupture life shall be 25 h
minimum. Testing is not required on material less than 12 in.
[12 mm] thick.
S12.2 When a purchase order for fasteners invokes S12, the
product marking supplied shall be B16R.
S6. Stress Relieving

S6.1 A stress-relieving operation shall follow straightening
after heat treatment.
S6.2 The minimum stress-relieving temperature shall be
100 F [55 C] below the tempering temperature. Tests for
mechanical properties shall be performed after stress relieving.
S13. Coatings on Bolting Materials
S7. Magnetic Particle Inspection

S7.1 Bars shall be magnetic particle examined in accordance with Guide E 709. Bars with indications of cracks or
seams are subject to rejection if the indications extend more
than 3 % of the diameter into the bar.
S13.1 It is the purchasers responsibility to specify in the

purchase order all information required by the coating facility.
Examples of such information may include but are not limited
to the following:
S13.1.1 Reference to the appropriate coating specification
and type, thickness, location, modification to dimensions, and
hydrogen embrittlement relief.
S13.1.2 Reference to Specifications A 153/A 153M, B 633,
B 695, B 696, B 766, or F 1941, F 2329, or Test Method
F 1940, or other standards.
S8. Stress-Relaxation Testing

S8.1 Stress-Relaxation Testing, when required, shall be
done in accordance with Test Methods E 328. The test shall be
performed at 850 F [454 C] for a period of 100 h. The initial
stress shall be 50 M psi [345 MPa]. The residual stress at 100
h shall be 17 M psi [117 MPa] minimum.
S14. Marking Coated Bolting Materials
S9. Grain Size Requirements for Non H Grade

Austenitic Steels Used Above 1000 F
S9.1 For design metal temperatures above 1000 F [540
C], the material shall have a grain size of No. 7 or coarser as
S14.1 Material coated with zinc shall have an asterisk (*)

marked after the grade symbol. Material coated with cadmium
shall have a plus sign (+) marked after the grade symbol.
11
A 193/A 193M 08b

APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. STRAIN HARDENING OF AUSTENITIC STEELS
X1.1 Strain hardening is the increase in strength and

hardness that results from plastic deformation below the
recrystallization temperature (cold work). This effect is produced in austenitic stainless steels by reducing oversized bars
or wire to the desired final size by cold drawing or other
process. The degree of strain hardening achievable in any alloy
is limited by its strain hardening characteristics. In addition, the
amount of strain hardening that can be produced is further
limited by the variables of the process, such as the total amount
of cross-section reduction, die angle, and bar size. In large
diameter bars, for example, plastic deformation will occur
principally in the outer regions of the bar so that the increased
strength and hardness due to strain hardening is achieved
predominantly near the surface of the bar. That is, the smaller
the bar, the greater the penetration of strain hardening.

X1.2 Thus, the mechanical properties of a given strain
hardened fastener are dependent not just on the alloy, but also
on the size of bar from which it is machined. The minimum bar
size that can be used, however, is established by the configuration of the fastener so that the configuration can affect the
strength of the fastener.
X1.3 For example, a stud of a particular alloy and size may
be machined from a smaller diameter bar than a bolt of the
same alloy and size because a larger diameter bar is required to
accommodate the head of the bolt. The stud, therefore, is likely
to be stronger than the same size bolt in a given alloy.
X2. COATINGS AND APPLICATION LIMITS
X2.1 Use of coated fasteners at temperatures above approximately one-half the melting point (Fahrenheit or Celsius)
of the coating is not recommended unless consideration is
given to the potential for liquid and solid metal embrittlement,
or both. The melting point of elemental zinc is approximately
780 F [415 C]. Therefore, application of zinc-coated fasteners should be limited to temperatures less than 390 F [210 C].
The melting point of cadmium is approximately 600 F [320
C]. Therefore, application of cadmium-coated fasteners
should be limited to temperatures less than 300 F [160 C].
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this specification since the last issue,
A 193/A 193M 08a, that may impact the use of this specification. (Approved August 1, 2008).
(1) Added new paragraph 1.3 and renumbered subsequent
paragraphs.
(2) Added reference to Specifications B 633 and F 2329 to

S13.1.2.
A 193/A 193M 08, that may impact the use of this specification. (Approved May 1, 2008).
(1) Reorganized and edited 7.1 to clarify and separate ferritic
grades from austenitic grades. Clarified use of water quenching
for threaded ferritic grades and intent relative to stress relief of
cold worked B6X. Added reference in Section 10 to Table 3
and Specification A 962/A 962M for wedge tensile testing of
metric product.
A 193/A 193M 07, that may impact the use of this specification. (Approved April 1, 2008).
(2) Added Nitrogen for Grades B8T and B8TA in Table 1.
(1) Added new Supplementary Requirement S14.
12
A 193/A 193M 08b
A 193/A 193M 06a, that may impact the use of this specification. (Approved March 1, 2007).
(4) Corrected the metric yield strength for B16 M100 to M180
in Table 3.
(5) Corrected the metric conversion in S12.
(6) Added reference to Test Method F 1940 and Specification
F 1941, and dropped reference to Specification B 633, in S13.
(1) Deleted the space between the S and the numbers in the
UNS designations in Table 1.
(2) Added permissible product variations for B8MLCuN and
B8MLCuNA in Table 1.
(3) Added the requirement to report nitrogen for S32100 and
changed the order of the elements in Table 1 for this grade to
be consistent with the other stainless grades.
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
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United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org).
13
Endorsed by
Manufacturers Standardization Society
of the Valve and Fittings Industry
Used in USNRC-RDT Standards
Designation: A 194/A 194M 08b
Standard Specification for
Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Bolts for High Pressure or
High Temperature Service, or Both1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 194/A 194M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards: 3
A 153/A 153M Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on
Iron and Steel Hardware
A 276 Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes
A 320/A 320M Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless
Steel Bolting Materials for Low-Temperature Service
A 962/A 962M Specification for Common Requirements
for Steel Fasteners or Fastener Materials, or Both, Intended
for Use at Any Temperature from Cryogenic to the Creep
Range
B 633 Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Zinc
on Iron and Steel
B 695 Specification for Coatings of Zinc Mechanically
Deposited on Iron and Steel
B 696 Specification for Coatings of Cadmium Mechanically
Deposited
B 766 Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Cadmium
E 112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
F 1940 Test Method for Process Control Verification to
Prevent Hydrogen Embrittlement in Plated or Coated
Fasteners
F 1941 Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings on
Threaded Fasteners (Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN/
UNR))
F 2329 Specification for Zinc Coating, Hot-Dip, Requirements for Application to Carbon and Alloy Steel Bolts,
Screws, Washers, Nuts, and Special Threaded Fasteners
2.2 American National Standards:4
B 1.1 Unified Screw Threads
B 1.2 Gages and Gaging for Unified Inch Screw Threads
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification2 covers a variety of carbon, alloy, and
martensitic stainless steel nuts in the size range 14 through 4
in. and metric M6 through M100 nominal. It also covers
austenitic stainless steel nuts in the size range 14 in. and M6
nominal and above. These nuts are intended for high-pressure
or high-temperature service, or both. Grade substitutions without the purchasers permission are not allowed.
1.2 Bars from which the nuts are made shall be hot-wrought.
The material may be further processed by centerless grinding
or by cold drawing. Austenitic stainless steel may be solution
annealed or annealed and strain-hardened. When annealed and
strain hardened austenitic stainless steel is ordered in accordance with Supplementary Requirement S1, the purchaser
should take special care to ensure that 8.2.2, Supplementary
Requirement S1, and Appendix X1 are thoroughly understood.
1.3 Supplementary requirements (S1 through S8) of an
optional nature are provided. These shall apply only when
specified in the inquiry, contract, and order.
1.4 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units
and in SI units. However, unless the order specifies the
applicable M specification designation (SI units), the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.
1.5 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system
must be used independently of the other. Combining values
from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the
specification. Within the text, the SI units are shown in
brackets.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
A01.22 on Steel Forgings and Wrought Fittings for Piping Applications and Bolting
Materials for Piping and Special Purpose Applications.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2008. Published September 2008. Originally
approved in 1936. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as A 194/A 194M08a.
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specification SA-194 in Section II of that code.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
4
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Tue Oct 7 21:36:37 EDT 2008
A 194/A 194M 08b

5. Common Requirements
B 1.13M Metric Screw Threads

B 18.2.2 Square and Hex Nuts
B 18.2.4.6M Metric Heavy Hex Nuts
5.1 Material and fasteners supplied to this specification shall

conform to the requirements of Specification A 962/A 962M.
These requirements include test methods, finish, thread dimensions, marking, certification, optional supplementary requirements, and others. Failure to comply with the requirements of
Specification A 962/A 962M constitutes nonconformance with
this specification. In case of conflict between the requirements
of this specification and Specification A 962/A 962M, this
specification shall prevail.
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 Austenitic GradesAll grades with a prefix of 8 or
9.
3.1.2 Ferritic GradesGrades 1, 2, 2H, 2HM, 3, 4, 6, 6F, 7,
7M, and 16.
3.1.3 LotUnless otherwise specified (see Discussion below), a lot is the quantity of nuts of a single nominal size and
grade produced by the same manufacturing process.
3.1.3.1 DiscussionWhen Supplementary Requirement S5
is invoked on the purchase order, the following definitions of a
lot shall apply:
3.1.3.2 For Grade 8 NutsThe quantity of all the nuts of a
single nominal diameter and grade made from the same heat of
steel and made by the same manufacturing process.
3.1.3.3 For All Other Grade Nuts (see 8.2 and 8.1.2.1)
All the nuts of a single nominal diameter and grade made from
the same heat number and heat treated in the same batch if
batch-type heat treating equipment is used or heat treated in the
same continuous run of not more than 8 h under the same
conditions if continuous-type heat treating equipment is used.
3.1.4 Type
3.1.4.1 For Grade 8 NutsVariations within the grade
designated by a letter and differentiated by chemistry and by
manufacturing process.
3.1.4.2 For Grade 6 NutsVariations within the grade
designated by the letter F as differentiated by chemical additions made for machineability.
3.1.5 SeriesThe dimensional relationship and geometry
of the nuts as described in ANSI B 18.2.2 or B 18.2.4.6M.
6. Manufacture (Process)
6.1 Stainless steels for all types of Grade 6 and 8 nuts shall
be made by one of the following processes:
6.1.1 Electric-furnace (with separate degassing and refining
optional),
6.1.2 Vacuum induction furnace, or
6.1.3 Either of the above followed by electroslag remelting,
or consumable-arc remelting.
6.2 The steel producer shall exercise adequate control to
eliminate excessive unhomogeneity, nonmetallics, pipe, porosity, and other defects.
6.3 Grades 1 and 2 nuts shall be hot or cold forged, or shall
be machined from hot-forged, hot-rolled, or cold-drawn bars.
6.3.1 All Grade 1 and 2 nuts made by cold forging or by
machining from cold-drawn bars shall be stress-relief annealed
at a temperature of at least 1000 F [538 C].
6.3.2 Grade 1 and 2 nuts made by hot forging or by
machining from hot-forged or hot-rolled bars need not be given
any stress relief annealing treatment.
6.4 Grades 2H, 2HM, 3, 4, 6, 6F, 7, 7M, and 16 nuts shall
be hot- or cold-forged or shall be machined from hot-forged,
hot-rolled, or cold-drawn bars and shall be heat treated to meet
the required mechanical properties. These grades shall be
reheated above the critical range of the steel, quenched in a
suitable medium, and then tempered at a temperature not less
than the following:
4. Ordering Information
4.1 The inquiry and order for material under this specification shall include the following as required to describe the
material adequately:
4.1.1 Specification designation, year date, and grade, issue
date and revision letter,
4.1.2 Quantity, number of pieces,
4.1.3 Dimensions (see Section 9),
4.1.4 Options in accordance with 8.2.2.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.3, and
12, and
4.1.5 Supplementary Requirements, if any.
4.2 CoatingsCoatings are prohibited unless specified by
the purchaser (see Supplementary Requirements S7 and S8).
When coated nuts are ordered, the purchaser should take
4.3 See Supplementary Requirement S3 for nuts to be used
in low temperature applications (Specification A 320/A 320M).
4.4 Proof Load TestingSee Supplementary Requirement
S9 for proof load testing of nuts manufactured to dimensions
and configurations other than those covered in Tables 3 and 4.
Grade
2H
2HM
3
4
6 and 6F
7
7M
16
Minimum Tempering Temperature, F

[C]
850 [455]
1150 [620]
1050 [565]
1100 [595]
1100 [595]
1100 [595]
1150 [620]
1200 [650]
Nuts machined from bar heat treated in accordance with this

specification need not be reheat-treated. For Grade 2HM and
7M nuts, a final stress relief shall be done at or above the
minimum tempering temperature after all forming, machining,
and tapping operations. This final stress relief may be the
tempering operation.
6.4.1 Grade 6 and 6F nuts shall be tempered for a minimum
of 1 h at the temperature.
6.5 Grades 8, 8C, 8M, 8T, 8F, 8P, 8N, 8MN, 8R, 8S, 8LN,
8MLN, 8MLCuN, and 9C nuts shall be hot or cold forged, or
shall be machined from hot-forged, hot-rolled or cold-drawn
bars.
2
A 194/A 194M 08b

TABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsA,B,C,D
Grade
Symbol
1
2, 2HM,
and 2H
4
Material
UNS
Number
Carbon,
%
Manganese,
%
Sulfur,E
%
Silicon,
%
Chromium,
%
Nickel,
%
Molybdenum,
%
ColumOther
Titabium and Nitrogen,
Elements,
nium,
%
Tanta%
%
lum, %
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
carbon
carbon
0.15 min
0.40 min
0.040
0.040
0.050
0.050
0.40
0.40
...
...
...
...
...
...
carbon,
molybdenum
Type 501
Type 410 S41000
Type 416 S41600
0.400.50 0.700.90 0.035
0.040
0.150.35 . . .
...
0.200.30 . . .
...
...
...
0.10 min
0.15
0.15
1.00
1.00
1.25
0.040
0.040
0.060
1.00
1.00
1.00
4.06.0
11.513.5
12.014.0
...
...
...
0.400.65 . . .
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
0.15
1.25
0.060
0.030
0.030
0.15
min
0.060
1.00
12.014.0
...
...
...
...
0.370.49 0.651.10 0.035
0.04
0.150.35 0.751.20
...
0.150.25 . . .
...
...
Selenium,
0.15 min
...
0.08
0.08
2.00
2.00
0.045
0.045
0.030
0.030
1.00
1.00
18.020.0
17.019.0
8.011.0
9.012.0
...
...
...
...
...
...
8M, 8MA Type 316 S31600

8T, 8TA Type 321 S32100
0.08
0.08
2.00
2.00
0.045
0.045
0.030
0.030
1.00
1.00
16.018.0
17.019.0
...
10 x
carbon
content,
min
...
...
...
0.10
...
...
8F, 8FA
Type 303 S30300
0.15
2.00
0.20
1.00
17.019.0
8F, 8FA
S30323
0.15
2.00
0.20
0.15
min
0.06
10.014.0 2.003.00 . . .
9.012.0 . . .
5x
(C+N)
min 0.70
max
8.010.0 . . .
...
...
1.00
17.019.0
8.010.0
...
...
...
S30500
0.08
2.00
0.045
0.030
1.00
17.019.0
11.013.0 . . .
...
...
...
S30451
0.08
2.00
0.045
0.030
1.00
18.020.0
8.011.0
...
...
...
0.100.16
S30453
0.030
2.00
0.045
0.030
1.00
18.020.0
8.011.0
...
...
...
0.100.16
S31651
0.08
2.00
0.045
0.030
1.00
16.018.0
10.013.0 2.003.00 . . .
...
0.100.16
S31653
0.030
2.00
0.045
0.030
1.00
16.018.0
10.013.0 2.003.00 . . .
...
0.100.16
S20910
0.06
4.06.0
0.045
0.030
1.00
20.523.5
11.513.5 1.503.00 . . .
S21800
S31254
0.10
0.020
7.09.0
1.00
0.060
0.030
0.030
0.010
3.54.5
0.80
16.018.0
19.520.5
8.09.0
...
17.518.5 6.06.5
N08367
0.030
2.00
0.040
0.030
1.00
20.0-22.0
23.5- 25.5 6.0-7.0
0.360.47 0.450.70 0.035
0.040
0.150.35 0.801.15
0.100.30 0.200.40 Vanadium,

0.100.30
...
0.080.18
...
0.180.22 Copper,
0.501.00
0.18-0.25 Copper
0.75
...
...
Vanadium,
0.250.35
AluminumB
0.015
3
6
6F
6F
7, 7M
8, 8A
8C, 8CA
Type
S41623
416Se
Type
4140/
4142/
4145,
4140H,
4142H,
4145H
Type 304 S30400
Type 347 S34700
Type
303Se
8P, 8PA
Type 305
with
restricted
carbon
8N, 8NA Type
304N
8LN,
Type
8LNA
304LN
8MN,
Type
8MNA
316N
8MLN,
Type
8MLNA 316LN
8R, 8RAF XM19
8S, 8SA
8MLCuN, S31254
8MLCuNA
9C, 9CA N08367
16
Chromium
Molybdenum
Vanadium
1.00
1.00
Phosphorus,
%
...
...
...
...
...
0.500.65 . . .
The intentional addition of Bi, Se, Te, and Pb is not permitted except for Grades 6F, 8F, and 8FA, in which Se is specified and required.
Total aluminum, soluble and insoluble.
Maximum, unless minimum or range is indicated.
D
Where ellipses () appear in this table there is no requirement.
E
Because of the degree to which sulfur segregates, product analysis for sulfur over 0.060 % max is not technologically appropriate.
F
As described in Specification A 276.
B
3
...
...
Selenium,
0.15 min
...
A 194/A 194M 08b

TABLE 2 Hardness RequirementsA
Sample Nut after Treatment as in 8.1.5
Completed Nuts
Grade and Type
1
2
2H to 112 in. or M36, incl
2H over 112 in. or M36
2HM and 7M
3, 4, 7, and 16
6 and 6F
8, 8C, 8M, 8T, 8F, 8P, 8N,
8MN, 8LN, 8MLN,
8MLCuN, and 9C
8A, 8CA, 8MA, 8TA,
8FA, 8PA, 8NA, 8MNA,
8LNA, 8MLNA,
8MLCuNA, and 9CA
8R, 8RA, 8S, and 8SA
A
Brinell
Hardness
Rockwell Hardness
C Scale
B Scale
Brinell
Hardness,
min
Rockwell
Hardness B
Scale, min
121 min
159 to 352
248 to 327
212 to 327
159 to 235
248 to 327
228 to 271
126 to 300
...
...
24 to 35
35 max
...
24 to 35
20 to 28
32 max
70 min
84 min
...
95 min
84 to 99
...
...
60 min
121
159
179
147
159
201
...
...
70
84
89
79
84
94
...
...
126 to 192
...
60 to 90
...
...
183 to 271
25 max
88 min
...
...
6.6 Grades 8A, 8CA, 8MA, 8TA, 8FA, 8PA, 8NA, 8MNA,
8RA, 8SA, 8LNA, 8MLNA, 8MLCuNA, and 9CA nuts shall
be hot- or cold-forged or shall be machined from hot-forged,
hot-rolled, or cold-drawn bars and the nuts shall subsequently
be carbide-solution treated by heating them for a sufficient time
at a temperature to dissolve chromium carbides followed by
cooling at a rate sufficient to prevent reprecipitation of the
carbides.
Lot Size
Up to 800
801 to 8000
8001 to 22 000
Over 22 000
Samples
1
2
3
5
8.1.2.2 In addition, a hardness test shall be performed by the

manufacturer in accordance with 8.1.5 on one sample nut
selected from each nominal diameter and series from each
grade and heat number following completion of all production
heat treatments.
8.1.3 Number of Tests, Grades 2HM and 7M:
8.1.3.1 Each nut shall be tested by Brinell or Rockwell
methods to ensure product conformance.5
8.1.3.2 In addition, 8.1.2.2 shall be met.
8.1.4 Number of Tests, All Types of Grade 8Tests on the
number of sample nuts in accordance with 8.1.2.1 shall be
performed by the manufacturer.
8.1.5 Test 2In addition to the testing required by 8.1.2.1
the manufacturer shall also perform hardness tests on sample
nuts after the following test heat treatment. After completion of
all production heat treatments heat the specimen nuts to the
temperatures indicated below for 24 h, then slow cool. Test at
room temperature.
7. Chemical Composition
7.1 Each alloy shall conform to the chemical composition
requirements prescribed in Table 1.
8. Mechanical Requirements
8.1 Hardness Test:
8.1.1 Requirements:
8.1.1.1 All nuts shall meet the hardness requirements specified in Table 2.
8.1.1.2 Sample nuts of Grades 1, 2, 2H, 2HM, 3, 4, 7, 7M,
and 16 which have been given the treatment described in 8.1.5
shall meet the minimum hardness specified in Table 2.
8.1.2 Number of Tests (Grades 1, 2, 2H, 3, 4, 7, and 16
and all types of Grade 6):
8.1.2.1 Tests on the number of sample nuts in accordance
with the following table shall be performed by the manufacturer following all production heat treatments:
5
An underline as a marking requirement for grades 2HM and 7M has been
removed but is permitted.
4
A 194/A 194M 08b

TABLE 3 Proof Load Using Threaded Mandrel Inch Series
NOTE 1Proof loads are not design loads.

Proof Load, lbfA
Nominal
Size, in.
Threads
per Inch
Stress Area
in.2
Grade 1
Grades 2, 2HM, 6, 6F, 7M
Heavy HexB
HexC
Heavy HexD
HexE
Grades 2H, 3, 4, 7, 16
Heavy HexF
HexG
38
716
12
20
18
16
14
13
0.0316
0.0524
0.0774
0.1063
0.1419
4
6
10
13
18
130
810
080
820
450
3
6
9
12
17
820
290
300
760
030
4 770
7 860
11 620
15 940
21 280
4
7
10
14
19
300
070
460
350
160
5
9
13
18
24
570
170
560
600
830
4 770
7 860
11 620
15 940
21 280
34
78
1
12
11
10
9
8
0.182
0.226
0.334
0.462
0.606
23
29
43
60
78
660
380
420
060
780
21
27
40
55
72
840
120
080
440
720
27
33
50
69
90
300
900
100
300
900
24
30
45
62
81
570
510
090
370
810
31
39
58
80
106
850
550
450
850
000
27
33
50
69
90
1 1 8
1 1 4
1 3 8
1 1 2
8
8
8
8
0.790
1.000
1.233
1.492
102
130
160
194
700
000
200
000
94
120
148
170
800
000
000
040
118 500
150 000
185 000
223 800
106
135
166
201
700
000
500
400
138
175
215
261
200
000
800
100
14
5 16
9 16
58
300
900
100
300
900
118 500
150 000
185 000
223 800
All Types of Grade 8, Grades 9C and 9CA

Heavy HexH
HexI
20
18
16
14
13
0.0316
0.0524
0.0774
0.1063
0.1419
2 540
4 190
6 200
8 500
11 350
2
3
5
7
10
380
930
810
970
640
3 4
7 8
1
12
11
10
9
8
0.182
0.226
0.334
0.462
0.606
14
18
26
36
48
13
16
25
34
45
650
950
050
650
450
1 1 8
1 1 4
1 3 8
1 1 2
8
8
8
8
0.790
1.000
1.233
1.492
14
5 16
38
7 16
12
9 16
58
560
080
720
960
480
63 200
80 000
98 640
119 360
59 250
75 000
92 450
111 900
See limit for proof load test in 8.2.2.1. The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated load.
Based on proof stress of 130 000 psi.
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
B
GradeA
1
2, 2H, 2HM
3, 4, 7, 7M
16
Proof load testing of nuts manufactured to dimensions and

configurations other than those covered in Table 3 or Table 4 is
only required when S9 is specified in the order or inquiry.
8.2.2 Number of Tests:
8.2.2.1 The manufacturer shall test the number of nuts
specified in 8.1.2.1 following all production heat treatments.
Nuts that would require a proof load in excess of 160 000 lb/f
or 705 kN may be furnished on the basis of minimum hardness
requirements. Testing of nuts requiring a proof load in excess
of 160 000 lb/f or 705 kN is covered in Supplementary
Requirements S1 amd S4.
8.2.3 Test MethodThe test shall be run using a threaded
mandrel or a test bolt in accordance with Specification A 962/
A 962M.
8.3 Cone Proof Load Test:
Temperature,
F [C]
850 [455]
1000 [540]
1100 [590]
1200 [650]
A
Nuts intended to be coated with zinc or cadmium (marked in accordance with
the requirements of Supplementary Requirement S8) are not subjected to the
requirements of 8.1.5 (See Appendix X2).
8.1.5.1 Special Requirement, Grades 2HM and 7M

Preparation of Grades 2HM and 7M nuts for hardness test and
the hardness test itself shall be performed with consideration to
(1) protect legibility of markings; (2) minimize exterior dimensional changes; and (3) maintain thread fit.
8.2 Proof Load Test:
8.2.1 RequirementsThe nuts listed in Tables 3 and 4 shall
be capable of withstanding the proof loads specifin therein.
5
A 194/A 194M 08b

TABLE 4 Proof Load Using Threaded Mandrel Metric

Proof Load, kNA
Nominal
Size,
mm
Threads
Pitch
M6
M8
M10
M12
M14
M16
M20
M22
M24
M27
M30
M36
1.0
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.0
2.0
2.5
2.5
3.0
3.0
3.5
4.0
Stress Area
mm2
Grade 1
Heavy HexB
20.1
36.6
58.0
84.3
115.0
157.0
245.0
303.0
353.0
459.0
561.0
817.0
18.0
32.8
51.9
75.5
102.9
140.5
219.3
271.2
315.9
411.0
502.1
731.2

HexC
Heavy HexD
16.6
30.2
47.9
69.5
94.9
129.5
202.1
249.9
291.2
378.7
462.8
674.0
20.8
37.9
60.0
87.3
119.0
162.5
253.6
313.6
365.4
475.1
580.6
845.6
Grades 2H, 3, 4, 7, 16
HexE
Heavy HexF
18.7
34.0
53.9
78.4
107.0
146.0
227.8
281.8
328.3
426.9
521.7
759.8
29.2
44.1
69.9
101.6
138.6
189.2
295.2
365.1
425.4
553.4
676.0
984.5
HexG
20.8
37.9
60.0
87.3
119.0
162.5
253.6
313.6
365.4
475.1
580.6
845.6
All Types of Grade 8, and

Grades 9C and 9CA
Nominal Size, mm
Thread Pitch
Stress
Area,
mm2
Heavy HexH
HexI
M6
M8
M10
M12
M14
M16
M20
M22
M24
M27
M30
M36
1.0
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.0
2.0
2.5
2.5
3.0
3.0
3.5
4.0
20.1
36.6
58.0
84.3
115.0
157.0
245.0
303.0
353.0
459.0
561.0
817.0
11.1
20.1
31.9
46.4
63.3
86.4
134.8
166.7
194.2
252.5
308.6
449.4
10.4
18.8
29.9
43.4
59.2
80.9
126.2
156.0
181.8
236.4
288.9
420.8
See limit for proof load test in 8.2.2.1. The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated load.
Based on proof stress of 895 MPa.
D
E
F
G
H
I
B
lae or both) based upon the proof stresses shown in Table 5 and
Table 6 of Specification A 194/A 194M.
8.3.2 Number of TestsThe manufacturer shall sample and
test the number of nuts specified in 8.1.2.1. The lot shall be
considered acceptable if the sample nut(s) withstand(s) application of the cone proof load without failure.
8.3.1 RequirementsThis test shall be performed only

when visible surface discontinuities become a matter of issue
between the manufacturer and the purchaser. Nuts in the size
range 14 to 112 in. inclusive and M6 to M36 inclusive shall be
proof load tested. Nuts not in this size range and all types of
Grade 8 nuts are not subject to this test. Also, nuts manufactured to dimensions and configurations other than those covered by Specification A 962/A 962M, ANSI B 1.1, ANSI
B 1.13M, ANSI B 18.2.2, and ANSI B 18.2.4.6M are not
subject to the cone proof load test. The cone proof load applied
shall be determined in accordance with the Cone Proof Load
requirements in Specification A 962/A 962M (tables or formu-
9. Dimensions
9.1 Nuts shall be hexagonal in shape, and in accordance
with the dimensions for the hex or heavy hex series, as
required, by ANSI B 18.2.2 and ANSI B 18.2.4.6M. Unless
otherwise specified, the American National Standard Heavy
TABLE 5 Proof Stress Using 120 Hardened Steel Cone Inch

Proof Stress psi, Minimum
Type
Grade 1
Grades 2,
2HM, 6,
6F & 7M
Grades 2H
3, 4, 7, & 16
Hex
Heavy Hex
120 000
130 000
135 000
150 000
150 000
175 000
6
A 194/A 194M 08b

TABLE 6 Proof Stress Using 120 Hardened Steel Cone Metric
Proof Stress MPa, Minimum
Type
Grade 1
Grades 2,
2HM, 6,
6F & 7M
Grades 2H
3, 4, 7, & 16
Hex
Heavy Hex
825
895
930
1035
1035
1205
12. Certification
12.1 The producer of nuts shall furnish a certification to the
purchaser or his representative showing the results of the
chemical analysis, macroetch examination (Carbon and Alloy
Steels Only), mechanical tests, and the minimum tempering
temperature for nuts of Grades 2H, 2HM, 3, 4, 6, 6F, 7, and
7M.
12.2 Certification shall also include at least the following:
12.2.1 A statement that the fasteners were manufactured,
sampled, tested and inspected in accordance with the specification and any supplementary requirements or other requirements designated in the purchase order or contract and was
found to meet those requirements.
12.2.2 The specification number, year date, and identification symbol.
Hex Series shall be used and nuts shall be either double

chamfered or have a machined or forged washer face, at the
option of the manufacturer, and, conform to the angularity
requirements of ANSI B 18.2.2 and ANSI B 18.2.4.6M.
9.2 Unless otherwise specified, threads shall be in accordance with ANSI B 1.1 or ANSI B 1.13M, and shall be gaged
in accordance with ANSI B 1.2 and ANSI B 1.13M as described in 9.2.1 and 9.2.2.
9.2.1 Nuts up to and including 1 in. nominal size shall be
UNC Series Class 2B fit. Metric nuts up to and including M24
nominal size shall be coarse thread series tolerance 6H.
9.2.2 Nuts over 1 in. nominal size shall be either UNC
Series Class 2B fit or 8 UN Series Class 2B fit. Unless
otherwise specified, the 8 UN series shall be furnished. Metric
nuts over M24 nominal size shall be coarse thread series
tolerance 6H.
10. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
10.1 Nuts shall be free of defects and shall be good
commercial finish.
10.2 If visible surface imperfections in size 14 through 112
in. and M6 through M36 and in any grade other than Grade 8
become a matter of issue between the manufacturer and the
purchaser, the cone proof load test described in 8.3 shall be
employed.
10.3 If a scale-free bright finish is required, this shall be
specified on the purchase order.
13. Product Marking

13.1 All nuts shall bear the manufacturers identification
mark.
13.2 Nuts shall be legibly marked on one face to indicate the
grade and process of the manufacturer, as presented in Table 7.
Marking of wrench flats or bearing surfaces is not permitted
unless agreed upon between manufacturer and purchaser.
13.3 For purposes of identification marking, the manufacturer is considered the organization that certifies the fastener
was manufactured, sampled, tested, and inspected in accordance with the specification and the results have been determined to meet the requirements of this specification.
11. Retests
11.1 Provisions for retests by the purchaser and his representative are specified in Supplementary Requirement S2.
14. Keywords
14.1 bolting; chemical analysis; coated; marking on fasteners; plated
SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS
One or more of the following supplementary requirements shall be applied only when specified by
the purchaser in the inquiry, contract, or order. Details of these supplementary requirements shall be
agreed upon in writing by the manufacturer and purchaser. Supplementary requirements shall in no
way negate any requirement of the specification itself.
S1. Strain-Hardened Austenitic Steel Nuts
S1.1 Strain hardened Grades 8, 8C, 8T, 8M, 8F, 8P, 8N, or
8MN nuts may be specified. When Supplementary Requirement S1 is invoked in the order, nuts shall be machined from
cold drawn bars or shall be cold forged to shape. No subsequent heat treatment shall be performed on the nuts. Nuts made
in accordance with this requirement shall be proof load tested

in accordance with 8.2.2.1 and shall withstand the proof load
specified in Table 8 and Table 9. Testing nuts requiring proof
loads over 160 000 lbf or 705 kN is only required when
Supplementary Requirement S4 is invoked. The hardness
limits of Table 2 do not apply to strain hardened nuts. Nuts
7
A 194/A 194M 08b

TABLE 7 Marking of NutsA
Grade and
Type
Nuts HotForged or
ColdPunched
1
2
2HB
2HMB
3
4
4LC
6
6F
7
7LC
7MB
8
8C
8M
8T
8F
8P
8N
8MN
8R
8S
8LN
8MLN
8MLCuN
9C
16
1
2
2H
2HM
3
4
4L
6
6F
7
7L
7M
8
8C
8M
8T
8F
8P
8N
8MN
8R
8S
8LN
8MLN
8MLCuN
9C
16
Nuts Machined
from Bar
Stock
1B
2B
2HB
2HMB
3B
4B
4BL
6B
6FB
7B
7BL
7MB
8B
8CB
8MB
8TB
8FB
8PB
8NB
8MNB
8RB
8SB
8LNB
8MLNB
8MLCuNB
9CB
16B
test is to apply. Impact testing is not required when the bar

stock or nut is smaller than 58 in. [16 mm] in diameter.
S3.2 An L shall be added to the marking, as shown in
Table 7, for nuts so tested.
Nuts Manufactured in
Accordance
with 6.6
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
8A
8CA
8MA
8TA
8FA
8PA
8NA
8MNA
8RA
8SA
8LNA
8MLNA
8MLCuNA
9CA
S4. Proof Load Tests of Large Nuts

S4.1 Proof load testing of nuts requiring proof loads of over
160 000 lbf or 705 kN is required. Testing shall be performed
in accordance with 8.2 to the loads required in Table 10 and
Table 11. The maximum load will be based entirely on the
equipment available.
S5. Control of Product by Heat Number
S5.1 When control of nuts by actual heat analysis is
required and this supplementary requirement is specified, the
manufacturer shall identify the completed nuts in each shipment by the actual heat number. When this supplementary
requirement is specified, a certificate including the results of
the actual production tests of each test lot together with the heat
chemical analysis shall be furnished by the manufacturer.
S6. Grain Size Requirements for Non H Grade
Austenitic Steels Used Above 1000 F
S6.1 For design metal temperatures above 1000 F [540
C], the material shall have a grain size of No. 7 or coarser as
determined in accordance with Test Methods E 112. The grain
size so determined shall be reported on the Certificate of Test.

The letters H and M indicate heat-treated nuts (see Section 6).
C
See Supplementary Requirement S3.
B
S7. Coating on Nuts

S7.1 It is the purchasers responsibility to specify in the
purchase order all information required by the coating facility.
Examples of such information may include but are not limited
to the following:
S7.1.1 Reference to the appropriate coating specification
and type, thickness, location, modification to dimensions, and
hydrogen embrittlement relief.
made in accordance with this requirement shall be marked with

the Grade symbol underlined.
S2. Retests by Purchasers Representative
S2.1 The purchasers representative may select two nuts per
keg (200-lb unit [90-kg]) for sizes 58 in. and M16 and smaller,
one nut per keg for sizes over 58 in. and M16 up to and
including 112 in. and M36, and one nut per every two kegs for
sizes larger than 112 in. and M36, which shall be subjected to
the tests specified in Section 8.
NOTE S7.1Modification of thread dimensions may result in loss of

load carrying ability.
S7.1.2 Reference to Specifications A 153/A 153M, B 633,

B 695, B 696, B 766, F 1941, F 2329, or Test Method F 1940,
or other standards.
S3. Low-Temperature Requirements for Grade 4, Grade

7 or Grade 7M Nuts
S3.1 When low-temperature requirements are specified for
Grade 4 or Grade 7 nuts, the Charpy test procedures and
requirements as defined in Specification A 320/A 320M for
Grade L7 shall apply. When low-temperature requirements are
specified for Grade 7M nuts, the Charpy test procedures and
requirements as defined in Specification A 320/A 320M for
Grade L7M shall apply. Depending on the size of nuts, separate
test samples of the same heat may be required and shall be
processed through heat treatment with the nuts for which the
S8. Marking Coated Nuts

S8.1 Nuts coated with zinc shall have an asterisk (*) marked
after the grade symbol. Nuts coated with cadmium shall have
a plus sign (+) marked after the grade symbol.
S9. Proof Load Testing
S9.1 Proof load tests of nuts made to dimensions, thread
pitch, and configurations other than those covered in Table 3 or
Table 4 shall be made using loads agreed upon between the
manufacturer and the purchaser.
8
A 194/A 194M 08b

TABLE 8 Proof Load Testing of Strain Hardened Nuts Using Threaded Mandrel Inch Series

Proof Load, lbfA
Nominal
Size, in.
Threads
per in.
Stress Area,
in.2
Grade 8M
(strain hardened)
Grade 8M
(strain hardened)
All Other Types

of Grade 8
(strain hardened)
All Other Types

of Grade 8
(strain hardened)
Heavy HexB
HexC
Heavy HexD
HexB
20
18
16
14
13
0.0316
0.0523
0.0774
0.1063
0.1419
3 480
5 760
8 510
11 690
15 610
3 160
5 240
7 740
10 630
14 190
3 950
6 550
9 675
13 290
17 740
3 480
5 760
8 510
11 690
15 610
3 4
7 8
1
12
11
10
9
8
0.182
0.226
0.334
0.462
0.606
20
24
36
46
60
18
22
33
41
54
22
28
41
53
69
20
24
36
46
60
1 18
1 14
1 38
1 12
8
8
8
8
0.790
1.000
1.233
1.492
75 050
95 000
110 970
134 280
14
5 16
38
7 16
12
9 16
58
020
860
740
200
600
200
600
400
580
540
67 150
85 000
98 640
119 360
750
250
750
130
690
82 950
105 000
123 300
149 200
020
860
740
200
600
75 050
95 000
110 970
134 280
The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated value.
Based on proof stress of 110 000 psi up to 34 in.; 100 000 psi 78 to 1 in.; 95 000 psi 118 to 114 in.; 90 000 psi 138 to 112 in.
D
B
TABLE 9 Proof Load Testing of Strain Hardened Nuts Using Threaded Mandrel Metric

Proof Load, kNA
Nominal
Size, mm
M6
M8
M10
M12
M14
M16
M20
M22
M24
M27
M30
M36
Thread
Pitch
1.0
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.0
2.0
2.5
2.5
3.0
3.0
3.5
4.0
Stress Area,
mm2
20.1
36.6
58.0
84.3
115.0
157.0
245.0
303.0
353.0
459.0
561.0
817.0
Grade 8M
(strain hardened)
Grade 8M
(strain hardened)
All Other Types

of Grade 8
(strain hardened)
All Other Types

of Grade 8
(strain hardened)
Heavy HexB
HexC
Heavy HexD
HexB
15.3
27.8
44.1
64.1
87.4
119.3
186.2
209.0
243.5
300.6
367.5
506.5
13.9
25.3
40.0
58.2
79.4
108.3
169.0
187.9
218.9
268.5
328.2
449.4
17.3
31.3
49.9
72.5
98.9
135.0
210.9
240.9
280.6
332.7
406.7
563.7
15.3
27.8
44.1
64.1
87.4
119.3
186.2
209.0
243.5
300.6
367.5
506.5
The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated value.
Based on proof stress of 760 MPa up to M20 mm; 690 MPa M22 to M24 mm; 655 MPa M27 to M30; and 620 MPa for M36.
C
Based on proof stress of 690 MPa up to M20 mm; 620 MPa M22 to M24 mm; 585 MPa M27 to M30; and 550 MPa for M36.
D
Based on proof stress of 860 MPa up to M20 mm; 795 MPa M22 to M24 mm; 725 MPa M27 to M30 mm; and 690 MPa for M36.
B
9
A 194/A 194M 08b

TABLE 10 Proof Load for Large Heavy Hex Nuts InchA
Proof Load, lbfB
Nominal
Size, in.
Threads
per in.
Stress Area,
in.2
1 5 8
1 3 4
1 7 8
2
2 1 4
2 1 2
2 3 4
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
1.78
2.08
2.41
2.77
3.56
4.44
5.43
Grade 1 Heavy Hex

231
270
313
360
462
577
705

Heavy Hex
400
400
300
100
800
200
900
267
312
361
415
534
666
814
000
000
500
500
000
000
500
Grades 2H, 3, 4, 7, 16
Heavy Hex
311 500
364 000
421 800
484 800
623 000
777 000
950 250
ANSI B 18.2.2 in the size range over 112 in. provides dimensions only for heavy hex nuts. Refer to 8.3.1.
Proof loads for nuts of larger dimensions or other thread series may be calculated by multiplying the thread stress area times the proof stress in the notes to Table
3 or Table 8. The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated load.
B
TABLE 11 Proof Load for Large Heavy Hex Nuts MetricA

Proof Load, kNB
Nominal
Size,
mm
Thread
Pitch
Stress Area,
mm2
Grade 1 Heavy Hex

Heavy Hex
Grades 2H, 3, 4, 7, 16
Heavy Hex
M42
M48
M56
M64
M72
4.5
5
5.5
6
6
1120
1470
2030
2680
3460
1002.4
1315.7
1816.9
2398.6
3096.7
1159.2
1521.4
2101.0
2773.8
3581.1
1349.6
1771.4
2446.2
3229.4
4169.3
ANSI B 18.2.4.6M in the size range over M36 provides dimensions only for heavy hex nuts. Refer to 7.3.1.
Proof loads for nuts of larger dimensions or other thread series may be calculated by multiplying the thread stress area times the proof stress in the notes to Table
4 or Table 9. The proof load for jam nuts shall be 46 % of the tabulated load.
B
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. STRAIN HARDENING OF AUSTENITIC STEELS
X1.1 Strain hardening is the increase in strength and

hardness that results from plastic deformation below the
recrystallization temperature (cold work). This effect is produced in austenitic stainless steels by reducing oversized bars
to the desired final size by cold drawing or other process. The
degree of strain hardening achievable in any alloy is limited by
its strain hardening characteristics. In addition, the amount of
strain hardening that can be produced is further limited by the
variables of the process, such as the total amount of cross-
section reduction, die angle and bar size. In large diameter bars,
for example, plastic deformation will occur principally in the
outer regions of the bar, so that the increased strength and
hardness due to strain hardening is achieved predominantly
near the surface of the bar. That is, the smaller the bar, the
greater the penetration of strain hardening. Thus, the mechanical properties of a given strain hardened fastener are dependent
not just on the alloy, but also on the size of bar from which it
is machined.
X2. COATINGS AND APPLICATION LIMITS
X2.1 Use of coated fasteners at temperatures above approximately one-half the melting point (Fahrenheit or Celsius)
of the coating is not recommended unless consideration is
given to the potential for liquid and solid metal embrittlement,
or both. The melting point of elemental zinc is approximately
780 F [415 C]. Therefore, application of zinc coated fasteners

should be limited to temperatures less than 390 F [210 C].
The melting point of cadmium is approximately 600 F [320
C]. Therefore, application of cadmium coated fasteners should
be limited to temperatures less than 300 F [160 C].
10
A 194/A 194M 08b

SUMMARY OF CHANGES
A 194/A 194M 08a, that may impact the use of this specification. (Approved August 1, 2008)
(1) Added reference to Specifications B 633 and F 2329 in
S7.1.2.
A 194/A 194M 08, that may impact the use of this specification. (Approved May 1, 2008)
(1) Added new 4.4 and Supplementary Requirement S9 and
revised 8.2.1 for proof load testing for nuts not covered in
Tables 3 and 4.
A 194/A 194M 07b, that may impact the use of this specification. (Approved April 1, 2008)
(1) Added Nitrogen for Grades 8T and 8TA in Table 1.
A 194/A 194M 07a, that may impact the use of this specification. (Approved December 1, 2007)
(1) Added Note S7.1.
A 194/A 194M 07, that may impact the use of this specification. (Approved March 1, 2007)
(1) Added reference to Test Method F 1940 in S7.1.2.
A 194/A 194M 06a, that may impact the use of this specification. (Approved February 1, 2007)
(1) Revised cone proof load test requirements to reference
recent changes to Specification A 962/A 962M and Test Methods and Definitions A 370.
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.
This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org).
11

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INFORME TECNICO

SIS N 56-1 / 2011

CLIENTE: COMPAA MINERA MANTOS DE ORO

COMPAA MINERA MANTOS DE ORO

VERIFICACIN DE LA CALIDAD DE 4 CONJUNTOS DE PERNOS Y

SAE J429 Grado 5

ASTM A-194 Grado 2H.

El presente informe detalla los resultados de los anlisis qumicos, ensayos

2. COMENTARIOS SOBRE ENSAYOS DE TRACCIN A 4 PERNOS.

3. ANLISIS QUMICO A LOS 4 PERNOS.

4. ANLISIS QUMICO DE LAS TUERCAS.

Ninguna tuerca cumple con el mnimo de carbono, todas se encuentran

La composicin qumica de las tuercas indicara que se trata de acero

6. DUREZA DE LAS TUERCAS.

Esto ltimo asociado a la composicin qumica estara indicando un acero con un

7. METALOGRAFAS DE LAS TUERCAS.

8. COMENTARIOS SOBRE EL TORQUE.

La tabla indica Recommended Torque Class 7.8 8.8 Grado 5 Standard

Llama la atencin la propuesta del fabricante de utilizar un torque al 50%

Se sabe que la aplicacin define el torque; para el caso de tan bajo

Ahora si consideramos que el perno que se esta utilizando ASTM A 193 B7 de 2

El perno ASTM A 193 B7 ha demostrado la mejor performance en la

Su aplicacin molinos con corazas de acero con pernos de 2 de dimetro

Este torque concuerda con la utilizacin de la norma SAE J 1701 donde el

El bajo torque en los pernos ASTM A 193 B7 causa bsicamente dos

Llama la atencin la utilizacin de pernos de alta resistencia y la

Mantener los pernos ASTM A 193 B7.

Cambiar las tuercas por partidas confiables con certificacin de calidad

Revisar el torque con el proveedor de los Lifter.

torque depende de la aplicacin del perno y la recomendacin de la

10. DOCUMENTOS ADJUNTOS.

Este informe incluye certificado AM 4684 0101 de SIMET USACH

Norma ASTM A 193

Norma ASTM A 194

Recomendacin de torque del proveedor de lifter.

Santiago, 23 de Septiembre 2011.

Mario Fandez Bustos.

Fecha: 22 de Septiembre de 2011

Servicios Integrados Sntesis.

A.- Identificacin de las Muestras:

Identificacin del cliente

Identificada por el cliente como: Perno 1, cabeza ovalada.

Identificada por el cliente como: Perno 2, cabeza ovalada.

Identificada por el cliente como: Perno 3, cabeza cuadrada.

Identificada por el cliente como: Perno 4, cabeza cuadrada.

Identificada por el cliente como: Tuerca 1, Perno cabeza ovalda.

Identificada por el cliente como: Tuerca 2, Perno cabeza ovalada.

Identificada por el cliente como: Tuerca 3, Perno cabeza cuadrada.

Identificada por el cliente como: Tuerca 4, Perno cabeza cuadrada.

La figura A.1 muestra una imagen de los pernos recibidos y su correspondiente

UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE

Fecha: 22 de Septiembre de 2011

UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE

Fecha: 22 de Septiembre de 2011

B.- Ensayo de Traccin:

No existen especificaciones mecnicas para un perno de 2 pulg. De dimetro,

C.- Resultados de Anlisis Qumico:

UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE

Fecha: 22 de Septiembre de 2011

Tabla C.1 Resultados de Anlisis qumico de las muestras de pernos.

UNIVERSIDAD DE SANTIAGO DE CHILE

Fecha: 22 de Septiembre de 2011

Tabla C.2 Resultados de Anlisis qumico de muestras de tuercas.